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courtesy Books

Subject: Literature

A book that gives advice to aspiring young courtiers in etiquette and other aspects of behaviour expected at royal or noble courts. This kind of work—sometimes written in verse—first ...

48 The History of the Book in America

48 The History of the Book in America   Reference library

Scott E. Casper and Joan Shelley Rubin

The Oxford Companion to the Book

Reference type:
Subject Reference
Current Version:
2010
Subject:
History, Social sciences
Length:
13,059 words
Publisher:
Oxford University Press
Illustration(s):
1

...absence of international copyright treaties, rival editions of popular British authors could lead to falling book prices as publishers sought to undersell one another. This concern led to the extra-legal but widely understood conventions known as ‘the courtesy of the trade’. The primary tenet of trade courtesy stipulated that the first American publisher to announce that it had a foreign work ‘in press’ won the rights to its publication; other publishers were expected to relinquish any plans to publish it. By a second principle, the ‘rule of association’, the...

19 The Electronic Book

19 The Electronic Book   Reference library

Eileen Gardiner and Ronald G. Musto

The Oxford Companion to the Book

Reference type:
Subject Reference
Current Version:
2010
Subject:
History, Social sciences
Length:
5,021 words
Publisher:
Oxford University Press
Illustration(s):
1

...of TEI in the world of libraries, archives, and publishing continued to assure its dominance. 7 Models and aesthetics E-books are extremely adaptable and functional; New and old technology: the iLiad Reader marketed by Libresco. Just as the characteristics of *newspapers changed people’s reading habits and the railway revolutionized the distribution of print, so e-books may change how, what, when, and where material is read. Courtesy of Libresco.com when the proper coding language and syntax are applied, they can be formatted and designed to mirror the...

The Apocrypha

The Apocrypha   Reference library

Philip Davies

The Oxford Illustrated History of the Bible

Reference type:
Subject Reference
Current Version:
2022
Subject:
Religion
Length:
4,000 words
Publisher:
Oxford University Press
Illustration(s):
3

...contents did not necessarily correspond over time exactly to those of the Greek Bibles (which, in any case, did not preserve exactly the same list of books). Thus, it is not the case that the ‘Apocrypha’, effectively created as a category by Protestants, simply embraces those books in a Greek Bible but not a Hebrew one. However, that is effectively how the contents of the Apocrypha originated. The books of the Apocrypha derive immediately from Greek texts. However, while in some cases Greek is the original language, in some a translation from another...

11 The Technologies of Print

11 The Technologies of Print   Reference library

James Mosley

The Oxford Companion to the Book

Reference type:
Subject Reference
Current Version:
2010
Subject:
History, Social sciences
Length:
10,250 words
Publisher:
Oxford University Press
Illustration(s):
8

...curves and straight lines. Courtesy of Professor James Mosley Nevertheless, the underlying technical processes employed to produce the printed page have changed tremendously. The widespread use of metal type had effectively ceased by about 1980 : such type is now employed only rarely, to make special kinds of books ( see private presses ). Words are still generally placed on paper with ink, but carbon particles (or *toner ) fused by an electrostatic process are more likely to be used to generate copies of digitized books that are printed on *demand ....

Liberation Theology: Europe

Liberation Theology: Europe   Reference library

Luise Schottroff and John Rogerson

The Oxford Illustrated History of the Bible

Reference type:
Subject Reference
Current Version:
2022
Subject:
Religion
Length:
5,737 words
Publisher:
Oxford University Press
Illustration(s):
4

...movement which was formed in 1970 during the elections in Chile and which soon had groups in the whole of Latin America. Books and lectures by the French Protestant Georges Casalis and the German Catholic Kuno Füssel enabled materialist reading of the Bible to be consolidated and extended. Professor Willy Schottroff (1931–97), a pioneer of European social-historical interpretation of the Bible. Courtesy Prof. Dr. Luise Schottrof. In 1977 the ‘Heidelberg Working Group for Social-Historical Interpretation of the Bible’ was...

The Bible in Literature

The Bible in Literature   Reference library

David Jasper

The Oxford Illustrated History of the Bible

Reference type:
Subject Reference
Current Version:
2022
Subject:
Religion
Length:
4,949 words
Publisher:
Oxford University Press
Illustration(s):
7

...understanding of the nature of theology itself. James Joyce (1935) by Jacques-Emile Blanche. Joyce's Finnegans Wake (1939) was described by Thomas Altizer as ‘the culmination of our Western literature…a culmination that is ending or apocalypse itself’. By courtesy of the National Portrait Gallery, London. In stark contrast to Arnold, the language and poetics of early twentieth-century modernism are sharp and precise in their interactions with the Bible. If the novelist D. H. Lawrence (1885–1930) continues the traditions of Victorian...

