Churches in Context: The Jesus Movement in the Roman World Reference library
Daniel N. Schowalter
Oxford History of the Biblical World
...Hadrian 10–13). Passing through Gaul, he continued into the Germanic regions, where he lived with the troops guarding the borders, reinvigorating discipline among the legion and instituting numerous military reforms. These included regulating leaves of absence, clearing the camps of banqueting rooms and other places of leisure, and ordering that no one should serve as a soldier “younger than his strength allows, or older than humanity permits” ( Hadrian 10). From Germany, Hadrian crossed to Britain, first invaded by Julius Caesar...
Derivatives Reference library
Asani Sarkar
The New Oxford Companion to Economics in India (3 ed.)
...all exchange-traded derivatives in India, at more than 99 per cent of volume in 2003–4 . Contract performance is guaranteed by a clearing house, which is a wholly owned subsidiary of the NSE. 3 Margin requirements and daily marking-to-market of futures positions substantially reduce the credit risk of exchange-traded contracts, relative to OTC contracts. 4 Development of Derivatives Markets in India Derivatives markets have been in existence in India in some form or other for a long time. In the area of commodities, the Bombay Cotton Trade Association...
Foreign Exchange Markets Reference library
The New Oxford Companion to Economics in India (3 ed.)
...in foreign exchange continues to take place in the inter-bank market. The market consists of over 90 authorized dealers (mostly banks) who transact currency among themselves and come out ‘square’ or without exposure at the end of the trading day. Trading is regulated by the Foreign Exchange Dealers Association of India (FEDAI), a self-regulatory association of dealers. Since 2001 , clearing and settlement functions in the foreign exchange markets are largely carried out by the Clearing Corporation of India Limited (CCIL) that handles transactions of...
Banking Reference library
Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages
...that of deposit, reimbursable on demand, then that of clearing by transfer from one deposit to another, then by transfer between bankers “in current account” with each other. Italian Merchant bankers, natives of Piacenza , Asti, Siena or Florence , took on a role that combined the service of international trade in the business Towns or the Champagne Fairs , perfectly justified in the eyes of the Church, with much more speculative practices, taking account of the fluctuations of the market: rich Merchants and business societies, foremost among...
Forests and Deforestation Reference library
Michael Williams
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World
...clearing occurred in southern Asia where peasant proprietors were drawn into the global commercial market. Outstanding was the deliberate expansion by British administrators of rice cultivation in lower Burma, which resulted in the destruction of about 34,740 square miles (90,000 square kilometers) of rain forest between 1850 and 1950 . Throughout the Indian subcontinent the early network of railways meant an expansion of all types of crops, often for cash, that led to massive forest clearing in all parts of the country. Attitudes to Clearing. The...
Federal Reserve (USA) Reference library
The Handbook of International Financial Terms
...are therefore based on a balance of probabilities weighting the different components of the Fed's decision-making process. CHIPS : The New York Clearing House's computerized Clearing House Interbank Payments System . An interbank clearing system used by banks in addition to the Fed's own wire; often used to clear euro transactions. A failure of the CHIPS system can cause problems in the funds market. Fed wire : A computer system linking member banks to the Federal Reserve System, used for making interbank payments for Treasury and agency securities...
Scheldt Estuary, battle for Reference library
The Oxford Companion to World War II
...17 September, it did start attacking the network of gun batteries and other defences sited on Walcheren Island which dominated the mouth of the Scheldt. On 15 September Crerar's 1st Corps was committed to guarding the flank of the Second British Army during MARKET-GARDEN, so responsibility for clearing the banks of the Scheldt devolved on his 2nd Corps. His plans included a landing on Walcheren, once its dykes had been breached by Bomber Command and most of the inland German defences flooded or isolated, and the seizure of the area around Roosendaal and...
Hungary Reference library
György Kövér
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Economic History
...market towns of the region. The most favorable conditions for agrarian development occurred in the agricultural market towns, which were under the direct administration of the sultan ( khas , possessions). Ottoman rule caused heavy losses of population and of agricultural production forces; and with an increase of land owned (and hired) by agricultural market towns, it promoted the further rise of animal husbandry (first with gray cattle), beginning in the fifteenth century. The international activity in live cattle and wine exports, achievements of market...
Amsterdam Reference library
Clé Lesger
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Economic History
...with the extra-European world as well. This multilateral trading system made Amsterdam-based merchants excellent intermediaries in the settlement of international payments, while it gave them easy access to vital information about markets throughout the system. As a consequence Amsterdam developed into an international clearing house and a center of information exchange. At bottom, this expansion was built on Amsterdam as the gateway for a hinterland that not only comprised the Dutch Republic but also included a major part of Germany and the Southern...
Amazonia and Deforestation Reference library
The Oxford Companion to Global Change
...“virgin,” or “old-growth”) forest. This is distinct from the cutting of secondary (successional) forests. In addition to clearing, as for agriculture or ranching, deforestation includes forest lost to flooding for hydroelectric dams. It does not include disturbance of forest by selective logging. In Amazonia, virtually all logging is “selective” because only some of the many species of trees in the forest are accepted by today's timber markets. Wide discrepancies in estimates for “deforestation” in Amazonia have often been the result of inconsistencies in...
