Henry Cabot Lodge
Iroquois
alliance
Romain Rolland
Tanzania
Andrew Carnegie
idealism
Pakistan
United States of America
Japan
Iroquoian and Algonquian Cultures Reference library
Dean R. Snow and Eric E. Jones
The Oxford Companion To Archaeology (2 ed.)
...of a Native World , 2003. Hauptman, Laurence M. , and James D. Wherry , eds. The Pequots in Southern New England: The Fall and Rise of an American Indian Nation , 1990. Morgan, Lewis Henry . League of the Ho-dé-no-sau-nee, or Iroquois , 1851. Richter, Daniel K. The Ordeal of the Longhouse: The Peoples of the Iroquois League in the Era of European Colonization , 1992. Snow, Dean R. The Iroquois , 1994. Trigger, Bruce G. Natives and Newcomers: Canada’s “Heroic Age” Reconsidered , 1986. Trigger, Bruce G. , ed. Handbook of North...
New Guinea Reference library
Ian Lilley
The Oxford Companion To Archaeology (2 ed.)
...despite the reach of air transport and modern telecommunications. Indonesian New Guinea is equally rugged and remote, but in addition, access has long been very tightly controlled by the Indonesian government. In 1884 the eastern half of the island was divided between German New Guinea in the north and British New Guinea, also (and these days confusingly) known as Papua, in the south. British New Guinea came under Australian jurisdiction in the early 1900s, while German New Guinea was ceded to Australia under a League of Nations mandate after World War...
Oceania, Archaeological Practice in Reference library
Ian Lilley
The Oxford Companion To Archaeology (2 ed.)
...Britain shared what is now the independent nation of Vanuatu, as the Condominium of the New Hebrides. Most early archaeology done there was French, but following a ten-year postdependence moratorium on all research, Australian and New Zealand archaeologists now dominate, with a relatively minor French presence. Except in Vanuatu, the French and more recently the United States, Australia, and New Zealand (the latter three usually under League of Nations or United Nations mandates or trusteeships) administered the rest of Oceania. Pitcairn Island, a “Mystery...
Turkey Reference library
Cigdem Atakuman
The Oxford Companion To Archaeology (2 ed.)
...European interest in the curiosities of the East had existed since the Renaissance, the Ottoman territories became a particularly popular stage for the collection of Classical antiquities following Napoleon’s conquest of Egypt in 1798. By the time Greece became the first nation to gain independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1829, the Ottomans had long been aware that they were neither economically nor culturally in the same league with “the league of the civilized.” In an attempt to salvage the weakening Empire, a period of reform and modernization, commonly...
Iraq Reference library
James F. Goode
The Oxford Companion To Archaeology (2 ed.)
...of the German Orient Society, worked continuously at Babylon for eighteen years, 1899–1917 . The outbreak of World War I brought a halt to all expeditions except that of the Germans, who continued working until driven off by British forces moving up the Tigris in April 1917. Interwar Years. At the war’s end Britain received a League of Nations mandate for Iraq. British officials saw the need for a new antiquities law, which would allow a fair and equal division of artifacts to encourage archaeological research. King Faisal I (r. 1921–1933), founder of the...
International Organizations Reference library
Sophia Labadi
The Oxford Companion To Archaeology (2 ed.)
...Nations, UNESCO’s stated purpose is to contribute to peace and security by promoting international collaboration. With 195 Member States part of this organization (as of November 2011), it has close to universal membership. It was set up to continue the work of the International Institute of Intellectual Cooperation, a consultative organ of the League of Nations, which functioned between the two World Wars. It is structured in five sectors: education, natural sciences, social and human sciences, culture, and communication. One of the aims of the culture...
Greece Reference library
Yannis Hamilakis, Neil Asher Silberman, John K. Papadopoulos, Ian Morris, H. A. Shapiro, Mark D. Stansbury-O’Donnell, Frank Holt, and Timothy E. Gregory
The Oxford Companion To Archaeology (2 ed.)
...divorced from the routines of daily life, and practices of demolition, or better practices of ritual purification: the cleansing of the sacred sites, such as the “sacred rock” of the Acropolis from all remnants of barbarity, all post-Classical traces, especially in the early years of the nation-state and before the establishment of the bridging synthesis of Indigenous Hellenism. In a word, the nation which was constituted, to a large extent, on the material ground of classical antiquities, produced in its turn a national archaeological record, a record that...
Mesoamerica Reference library
Charlotte Beck, Thomas W. Killion, Barbara Voorhies, Jon Lohse, D. C. Grove, Arlen F. Chase, Deborah L. Nichols, Frances F. Berdan, Thomas H. Charlton, Janine Gasco, and William R. Fowler
The Oxford Companion To Archaeology (2 ed.)
...of the cacao-producing towns of the Izalcos region from the time of the Conquest in 1524 through the Colonial ( 1524–1821 ) and Republican ( 1821 to the present) Periods. A long-term project in the valley of La Bermuda, in the central region of the nation, has mapped and excavated the ruins of the first Spanish capital of San Salvador (occupied 1528–1545 ). Known today as the archaeological site of Ciudad Vieja, research here demonstrates that the town had but a small Spanish conquistador population and was largely inhabited by Mexican indigenous allies of...
Europe Reference library
Chris Scarre, Anthony Sinclair, Steven Mithen, Nicky Milner, Chris Scarre, Andrew Sherratt, Sarunas Milisauskas, Anthony F. Harding, John Collis, Greg Woolf, and Matthew H. Johnson
The Oxford Companion To Archaeology (2 ed.)
...the Identity of Europe. In an age when the concept of “Europe” is under stress, do we see European origins in the Roman world or in the Germanic peoples? Related to this is the question of how we understand the nature of early medieval ethnic groups and political entities: Do these groups stand in a direct ancestry to the present? This question is intimately bound up with that of the origins of modern nation-states. Traditional histories have given us a list of Germanic, Slavic, and Scandinavian peoples whose wanderings gave rise to the nations of Europe we...
Nationalism and Archaeology Reference library
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East
...allies, the establishment of the Turkish Republic, the granting of at least nominal autonomy to Egypt, and the creation of League of Nations mandates in Palestine, Syria, and Iraq, the future political landscape of the region was envisioned as one of independent nation-states. Under the tutelage of British, French, and Italian administrators, local populations were taught the techniques of self- determination; along with modern finance, education, public works, and public safety departments, archaeological administration in each of the mandated territories was...
