League of Nations, the Quick reference
The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.)
... of Nations, the an association of countries established in 1919 by the Treaty of Versailles to promote international cooperation and achieve international peace and security. Although the League greatly assisted post-war economic reconstruction, it failed in its prime purpose through the refusal of member nations to put international interests before national ones, It was powerless to stop Italian, German, and Japanese expansionism leading to the Second World War, and was replaced by the United Nations in 1945...
League of Nations Reference library
Brewer's Dictionary of Irish Phrase & Fable
... of Nations . The Irish Free State became a member of the League of Nations on 10 September 1923 , although the application was opposed by the British government, which claimed that it represented all the Commonwealth countries, including Ireland. It was not until the 1930s, under Éamon de Valera, that Ireland began to play an active role in the politics of the League. De Valera was elected president of the council of the League in 1932 , and acted as president of the League's assembly ( 1938–9 ). He supported the League's decision not to intervene in...
League of Nations Reference library
Brewer's Dictionary of Modern Phrase & Fable (2 ed.)
... of Nations . A league, having at one time about 60 member nations with headquarters at Geneva, with the essential aim of preventing war as well as promoting other forms of international cooperation. It was formed on 10 January 1920 as a consequence of the Treaty of Versailles but was weakened from the outset by the refusal of the United States to participate (although President Woodrow Wilson of the United States had played a major part in its foundation) and the exclusion of Russia. Its achievements were considerable in many fields, but it failed in...
World Reference library
Jen Hui Bon Hoa
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Literary Theory
...broke out in the wake of the French Revolution, and more generally in rebuke to the European powers’ imperialist adventures in Asia, the Americas, and the Caribbean, “Perpetual Peace” provides a framework for international cooperation. Repeatedly likening nations to individuals, Kant envisions a “league of nations” organized by an international legal system that accords equal rights to individual nations, just as, in the modern state, individual citizens receive equal protections under the law. 2 As Kant makes clear, modern conditions of increased...
Race and Ethnicity Reference library
Amritjit Singh and Aaron Babcock
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Literary Theory
...illustrates the changeable nature of race and ethnicity during the years from Reconstruction to the civil rights movement. This adaptability led Du Bois to initially support Woodrow Wilson for president of the United States. He initially felt Wilson represented a shift in the country’s direction regarding “the Negro problem,” viewing Wilson as an enlightened Southerner capable of understanding the racial dynamics in the nation, but who was also less imbricated (due, presumably, to his Ivy League education) within the nation’s white supremacy. 31 However,...
Networks Reference library
Patrick Jagoda
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Literary Theory
...of Networks (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2010), 117. 35. Patrick Jagoda , Network Aesthetics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2016). 36. Most of the examples here include literary and art works that respond formally to networks. There are also numerous texts that thematize different types of networks, without encountering them in a primarily formal fashion, such Dave Eggers’s novel The Circle (2013). 37. Here, I have in mind the Justice League of America “Return From Forever!” storyline. In “The Five Nightmares” plotline of...
Indigenous Studies: Australia Reference library
Peter Minter
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Literary Theory
...nations of the colony of Victoria. The gazetting of the Coranderrk reserve in 1863 , which soon became a refuge for a great number of dispossessed Aboriginal peoples, followed Barak and Wonga’s written “loyal address” to Queen Victoria. 16 Like Bennelong and others before him, Barak only had rudimentary writing skills, but in keeping with “traditional Kulin structures of authority and protocols of communication,” as a ngurungaeta he would use an authorized spokesperson and scribe to communicate with others both within and outside Coranderrk, such that the...
The Matter of Drafts Reference library
Jani Scandura
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Literary Theory
...the former usage holds paper as something valuable, the latter usage of paper relies on the assumption of its lack of value: “The Chancellor said that … just for a word—neutrality—just for a scrap of paper Great Britain was going to make war on a kindred nation.” 114. Virginia Woolf, “Professions for Women,” in Death of the Moth and Other Essays (New York: Harcourt Brace Javanovich, 1970), 235–236. This essay is an abbreviated version of a speech Wolf delivered to the Women’s Service League on January 21, 1931. 115. Simon Gikandi, Ngũgĩ wa Thiong’o ...
Mandate Reference library
Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase & Fable (19 ed.)
...(Latin mandatum , from mandare , ‘to command’) An authoritative charge or command. Also, the authority conferred upon certain ‘advanced nations’ by the league of nations after the First World War to administer the former German colonies and Turkish dependencies outside Europe. In practice ‘advanced nations’ meant the victorious powers. After the Second World War, under the united nations , Mandates became...
Balfour Reference library
Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase & Fable (19 ed.)
...of the Turkish Ottoman empire) awarded by the League of Nations in 1922 , but the British abandoned the policy in 1939 and severely limited further Jewish immigration. Balfour’s Poodle The house of lords . From 1906 the conservative leader Arthur Balfour ( 1848–1930 ) exploited his party’s majority in the House of Lords to block the legislation of the liberal government, which had an overwhelming majority in the Commons. When the Lords rejected the Licensing Bill of 1908 , Henry Chaplin MP claimed that the House of Lords was the ‘watchdog of...
Five Reference library
Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase & Fable (19 ed.)