14 Printed Ephemera

14 Printed Ephemera   Reference library

Michael Harris

The Oxford Companion to the Book

Reference type:
Subject Reference
Current Version:
2010
Subject:
History, Social sciences
Length:
7,085 words
Publisher:
Oxford University Press
Illustration(s):
1

...production of some striking images depicting the mass of print displayed in public spaces. The spread of ephemera and *display types : *playbills , *posters , and *broadsides painted by John Orlando Parry in his London Street Scene (1835), also known as The Posterman . Courtesy of Alfred Dunhill Museum and Archive Across the entire modern period, a huge and expanding volume of print in all its forms was in circulation. In the attempt to get some sort of *bibliographical control over the composition and character of ephemera, scholars have undertaken...

The Old Testament

The Old Testament   Reference library

John Rogerson

The Oxford Illustrated History of the Bible

Reference type:
Subject Reference
Current Version:
2022
Subject:
Religion
Length:
9,443 words
Publisher:
Oxford University Press
Illustration(s):
15

...reconstruction of the history of the ancient Israelite cult (1804–7) was a formative point in modern biblical criticism. Courtesy Professor J. W. Rogerson. The traditional views of authorship had two strengths. First, they provided a clear account of the origin of the faith of Israel. It was divine revelation communicated directly to individuals such as Moses. Secondly, if the authors of Old Testament books were known, it became possible to regard them as writers inspired by God. The seemingly neutral question ‘who wrote a particular...

The Bible in Judaism

The Bible in Judaism   Reference library

Philip Alexander

The Oxford Illustrated History of the Bible

Reference type:
Subject Reference
Current Version:
2022
Subject:
Religion
Length:
8,614 words
Publisher:
Oxford University Press
Illustration(s):
10

... The Rashi Study House attached to the Old Synagogue of Worms, where Rashi (Rabbi Solomon Yitzhaqi, 1040–1105) studied as a young man. Courtesy of the Jewish Museum, London. This traditional likeness of the great Jewish philosopher Maimonides (1135–1204) was used on a postage stamp issued in Israel in 1953 to mark the International Congress of the History of Science. Courtesy Clive Rosen, Israel-Judaica Stamp Club. Philology pushed medieval Jewish Bible commentary in the direction of the plain sense of scripture...

10 Paper

10 Paper   Reference library

Daven Christopher Chamberlain

The Oxford Companion to the Book

Reference type:
Subject Reference
Current Version:
2010
Subject:
History, Social sciences
Length:
6,045 words
Publisher:
Oxford University Press
Illustration(s):
2

...(Nuremberg, 1661). With water-powered hammers, the linen rags are pulped. The *vatman stands at the *vat with a *mould ; the *coucher presses the *post ; the drying *sheets hang on ropes above, ready to be *sized , calendared, gathered into *reams , and packaged. Courtesy of Alan Crocker This is then passed to a second worker, the *coucher , who transfers the wet fibre mat on to a textile, usually of felt, to support it during the next process, pressing. A stack of alternating wet mats and felts, called a *post , is introduced into a mechanical...

1700 to the Present

1700 to the Present   Reference library

Ronald Clements

The Oxford Illustrated History of the Bible

Reference type:
Subject Reference
Current Version:
2022
Subject:
Religion
Length:
7,692 words
Publisher:
Oxford University Press
Illustration(s):
18

...of writing and the production of literary works, such as those preserved in the Bible, could be given a cultural context which they had not previously possessed. Cherubim figures from the temple of ‘Ain Dara‘ 67 km (42 miles) northwest of Aleppo, Syria. Courtesy Professor R. E. Clements. The Devotional Interpretation and Use of the Bible Scientific study of the Bible has frequently appeared to have as its primary duty the task of formulating biblical teaching, whether of ideas or events, in such a manner...

The New Testament

The New Testament   Reference library

David Parker

The Oxford Illustrated History of the Bible

Reference type:
Subject Reference
Current Version:
2022
Subject:
Religion
Length:
11,025 words
Publisher:
Oxford University Press
Illustration(s):
9

...began to emerge that there was a ‘Constantinian watershed’. The persecution by the Emperor Diocletian, lasting between the years 303 and 312, had seen the destruction of many Christian books. It seemed possible that, with the Peace of Constantine in 312, the church had used its comparatively small stock of surviving books to produce a number of ‘standards’. Churches whose books had been destroyed needed replacements, and in an era of growth many new copies were needed for new churches. As a result, much of the variety of earlier generations was lost. This...

Feminist Scholarship

Feminist Scholarship   Reference library

Yvonne Sherwood

The Oxford Illustrated History of the Bible

Reference type:
Subject Reference
Current Version:
2022
Subject:
Religion
Length:
6,603 words
Publisher:
Oxford University Press
Illustration(s):
12

...more familiar texts in unfamiliar ways.) A portrayal of Sarah and her son Isaac from Testament: The Animated Bible . While Sarah is absent from the biblical account of the ‘sacrifice’ of Isaac (Genesis 22), the Animated Bible inserts her into the story. Courtesy S4C. There are some passages in the Old Testament/Hebrew Bible that, like Eve, seem to be absolutely iconic of the injustices challenged by the feminist movement. Leviticus prescribes forty days of uncleanness after the birth of a boy child and eighty after the birth of...