Banking Reference library
Hubert Bonin
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World
...and financial markets. Industrial enterprises needed funds to finance inventories and day-to-day expenses; they required capital to finance their investments; nation-states were hungry for capital to set up transportation and urban equipment and to consolidate debts built to fill budget deficits. Three changes occurred. Throughout Europe and the United States, myriad local banks were founded to help small and medium-sized enterprises grow, and they financed their own debt through central banks or on the clearing market. Second, huge market shares were...
Food Procurement Policy Reference library
The New Oxford Companion to Economics in India (3 ed.)
...prices. Price distortions in the output market combined with distorted prices of inputs such as fertilizers, power, and irrigation have had an added detrimental effect not only on the production of other crops but also on the environment, such as a decline in water tables. Setting MSPs at levels higher than normal market clearing prices and world prices have disconnected them from market realities ( Jha et al. 2007 ). In the early 2000s, exorbitantly high MSPs resulted in the government buying up most of the marketable surplus, raising budgetary costs and...
roads and bridges Reference library
The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages
...pontifices , literally ‘bridge-makers’. The bridge at Exeter shown on one side of the seal of the wardens of the bridge. The seal is housed in the Exeter City Museum and can be dated c .1256–64. Royal Albert Memorial Museum & Art Gallery, Exeter Chroniques de Hainault showing clearing and laying of a road, mid-15th century. Copyright Bibliothèque Royale de Belgique, Brussels/MS. 9242, fo. 270v Georges Comet W. Addison , The Old Roads of England (1980). A. C. Leighton , Transport and Communication in Early Medieval Europe ( ad 500–1100) (1972). L’Homme et...
Ethanol as a Biofuel Reference library
Christine C. Caruso
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America (2 ed.)
...For example, in response to these rising demands and the market value of corn for ethanol, farmers may plant more acres of corn to meet this demand, which reduces the cropland for other products, having a further ripple effect on food retail prices with a continued drive upward. In addition, when cropland that may have been used to grow food crops is converted for ethanol production, the overall demand for cropland raises prices for the land as well as being linked to deforestation and the clearing of grasslands to create space for new cultivation. It has...
Bruges Reference library
James M. Murray
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Economic History
...exploiting Bruges' growing role as a clearing house of economic information. In turn, foreign merchants brought a variety of economic enterprises to the city, from Florentine and Lucchese merchant banks to English wool traders and Hanseatic wine importers. Some of these merchants developed into permanent residents, eventually joining the Bruges merchant elite. Others, like a number of Hanse merchants, operated taverns where predominantly German wine was sold, allowing importers a vertically integrated market often in partnership with Bruges hostellers....
Financial Panics and Crashes Reference library
James M. O'Donnell
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Economic History
...secondary growths generated a speculative interest. A futures market emerged in planted bulbs, which were delivered after they flowered in the spring. In the winter of 1636–1637 , this market, until then mainly confined to growers and connoisseurs, spread broadly to novices engaging in futures trading in taverns. The rare flamed bulbs traded for hundreds, even thousands of guilders each, and even ordinary bulbs rose steeply in price. Then, for reasons that remain obscure, the market collapsed in February 1637 . The futures contracts were legally...
Amazonia, Deforestation Of Reference library
Encyclopedia of Global Change
...) forest. [See Deforestation .] This is distinct from cutting of secondary (successional) forest. In addition to clearing, (such as for agriculture or ranching), deforestation includes forest lost to flooding for hydroelectric dams. It does not include disturbance of forest by selective logging. In Amazonia, virtually all logging is selective because only some of the many tree species in the forest are accepted by today's timber markets. Wide discrepancies in estimates for deforestation in Amazonia are often the result of inconsistencies in definitions,...
Banking Reference library
Johannes M. Renger, Michaël North, and Charles W. Calomiris
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Economic History
...(Asti, Genoa, Siena, Lucca) merchants advanced money to merchants traveling to the Champagne fairs by accepting obligations ( instrumenta ex causa cambium , precursors of the bill of exchange), payable at the fairs. The fair became a market for goods, currencies, and information (about prices and exchange rates) and a clearing center for claims and debits; at the end of the fair due balances could either be settled in cash or be deferred as a credit to the following fair by a lettre de foire . The decline of the Champagne fairs, because of shifts to maritime...
Fairs Reference library
Erik Aerts and Santhi Hejeebu
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Economic History
...(such as the instrumentum ex causa cambii ). So important were these transactions and so sophisticated were the book transfers for the settlement of debts that the Belgian-American scholar Raymond de Roover (1904–1972) labeled the Fairs of Champagne as “the major money market and clearing center of Western Europe” in the thirteenth century. Several theories have been formulated to explain the decay of the fairs at the end of the thirteenth century. One of the most influential hypotheses sees the establishment of new, direct sea routes between Italy and northwestern...
How Environmental Degradation Impoverishes the Poor Reference library
Edward B. Barbier
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Environmental Economics
...Economic growth with subsistence consumption. Journal of Development Economics , 62 , 343–361. Strulik, H. (2012). Poverty, voracity and growth. Journal of Development Economics , 97 , 396–403. Takasaki, T. (2007). Dynamic household models of forest clearing under distinct land and market institutions: Can agricultural policies reduce tropical deforestation? Environment and Development Economics , 12 , 423–443. Takasaki, Y. , Barham, B. L. , & Coomes, O. T. (2004). Risk coping strategies in tropical forests: Floods, illness, and resource extraction...