...league became known to the English as the Six Nations. The annual series of Rugby Union internationals between England, France, Ireland, Scotland and Wales was known as the ‘Five Nations’. Italy joined the group in 2000 , expanding it to the ‘Six Nations’. Five o‘clock shadow The beginnings of a new beard on a man’s clean-shaven face, visible at about this time of day. The expression dates from the 1930s, when it was first used in an advertising campaign for Gem razor blades. One such advertisement contained the lines: ‘Gem Blades are made by the makers of...
Asian American and Pacific Islander Sport Reference library
Robert T. Hayashi
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Asian American Literature and Culture
...nations such as India and Pakistan, where cricket is the national obsession, have established cricket leagues, reintroducing a sport once popular among America’s Anglo-Saxon immigrants. In some instances, women are playing alongside men. Whether they are basketball, volleyball, soccer, or flag football, these leagues offer unique spaces for females to compete. Training, practices, individual matches, and tournaments build ethnic solidarity through displays of athleticism. However, they also are sites of tension over questions of identity, as these leagues and...
Bergson, Henri (1859–1941) Quick reference
A Dictionary of Critical Theory (2 ed.)
...Data of Consciousness ( 1919 ), a work that continues to be studied to this day. For the next decade he taught in various lycées, including the prestigious Henri IV . In 1900 he was offered the Chair in Philosophy at the Collège de France, where he remained until his retirement in 1921 . Suffering from acute arthritis, he had to give up teaching in 1914 . This did not prevent him from joining a diplomatic mission to the US in 1917 in a bid to persuade America to join the war. After the war he chaired a section of the League of Nations devoted to...
Sacred Reference library
Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase & Fable (19 ed.)
...the essentially mystic mainspring of Christianity. Sacred war, The In Greek history, one of the wars waged by the Amphictyonic League in defence of the temple and oracle of delphi . Against the Cirrhaeans ( 594–587 bc ) For the restoration of Delphi to the Phocians, from whom it had been taken ( 448–447 bc ) Against Philip of Macedon ( 346 bc ) See also amphictyonic council . Sacred Way, The See sacra via . Sacred weed, The vervain or, humorously, tobacco, also called ‘divine’. See also herba sacra . Dean of the Sacred College See under dean...
Marx, Karl (1818–83) Quick reference
A Dictionary of Critical Theory (2 ed.)
...that it was transforming society itself by overturning traditional forms of production, social ties, and the old hierarchies of social relations. Presciently, they argued that this new form of industrial capitalism was creating world history for the first time (or what we would now term globalization ) because now all industrial nations were so interlinked for the production of goods that no one nation was any longer capable of satisfying all its needs. Surprisingly, perhaps, Marx and Engels saw these transformations in a positive light: to their eyes,...
Human Rights and Asian American Literature and Culture Reference library
Crystal Parikh
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Asian American Literature and Culture
...human rights movement also occurred simultaneously with the unfolding of the Cold War. Initially, as World War II drew close to an end, the United States, the USSR, and Britain jointly began planning for a new “league of nations,” which eventually became the United Nations, in order to ensure world peace in the postwar order; the “great powers” began drafting the international bill of rights as a critical response to the ultra-nationalist fascism of the enemy Axis powers. But by the 1950s, when the UN’s Commission on Human Rights (CHR) began its work...
United Reference library
Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase & Fable (19 ed.)
...to the league of nations as a world organization primarily concerned with the maintenance of peace but with numerous other functions and agencies. It sprang from the Dumbarton Oaks talks ( 1944 ) between the USA, Great Britain and Soviet Russia, and was formally inaugurated in 1945 . Its headquarters is in New York City. United Provinces Guelderland, Utrecht, Friesland, Overijssel, Groningen, Zeeland and Holland, the seven provinces whose independence was recognized by Spain in 1648 and which first came together in the Union of Utrecht ( 1579 ), thus laying...
Comparative African American and Asian American Literary Studies Reference library
Julia H. Lee
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Asian American Literature and Culture
...the “‘belle époque’ of the Reagan era,” an era defined by “multicultural promise and racial nightmare,” in which state and corporate resources were shifted away from the majority of individuals at the same time that a rhetoric of multicultural inclusion reached its zenith. 59 The nation seized upon news stories involving the conflict between Asian Americans and African Americans, fully developing the narrative of Afro-Asian conflict that first began percolating in the mid- 20th century . Stories about Asian Americans entering Ivy League universities in large...
History and Memory: Narrating the Japanese American Incarceration Reference library
Christine C. So
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Asian American Literature and Culture
...of the United States. The imprisonment of 120,000 Japanese Americans in ten camps across the western United States has been repeatedly referenced as a moment of national shame, in which racial minorities were incarcerated, not because of any crimes that had been committed but because of their race and ethnic origin. Since the enactment of this wholesale injustice and betrayal of purported US ideals, the Japanese American and Asian American communities and the nation as a whole have grappled with the nation’s abandonment of its principles and the branding of...
Big Reference library
Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase & Fable (19 ed.)
...Kai-shek . It was these four powers that drew up the Charter of the United Nations at the San Francisco Conference in April 1945 . Big game Large animals hunted for ‘sport’. Bigger and better Superior to anything of its kind that has gone before. An advertiser’s phrase. Bigger does not of course necessarily mean better. See also small is beautiful . Big girl’s blouse A weak, ineffectual person, typically male; a cissy. The usage originated in the North of England, apparently around the middle of the 20th century, and was popularized more widely by such...