Modern Translations

Modern Translations   Reference library

Stanley E. Porter

The Oxford Illustrated History of the Bible

Reference type:
Subject Reference
Current Version:
2022
Subject:
Religion
Length:
12,771 words
Publisher:
Oxford University Press
Illustration(s):
9

...Standard Version, though he died before it was completed. James Moffatt (1880–1944) produced innovative translations of the Bible (New Testament 1913, Old Testament 1924). A native of Glasgow, he held posts in Oxford and Glasgow, and New York where he died. Courtesy of Mansfield College, Oxford. Whereas the first two personal translations of substance were done by British scholars, the first American English personal translation of lasting value was made by Edgar J. Goodspeed with J. M. P. Smith. A New Testament scholar who had a...

Into Exile: From the Assyrian Conquest of Israel to the Fall of Babylon

Into Exile: From the Assyrian Conquest of Israel to the Fall of Babylon   Reference library

Mordechai Cogan

Oxford History of the Biblical World

Reference type:
Subject Reference
Current Version:
2022
Subject:
Religion
Length:
17,701 words
Publisher:
Oxford University Press
Illustration(s):
2

...who sought to lure other vassal kingdoms in the southern region, among them Judah, to his side. At about this time, emissaries of Merodach-baladan (the biblical rendering of Mardukapal-iddina), the Chaldean king of Babylonia, arrived in Jerusalem; ostensibly, they had come on a courtesy visit to inquire of Hezekiah’s health, which had recently been failing. Merodach-baladan was a known foe of Assyria with a record of rebellion, and conceivably while in Jerusalem his envoys discussed diplomatic and perhaps even economic relations between Judah and Babylonia....

Goops

Goops   Reference library

The Oxford Encyclopedia of Children's Literature

Reference type:
Subject Reference
Current Version:
2006
Subject:
Literature, Children's literature studies
Length:
202 words
Illustration(s):
1

...book has remained nearly continuously in print since its publication, and Goops were the subject of nine more books by Burgess between 1903 and 1951 , including The Goop Song Book ( 1941 ). Goops . Illustration by Gelett Burgess from The Goop Directory of Juvenile Offenders (New York: Frederick A. Stokes, c. 1913). Reproduced courtesy of the Cotsen Children's Library, Princeton University Library See also Cautionary Verse ; Courtesy Books ; and Hoffmann, Heinrich . Amanda...

Miniature Books

Miniature Books   Reference library

The Oxford Encyclopedia of Children's Literature

Reference type:
Subject Reference
Current Version:
2006
Subject:
Literature, Children's literature studies
Length:
415 words
Illustration(s):
1

...c. 1800). Reproduced courtesy of the Cotsen Children's Library, Princeton University Library More often, miniature books are too small to be really useful. They arouse admiration of the skill of their makers and often an amused sense of incongruity, especially when a title suggests grandeur. Tiny books usually have “cuteness,” evoking tender protectiveness for something so small. Miniature books are precious and not intentionally thrown away—though easily lost. Those miniature books for children that have survived are often sturdy, like the “thumb Bibles”...

Books of Instruction

Books of Instruction   Reference library

The Oxford Encyclopedia of Children's Literature

Reference type:
Subject Reference
Current Version:
2006
Subject:
Literature, Children's literature studies
Length:
1,065 words
Illustration(s):
1

...were “courtesybooks, that is, books of manners for young boys destined for service at court. As many of these texts were written before the invention of the printing press, they exist in manuscript form and include Stan puer ad mensam (The Boy Standing at Table), for example, and The Book of Demeanor . Both, along with other medieval courtesy books, were collected by the Victorian scholar Frederick Furnivall into The Babees Book ( 1868 ). The courtesy books of the 14th and 15th centuries gave way to the more formal books of manners, called...

Emberley, Ed

Emberley, Ed   Reference library

The Oxford Encyclopedia of Children's Literature

Reference type:
Subject Reference
Current Version:
2006
Subject:
Literature, Children's literature studies
Length:
362 words
Illustration(s):
1

...of changing his illustration techniques with each of his books. Additionally, his children Michael and Rebecca have followed in his footsteps as illustrators of books for children. Emberley's Letter J . From Ed Emberley's ABC (London: J. M. Dent, 1978). Reproduced courtesy of the Cotsen Children's Library, Princeton University Library See also ABC Books and Alphabet Books ; Book Design ; Counting Books ; How-To Books ; and biographies of figures mentioned in this article. Rebecca Hogue Wojahn Allman , Barbara , and Marsha Elyn Jurca . ...

Tuck, Raphael

Tuck, Raphael   Reference library

The Oxford Encyclopedia of Children's Literature

Reference type:
Subject Reference
Current Version:
2006
Subject:
Literature, Children's literature studies
Length:
376 words
Illustration(s):
1

...compilations. Many of the publisher's books were issued in a series aggregated with the familiar “Father Tuck” as part of the series name, such as in the Father Tuck's “Little Pets” series. While Raphael Tuck and Sons continued to publish books until the 1950s, their complete publishing record may never be known since their offices were destroyed in a World War II bombing. Raphael Tuck . Front cover of ABC of Dolls from Father Tuck's Holiday series (New York, London, and Paris: Raphael Tuck, c. 1900) Reproduced courtesy of the Cotsen Children's Library,...

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