Oxford Reference Search Results

werewolf   Reference library

The Oxford Companion to the Body

...as a delusion rooted in illness have been repeated throughout the twentieth century. Authors have variously suggested congenital hypertrichosis (abnormal hair growth), rabies canina , and ergot poisoning as possible pathological causes. More recently, Dr Lee Illis , of Guy's Hospital, London, has claimed that werewolves may be victims of porphyria, a disease which results in photosensitivity, reddening of the teeth, and nervous disorders. With the appearance of novels such as George Reynolds' Wagner the Werewolf ( 1857 ) or Dudley Costello's ...

blood transfusion   Reference library

The Oxford Companion to the Body

...in an effort to stabilize them for further surgical intervention. It was here that many British sceptics were won over to the benefits of blood transfusion. Blood donors and blood banks In the early 1920s, a number of hospitals assembled their own small donor panels: even using the citrate method, donors still had to go to hospital to give blood for each emergency. Initially, they were paid for their blood. Discontented with this adhoc system, some prominent British doctors began calling for a centralized donor service. In 1921 , Percy Lane Oliver,...

infant feeding   Reference library

The Oxford Companion to the Body

...reported on the admixture of alkali, gastric juices, and other chemicals to milk and the differences between fore-milk and after-milk. Pierre Budin in Paris in about 1860 used calf pancreatic extracts to ‘digest’ cow milk for feeding to the infants in his maternity hospital, as he was unable to obtain adequate supplies from wet nurses and the mortality from feeding untreated cow milk was horrendous. Infant morbidity and mortality in Europe during the late nineteenth century due to artificial infant feeding was similar to that found in developing...

hymen   Reference library

The Oxford Companion to the Body

...the hymen is located: one says at the entry to the vagina; another in the neck of the womb; and a third in the womb itself. Against this ambiguous testimony Paré places the results of his practice; after examining girls between the ages of three and twelve under his care at the Hospital of Paris, he found no evidence of the alleged virginal seal. Paré, however, admits that some colleagues also believe in the hymen, as do entire peoples, such as the Africans of Mauritania who display the soiled bed linen after a nuptial defloration. Paré attributed the blood...

religion and science   Reference library

The Oxford Companion to the History of Modern Science

...could not graduate from either Oxford or Cambridge Universities until the repeal of the Test Acts in 1871 , many studied abroad or in Scotland, where scientific and medical education was of a far higher standard. Thus in many British cities dissenters promoted the provision of hospitals and dispensaries for the poor. Quakers in particular gravitated to pharmacy where their reputation for honesty and their ability at networking worked to their advantage. The audience for science increased significantly in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Britain, with a...

compassion ((from the Latin compati, suffer with).)   Reference library

Victor Nell

The Oxford Companion to the Mind (2 ed.)

...precisely now that physical pain could be abolished: the 19th century ‘opened with the isolation of morphine in 1802 and closed with the introduction of aspirin in 1899 ’ (Turner 1980 : 82). Anaesthesia was first demonstrated by William Morton at the Massachusetts General Hospital on 16 October 1846 ; in Edinburgh in 1847 , chloroform was shown to be superior to ether. In 1884 , Freud used cocaine to achieve local anaesthesia, and, in 1885 , William Halsted demonstrated the nerve block anaesthesia that revolutionized the practice of dentistry....

Situating Mental Disorders in Cultural Frames   Reference library

G.E. Jarvis and Laurence J. Kirmayer

The Oxford Encyclopedia of the History of Modern Psychology

...Journal of Psychiatry , 98 , 703–707. DiMaggio, P. (1997). Culture and cognition. Annual Review of Sociology , 23 , 263–287. The Doctrine and Covenants of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints: Containing Revelations Given to Joseph Smith, the Prophet, with Some Additions by His Successors in the Presidency of the Church . (2013). The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Drake, D. (1845). Diseases of the negro population. South Medical and Surgical Journal , 2 , 341–343. Ellis, H. (1904). Paranoia among Brazilian Negroes [la paranoia...

Religious Identity, Beliefs, and Views about Climate Change   Reference library

Sonya Sachdeva

The Oxford Encyclopedia of Climate Change Communication

...Pennebaker, J. W. , Mehl, M. R. , & Niederhoffer, K. G. (2003). Psychological Aspects of Natural Language Use: Our Words, Our Selves . Annual Review of Psychology , 54 (1), 547–577. Pew Research Center . (2010, July 14). Jesus Christ’s return to Earth. Retrieved from http://www.pewresearch.org/daily-number/jesus-christs-return-to-earth/ Phan, P. C. (1996). Eschatology and ecology: The environment in the End-Time . Irish Theological Quarterly , 62 (1), 3–16. Pierotti, R. , & Wildcat, D. (2000). Traditional ecological knowledge: The third...

Creating Subjects   Reference library

Rhodri Hayward

The Oxford Encyclopedia of the History of Modern Psychology

...within’” ( Jung, 1966 , para. 258). Jung’s turn to religious language was not accidental. He had grown up in the embrace of the Swiss Reformed Church and in his psychology took the life of Christ as a template for the process of self-creation and individuation. Commenting on the spiritual exercises of St Ignatius of Loyola, Jung claimed that the incarnation of Christ represented a moment in which man “gathers the world into himself,” while at the same time resisting simple identification with superficial social norms. His use of religious language works...

Mind Cure and Mental Therapeutics in the Late-19th-Century United States   Reference library

David T. Schmit

The Oxford Encyclopedia of the History of Modern Psychology

...of Clark University and first president of the American Psychological Association, G. Stanley Hall; neurological physician and future founder of The Journal of Abnormal Psychology , Morton Prince; Adolph Meyer, psychiatrist at the nearby Worcester, Massachusetts, State Hospital and future medical leader at Johns Hopkins; and Boris Sidris, future operator of Maplewood Farms, a groundbreaking “inebriation sanitarium” that used both spiritual and body-based methods to cure ( Baumohl, 1993 ). “Functional nervous disorders”—those illnesses that had no identifiable...

Cognitive Biases, Non-Rational Judgments, and Public Perceptions of Climate Change   Reference library

Lisa Zaval and James F. M. Cornwell

The Oxford Encyclopedia of Climate Change Communication

...the norm itself, it will have less of an influence on his or her actual behavior. Cialdini, Reno, and Kallgren ( 1990 ) conducted a series of studies on the importance of norms and norm salience on the problem of littering. Across multiple locations (e.g., a parking garage, a hospital, an amusement park), the researchers investigated the degree to which social norms influenced people’s choice to litter. The researchers found that norms had a significant impact on littering behavior. For example, a person was much less likely to litter in a clean environment,...

science in history   Reference library

Science, Technology, and Society

...endowment, or testamentary trust. This device encouraged such new institutions as the hospital, the observatory, and the religious seminary to cultivate wealthy patrons. There does seem to have been an association between teaching and research at these institutions, although the relationship was not sanctioned by statute. Research Institutionalized Europe improved on the Mediterranean tradition of public professors, schools of religious law, and medical lectures in hospitals by inventing the university—a complex corporation with guild privileges, notably the...