National Government ((UK)) Quick reference
A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (6 ed.)
...Mutiny . This resulted in further financial panic, and sterling fell by 25 per cent. Britain then abandoned the Gold Standard and proposed a policy of protectionism. In October, the members of the coalition agreed to fight an election together, and won a massive total of 554 seats (473 were Conservative , thirteen Labour, 35 Liberal National, 33 Liberal ) against Labour's 52 seats. MacDonald formed a second National Government, which implemented protection with a 10 per cent general duty on imports in the March 1932 Import Duties Act, and then...
East India Company, British Reference library
James H. Thomas
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World
...and India's vast population. Attempts to control military activity failed, and attitudes hardened, eventually erupting in the revolt of 1857 (also known as the Great Mutiny). Both in England and India, at Velore ( 1806 ) and Barrackpore ( 1824 ), low-key mutinies had occurred, while Hindu sepoys grew restless from the late 1830s. What was new was the scale and ferocity. In May 1857 the mutiny broke out at Mirath (Meerut), followed by savage massacres at Cawnpore and Lucknow. Though Delhi was sacked extensively, Bombay and Madras presidencies, Sind, and the...
Gandhi, Indira (19 Nov. 1917) Quick reference
A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (6 ed.)
...Blue Star resulted in the deaths of 1,000 people and the permanent alienation of the Sikh community. Although Operation Blue Star made Gandhi very popular among the Hindu community, it marked the first major use of the Indian army against civilians and was followed by a mutiny of soldiers. Sikh resentment continued to fester and Gandhi was assassinated by her bodyguard on 31 October 1984 . Her death was followed by massacres of Sikhs in Delhi in which 3,000 lost their lives. Gandhi is often seen as the practitioner of realpolitik . What she lacked in...
Timor Leste Quick reference
A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (6 ed.)
...in the first elections to the constituent assembly, to prepare the country for independence in May 2002 , with Gusmão as president. Contemporary politics (since 2002) The government continued to rely heavily on Australian military and security help. In 2006 , a mutiny in the small army ignited widespread looting and popular protest, which the authorities were barely able to control. Gusmão called on Australian help, and dismissed his Prime Minister, as well as those ministers responsible for the army and the police. To stabilize the country,...
Segregation Reference library
Carl H. Nightingale
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World
...complete with cool foggy mists deemed more appropriate for British constitutions. Separation also served to protect colonial authorities from the uprisings and wars that were often deemed inevitable racial conflicts. After the revolt of 1857 (also known as the Sepoy Mutiny and the Great Mutiny) in India, for example, urban color lines were substantially tightened. Orientalist concerns also came into play: the French built their own section of Rabat, Morocco, with rectilinear avenues and architecture meant to contrast European progress with the supposedly...
Slave Rebellions, American Reference library
Andrew W. Kahrl
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World
...of slave-ship insurrections. Ships that drew from a single cultural region, for instance, were ripe for insurrection, for this lessened the ethnic tensions that might have prevented cooperation. Sickness and disease frequently depleted crews and left captains vulnerable to mutiny. In many cases, slaves carried out plots against a ship's captain and crew out of desperation and without a plan for successful return. In other instances, captured slaves devised and implemented elaborate plans for reversing sail and returning to their homeland. In 1839 a...
British Raj Reference library
Patit Paban Mishra
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World
...of Surendra Sai , and the Santhal rebellion, among others, were some of the major peasant and tribal uprisings. Because of the isolated nature of the revolts and the superiority of the British army, these movements failed. The revolt of 1857 , also known as the Sepoy Mutiny and the Great Mutiny, engulfed major parts of India, posing a real threat to British colonial rule. Although it began as a discontent of the sepoys—indigenous soldiers having the lowest rank in the British Indian army—it soon affected various classes of people. The new type of bullet...
Muslim League Reference library
Abdul Karim Khan
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World
...party in Pakistan. By 2007 it had split into at least five groups. The founding of the Muslim League was the culmination of former Muslim socioeconomic and educational societies that had come into being in the wake of the revolt of 1857 (also known as the Great or Indian Mutiny). The British colonial rulers had singled out Indian Muslims as the main instigators of the revolt even though more Hindus than Muslims had participated. Muslim landed gentry, educated elites, and modern religious leaders decided to form associations of like-minded Muslim leaders...
Opium Wars Reference library
Joyce A. Madancy
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World
...The conflict stalled as British attention shifted to quelling the 1857 Sepoy Mutiny in India, but it resumed quickly thereafter. The French joined the British, and the fighting seemed to conclude when the Chinese signed the Treaties of Tianjin with the two European powers in 1858 . However, when it came time to ratify the treaties, China balked. The British responded by looting and torching the emperor's Summer Palace on the outskirts of the Qing capital of Beijing—an act that Chinese considered so heinous that the rubble has been allowed to remain to...
India Quick reference
A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (6 ed.)
...rule India had come under British colonial rule by 1850 , after a drawn‐out process of territorial conquest, acquisition, and contracts with existing rulers which had been drawn up over a period of 250 years. British rule was asserted by the suppression of the Indian mutiny ( 1857–8 ). Perhaps the most intriguing question of the first half of the twentieth century with regard to Indian history is why and how a small colonial British elite could govern the world's second most populous country, then containing around 450 million people. The most important...
United Kingdom Reference library
John Oakland
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World
...joined France and Turkey in opposing Russian expansionism during the Crimean War ( 1853–1856 ). India was the jewel in the colonial crown. At first it was run by the British East India Company and organized on British models. But Indian discontent developed into riots and mutinies, the company lost authority, and India was controlled by the British Crown from 1858 . In Canada, hostility between the British and French in 1837 resulted in the Durham report ( 1839 ). It recommended a unified government with domestic responsibility, with trade, defense,...
