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Vane, Henry, the younger (1613–62) Reference library
The Continuum Encyclopedia of British Philosophy
...Relevant Works The Trial of Sir Henry Vane, Knight (1662). Burton, Thomas , The Diary of Thomas Burton, Esquire, Member in the Parliaments of Oliver and Richard Cromwell , ed. J. T. Rutt , 4 vols (1828). Further Reading Hosmer, J. K. , The Life of Young Sir Harry Vane (Boston, 1888). Judson, Margaret A. , The Political Thought of Sir Henry Vane the Younger (Philadelphia, 1969). Pocock, J. G. A. (ed.), Historical Introduction, in James Harrington, The Political Works (Cambridge, 1977), pp. 1–152. Rowe, Violet , Sir Henry Vane the Younger (1970)....
Wildman, John (c.1623–93) Reference library
The Continuum Encyclopedia of British Philosophy
...Case of the Army and the first Agreement of the People , the republican manifestos of the Levellers, who were opposed to any compromise with Charles I. In the army debates at Putney ( 1647 ) and Whitehall ( 1648–9 ), he defended this programme, especially against Oliver Cromwell and Henry Ireton . With John Lilburne and others he began pressing for a democratic republican constitution. This led to his first period of imprisonment for sedition from January to August 1648 . On his release, due to the intervention of Sir John Maynard and Bulstrode...
Neville, Henry (1620–94) Reference library
The Continuum Encyclopedia of British Philosophy
...as a recruiter for the Rump in Abingdon, Berkshire ( April 1649 ). He went on to serve on the Council of State for one year ( November 1651 ), but in April 1653 he was ejected from St Stephen's by Cromwell's troops. Neville was a committed republican who, along with such others as Vane , Sidney and Ludlow , opposed the Protectorate. He saw Cromwell's autocratic rule as the substitution of one monarch for another. In the summer of 1656 he tried his luck in the elections by standing as an anti-Cromwellian at Reading. Despite, seemingly, having...
Marvell, Andrew (1621–78) Reference library
The Continuum Encyclopedia of British Philosophy
...Marvell wrote some of his most famous lyric poems, and his politics turned towards republicanism . In 1653 John Milton sought Marvell's appointment as assistant but Cromwell employed him instead as tutor for his ward, William Dutton . In 1657 , however, Marvell did join Milton as assistant in the Latin secretaryship, writing poems in celebration of both Oliver and Richard Cromwell . He became friendly with James Harrington . In 1659 he was elected MP for Hull and was subsequently re-elected to the Restoration Parliaments of 1660 and 1661 . He...
Scougal, Henry (1650–78) Reference library
The Continuum Encyclopedia of British Philosophy
...Henry ( 1650–78 ) Henry Scougal was born in Leuchars, Fife and died of consumption in Aberdeen. He was buried in King's College chapel and his memorial is now affixed to the Cromwell Tower outside the chapel. The son of Patrick Scougal , minister of Leuchars and afterwards Bishop of Aberdeen, Henry was educated at King's College, Aberdeen and graduated MA in 1668 . The following year he was appointed a regent in King's College though only nineteen years of age. He was ordained in 1673 and inducted to the parish of Auchterless in Aberdeenshire. He...
Rolle, Henry (c.1589–1656) Reference library
The Continuum Encyclopedia of British Philosophy
...execution of Charles I and the abolition of the monarchy in 1649 , Rolle accepted his old post under the new name of Chief Justice of the Upper Bench, and also became a member of the republic's executive, the Council of State. Rolle retained his chief justiceship after Oliver Cromwell became Lord Protector, but in 1655 resigned his post rather than displease the Protector by finding in favour of a merchant who had sued a customs officer for forcibly taking customs duties which had not been sanctioned by Parliament. Rolle's younger brother, John, had himself...
Howe, John (1630–1705) Reference library
The Continuum Encyclopedia of British Philosophy
...he was a member of the church gathered by Thomas Goodwin , President of Magdalen College. Howe was ordained at Winwick, Lancashire in 1652 , and c.1654 proceeded to Great Torrington, Devonshire. He became Cromwell's domestic chaplain in 1656 , and lecturer at St Margaret's, Westminster. On Cromwell's death he continued as chaplain to Richard Cromwell until the latter was deposed in 1659 , whereupon Howe returned to Torrington. Charges of sedition were levelled against him, and dropped, in 1660 and 1661 , but in 1662 he was nevertheless among those...
Parker, Henry (1604–52) Reference library
The Continuum Encyclopedia of British Philosophy
...grant of £100 in January 1646 . Parker then left for Hamburg to serve as secretary to the Merchant Adventurers. While in Germany he produced his most important economic tract, Of a Free Trade . He returned to England after the king's execution in 1649 to become secretary to Cromwell's army in Ireland. He served there until his death. His political thought is set forth in twenty or more pamphlets published during 1640–51 . In the sphere of political ideas he had a fertile and courageous mind which never flinched from the full implications of the Revolution...
