Heraldry Reference library
The Grove Encyclopedia of Medieval Art and Architecture
...of investiture is to one sent by Pope Leo iii to Charlemagne as a token of his investiture as ‘Patrician and Duke of the Romans’, and the office of Gonfalonier (standard-bearer) of the Roman See can be traced back to the 11th century. When in 1004 Emperor Henry II enfeoffed his brother-in-law as Henry V, Duke of Bavaria ( reg 1004–26), it is said that he ‘gave the duchy with an ensign on a spear’ (Ganshof, p. 112), an act that would have been meaningless unless this was already known to be connected with the territory. (ii) Armory. Although the use of...