Harlem Renaissance, the Reference library
Gayle Murchison
The Grove Dictionary of American Music (2 ed.)
...cultural change in the face of persistent racism against African Americans had appeared before and during the war. In 1909 a group of black and white intellectuals, jurists, and others formed the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People to fight segregation, discrimination, and racism. US industrialization and mobilization for World War I prompted African Americans from Southern states to move to Northern urban centers in search of opportunity and to escape the oppressive racial violence and segregated Jim Crow practices of the...
Asian American music Reference library
Eric Hung, Nancy Yunhwa Rao, Susan Miyo Asai, You Young Kang, Alison Arnold, Amy R. Catlin, and Christi-Anne Castro
The Grove Dictionary of American Music (2 ed.)
...restrictions, but labor competition fueled anti-Chinese sentiment and racial discrimination intensified. Eventually Chinese exclusion laws ( 1882–1943 ) barred Chinese laborers from entering the United States and admitted only merchants and their families, teachers, students, diplomats, and tourists. A dark Exclusion Era ensued, codifying Chinese as a racial “other,” unwanted and ineligible for citizenship. In the 1930s, as China waged a war against Japanese imperialism, discrimination against Chinese Americans grew less intense, helped by sympathetic portrayals...
Jazz Reference library
Mark Tucker, Travis A. Jackson, and Travis A. Jackson
The Grove Dictionary of American Music (2 ed.)
...for the musicians who played with them. Although there were various means of informal, school-based, and on-the-job tuition for musicians (Chevan, H 1997 , pp. 31–49), formal education specifically oriented toward jazz was scarce before the 1950s; in particular, racial discrimination often blocked access to music conservatories for black musicians. Working and travelling with big bands, however, young musicians learned how to blend and balance their playing within an ensemble, how to construct terse, shapely solos, how to set background riffs, and how...
United States of America Reference library
The International Encyclopedia of Dance
...Traditions African-American dance, a syncretism of African and European dance, evolved in the United States out of plantation and frontier life and came to the popular stage through minstrelsy. Its path and pattern of development delineate the tenor of American racial segregation and discrimination. The progression from minstrelsy to the concert stage—from mid-nineteenth century to the present—parallels the availability to African Americans of additional performance environments in successive eras of American history. The earliest outlets were tent shows,...