Hale, Matthew (1609–76) Reference library
The Continuum Encyclopedia of British Philosophy
...in the 1640s, he swore allegiance to the Commonwealth in 1649 and became a leading figure in the Hale Commission ( 1652 ) for law reform. In 1654 he was elected to Parliament and in the same year Oliver Cromwell appointed him a Justice of the Common Pleas, a position which he relinquished on Cromwell's death in 1659 . He sat in Richard Cromwell's Parliament ( 1659 ) but played no major part. He became active once more in the Convention Parliament of 1660 . He proposed that an original contract be drawn up and signed by Parliament and Charles II , but...
Sidney, Algernon (1622–83) Reference library
The Continuum Encyclopedia of British Philosophy
...of the king, but opposed his execution. In the event, he played no part in the proceedings, retiring to Penshurst until sentence had been passed. Cromwell's expulsion of the Rump in 1653 offended Sidney's republican principles, and he thereafter dissociated himself from the Protectorate. He incurred Cromwell 's displeasure by putting on a satire against the regime at Penshurst. After the fall of Richard Cromwell and the army's restoration of the Long Parliament he resumed his seat, and on 14 May 1659 was elected to the new Council of State. He left the...
Petty, William (1623–87) Reference library
The Continuum Encyclopedia of British Philosophy
...and a Commissioner of the Navy in England. He was twice offered a peerage, which he refused, but his wife Elizabeth Fenton was created Baroness Shelburne after his death. He was a Protestant and Parliamentarian during the civil war, and a firm ally of the Cromwell family. His sons Charles and Henry and his daughter Anne in turn succeeded to his estates and Anne married into the Fitzmaurice family, one of whose descendants wrote a biography of Petty in the nineteenth century. Petty's letter to Hartlib on education was his first publication but in the...
Bacon, Nathaniel (1593–1660) Reference library
The Continuum Encyclopedia of British Philosophy
...various committees in the Long Parliament. He was secluded from the Long Parliament by Pride's Purge, but readmitted on 6 June 1649 and appointed an Admiralty judge later that year. He served as a Member in both Parliaments under the Protectorate and as a master of requests to Cromwell's Council of State. Bacon's principal work, The Historicall Discourse on the Uniformity of Government in England ( 1647 ), was a savagely polemical and creative reading of English history. It was published in two parts: the first, ‘from the first times till the reigne of...
Best, Paul (1590?–1657) Reference library
The Continuum Encyclopedia of British Philosophy
...to be hanged. The sentence was never carried out, but he remained in prison until the end of 1647 , when he was released. The legality of the proceedings that led to his imprisonment was questioned by him in numerous petitions presented to Parliament, but to little effect until Cromwell, perhaps on Milton 's recommendation, intervened. He retired to Great Driffield, where he farmed and continued to write. Although he left a large body of manuscripts when he died, the only writing of his to survive is a pamphlet, written in prison, defending his theological...
Hunton, Philip (c.1604–82) Reference library
The Continuum Encyclopedia of British Philosophy
...minister of Heytesbury and finally vicar of Westbury. In 1654 he was assistant to the Triers and Ejectors of Wiltshire, apparently showing much vigour in weeding out ‘scandalous, ignorant and insufficient ministers and schoolmasters’. In 1657 he was appointed master of Cromwell's new University College at Durham, a post which brought with it the substantial living of Sedgefield. Then came the Restoration. In the list of rectors of Sedgefield given in Hutchinson's History of Durham (vol. 3, p. 50) Hunton is described as ‘an intruder, ejected in 1660’....
Harrington, James (1611–77) Reference library
The Continuum Encyclopedia of British Philosophy
...but it is perfectly clear that Oceana is supposed to be England, and that the events, places, and personages depicted in the book are only thinly disguised. ‘Emporium’ is London, ‘Hiera’ is Westminster, ‘Leviathan’ is Thomas Hobbes, ‘Panurgus’ is Henry VII, ‘Parthenia’ is Elizabeth I; ‘Olpheus Megaletor’ is Cromwell, and so on. The fiction of Oceana is not continued in his later writings. Harrington is alone among his contemporaries in proposing a straightforward causal relation between economic distribution and political power. It is to this fact that...
Pell, John (1610–85) Reference library
The Continuum Encyclopedia of British Philosophy
...Pell back to England, where, after he had petitioned the Council of State, it was ordered that he be provided with a house and a yearly salary of £200. There was also an allusion to a future lectureship in mathematics. When several months passed without action, Pell petitioned Cromwell for support and a few months later he was appointed English resident in Zürich, for which his extraordinary linguistic skills made him eminently qualified. He was recalled to England in May 1658 and the final years of the Interregnum proved frustrating in terms of finding a...
Raleigh, Walter (1554?–1618) Reference library
The Continuum Encyclopedia of British Philosophy
...use of secondary sources, and a clumsy providentialism. Out of these unpromising materials, however, he produced one of the most influential works of history written in the seventeenth century, The History of the World ( 1614 ). For contemporary readers, most notably Oliver Cromwell , the work's power lay in its relentless exposition of God's punishments of corrupt leaders, rather than in any coherent analysis of issues such as liberty, tyranny or historical causality. Equally illustrative rather than analytical, Raleigh's influential 1615 work on the...