India Reference library
Sekhar Bandyopadhyay
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World
...and China, and its Indian administration was subjected to Parliamentary supervision exerted through a board of control. Finally the Charter Act of 1853 stated that the company would administer India “in trust for Her Majesty, her heirs and successors until Parliament shall otherwise provide.” The Government of India Act of 1858 , which followed the pacification of the revolt of 1857 (also known as the Great Mutiny of 1857 ), finally resolved all ambiguities surrounding the issue of sovereignty by ending the “Company Raj” and establishing Crown rule in...
Religion and Politics Reference library
Gordon C. Thomasson
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World
...founder from typhus. Nevertheless, the model of religious fundamentalist millennialism remains a significant alternative for many of the world's impoverished peoples who have lost faith in secular political systems. The revolt of 1857 (sometimes called the Great Mutiny or the Sepoy Mutiny) in India occurred after the British required Hindu and Muslim troops to use their teeth to tear the ends off paper rifle cartridges that had been waterproofed for tropical use in oils rendered from swine and cattle; the event was both a catalyst for the much wider...
Philippines Reference library
Paul A. Rodell
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World
...and even in Europe. Some young mestizos went into the priesthood, an arena jealously guarded by the friar orders, while others attempted to participate in local politics, where they ran afoul of Spanish officials. Nationalism and the Philippine Revolution. In January 1872 a mutiny by Filipino soldiers occurred at the navy yard in Cavite Province across the bay from Manila. The revolt was quickly crushed but was then turned into an excuse to round up prominent Filipinos of questionable loyalty—including three Filipino priests, who were executed. Instead of...
Feminism Reference library
Bonnie G. Smith, Jessica Thurlow, Bonnie G. Smith, Vera Mackie, Kamala Visweswaran, and Chie Ikeya
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World
...University Press, 2003. Vera Mackie South Asia Under the influence of British colonialism South Asian history has been conceptualized as ancient, medieval, and modern (the emergence of the latter conventionally dated to the revolt of 1857 , also known as the Indian War, or Sepoy Mutiny). However, it would be misleading to see these periods as more than rough correspondences to Hindu, Muslim, and colonial rule. Thus, while such historical figures as the scholar Gargi from the (ancient) Vedic period, or queens such as Razia Sultana from the medieval era, or the...
Slave Trade Reference library
Philip Misevich, David Eltis, Janet J. Ewald, Reinhard Klein-Arendt, Matthew S. Hopper, Amitava Chowdhury, and Vernon J. Williams
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World
...provision to include all men of all estates and conditions. Much later the Habeas Corpus Act of 1679 explicitly granted permission to any and all persons to contest their restraints through a request of legal intervention. However, the continuity of the tradition between the Magna Carta and the 1679 act was rendered problematic by the Vagrancy Act of 1547 , where Protector Somerset imposed slavery as a punishment for the refusal to work. Two years later the act was repealed and substituted with an earlier statute that recommended flogging for the same...
Fascism and Protofascism Reference library
Robert Edwin Herzstein, Robert O. Paxton, and W. Miles Fletcher
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World
...featured the rise of numerous civilian right-wing groups. In the second stage between 1931 and 1936 , young military officers became active in promoting nationalistic and authoritarian policies. In February 1936 young army officers in Tokyo led fifteen hundred troops to mutiny against the government to have martial law declared and the country placed under direct imperial rule. The failure of this rebellion, representing Japan's version of a fascist movement from below, ushered in the third stage: fascism from above. As the government bureaucracy and...
Health and Disease Reference library
Sheldon Watts, Simonne Horwitz, Kylie Thomas, Diego Armus, Steven Palmer, John J. Paul, and Laurence Monnais
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World
...Mutiny and the Great Mutiny) constituted a watershed in the government's health policies as sickness and death persisted among the British soldiers. The revolt etched in the British psyche their alleged sense of superiority, racial and social, over myriads of Indian castes and sects that should be distanced from the military cantonments and civil settlements. The colonial government, inspired by the advocacy of Florence Nightingale in the aftermath of the Crimean War ( 1853–1856 ), enacted the Military Cantonments Act ( 1864 ) and the Contagious Diseases Act...
Military Reference library
W. M. Reger, Michael Neiberg, Stephen Bull, Stephen W. Bull, Edward L. Dreyer, June Teufel Dreyer, Eugene Y. Park, and J. Charles Schencking
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World
...India. These forces, known as sepoys, allowed the British to govern India with relatively few European soldiers and administrators. South Asian notions of duty and martial honor coincided nicely with European understandings and, more important, with military technology. Despite a mutiny by one of the sepoy armies in 1857 , they proved generally loyal to the British Empire. Indian soldiers also volunteered to fight colonial wars across the globe, served on the Middle Eastern and western fronts during World War I, and provided critical manpower in several...
Nationalism Reference library
Clifton C. Crais, Thomas Turner, David A. Campion, and Sandra Wilson
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World
...or liberation movements or both that forced out the Europeans. The dichotomy between resistance and collaboration may be too simple. Young and Georges Nzongola-Ntalaja cite as primary resistance the so-called Batetela Mutinies of 1895 , 1897 , and 1900 , which disorganized the fledgling army of the Congo Free State. These mutinies were resistance of a sort, but their place in the Congolese liberation movement is ambiguous. The mutineers were for the most part men who had served the Arabs, who were rival colonizers. Some Congolese saw these men as...
