The Reformation to 1700 Reference library
David Wright
The Oxford Illustrated History of the Bible
...biblical scholar Richard Simon (d. 1712), in his ‘Critical History of the Old Testament’ (1678), by internal analysis concluded that Moses was not the author of the Pentateuch, although much of Simon's work was more conservative, countering the more radical critical opinion of Spinoza (d. 1677). But the extent to which Reformation impulses in biblical study anticipated later biblical criticism has often been overestimated. What is undeniable is that, in devoting to the translation, elucidation, and proclamation of the teaching of the Bible the boundless...
30 The History of the Book in Austria Reference library
John L. Flood
The Oxford Companion to the Book
...the Turkish wars flared up again in 1593 . Vienna was besieged once more in 1683 . From the 1520s there was social unrest among the peasants, and religious life was shaken by the Reformation. The fear of Lutheranism led to *censorship being imposed as early as 1528 . Unlike in Germany, Protestant printing was never more than peripheral in Austria. The Counter-Reformation brought educational reform and renewal of intellectual life through the Jesuits, who also established printing presses (for example, in 1559 at Vienna), but it also meant the...
33 The History of the Book in Poland Reference library
Janet Zmroczek
The Oxford Companion to the Book
... 1547 was located in Lublin. Polish Hebrew printers, like Polish Latin printers, always faced competition from printers abroad, particularly in Italy, Bohemia, Germany, and Holland, since the importing of Hebrew books was unrestricted. As in much of Europe, the Reformation and Counter-Reformation facilitated the spread of literacy and increased demand for print. Printing spread beyond the capital city to small towns and villages where Protestant printers operated presses under the protection of local landowners. In Poland-Lithuania, Lutheranism held sway in...
Henry IV Part 1 Reference library
Michael Dobson and Anthony Davies
The Oxford Companion to Shakespeare (2 ed.)
...by calling him only Sir John in speech prefixes throughout this play and the subsequent Merry Wives of Windsor and 2 Henry IV . Sources: Shakespeare drew both the name and the reprobate character of Oldcastle from an anonymous play about Prince Harry’s wild youth, sudden reformation, and glorious kingship, The Famous Victories of Henry V , entered in the Stationers’ Register in 1594 and printed in 1598 : this work undoubtedly influenced not only 1 Henry IV but the rest of the Second Tetralogy , but the surviving text offered by the 1598 edition is...
22 The History of the Book in France Reference library
Vincent Giroud
The Oxford Companion to the Book
...of Cluny, Fleury, and Saint-Denis). They generated, on both sides, a mass of propaganda and counter-propaganda (362 pamphlets printed at Paris in 1589 alone). On the Catholic side, they resulted in a revival of liturgical and patristic literature at the end of the century, often involving—in Paris and in Lyons—groups of printers operating as ‘companies’ to share the publication of particular works. Another, long-term consequence of the Counter-Reformation, the establishment of Jesuit schools throughout the country, produced a rise in literacy and...
The Middle Ages to the Reformation Reference library
G. R. Evans
The Oxford Illustrated History of the Bible
... The Middle Ages to the Reformation G. R. Evans The Uses of Scripture From the patristic period to the Reformation scripture was the foundation text of all intellectual endeavour. All formal education was a preparation for reading it and its study the supreme task of the most advanced scholars of the medieval universities. Preaching the Word Scripture was not always read as an academic exercise, and in the period after the end of the ancient world that was not the natural way to come to it. The purpose of...
Psalms Reference library
C. S. Rodd and C. S. Rodd
The Oxford Bible Commentary
...14 points to the use of cultic mythology in prophetic vision, it is more natural to see in the psalm the cult behind the prophecy rather than prophecy itself. The psalm has provided reassurance to anxious worshippers in the period after the Exile and beyond (Luther's great Reformation hymn, ‘A safe stronghold our God is still’, is based upon it), but this does not determine its origin. NRSV has retained the traditional ‘a very present help in trouble’ ( v. 1 ). The meaning is more probably, ‘a well-proved help’. In v. 9 ‘shields’ involves a change in the...
German Catholic Dioceses on the Eve of the Reformation Reference library
Charlotte Methuen
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Martin Luther
...be instrumental in enforcing the prince-bishop’s counter Reformation policies. 25 The network of imperial knights proved a stable factor during the 16th century, and the cathedral chapter was able to hold together members of different confessions. In the diocese of Speyer, the Electors of the Palatinate held the patronage in several villages but from the introduction of the Reformation in the mid-1550s until the 1570s they paid for Catholic priests appointed by the bishop. 26 Elsewhere, however, the Reformation arose from and served to exacerbate tensions...
Kager, Johann Matthias (1575) Reference library
The Grove Encyclopedia of Northern Renaissance Art
...in whatever he produced, and to react promptly to new impressions. He was influenced above all by the art of northern Italy, by the Mannerism of Rudolfine Prague and by the printed graphics of the Counter-Reformation. The works of his middle period thus reveal, in composition and iconography, his regard for the artistic theory of the Counter-Reformation. They also show that he must have studied the work of the artists Johann Rottenhammer and Johann König ( 1586–1642 ), who had returned to Augsburg from Italy. When the works of Peter Paul Rubens (...
piacevoli notti, Le Reference library
Jack Zipes
The Oxford Companion to Fairy Tales (2 ed.)
...is the first literary version of ‘Puss-in-Boots’. Straparola was not a great stylist, but his succinct, witty narratives have effective dramatic structures and contain biting social commentary. Indeed, some of the narratives about priests offended the Church during the Counter-Reformation in the 17th century, and the Notti was placed on the Index in 1624 . piacevoli notti, Le The ladies and gentlemen gather together to tell stories in the English edition of Giovan Francesco Straparola’s Le piacevoli notti . Illustrated by E. R. Hughes. Jack Zipes Boscardi...
Arts: Visual Culture Reference library
Elke Anna Werner
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Martin Luther
...good nor bad. However, Luther spoke out firmly against the worship of images, as did other reformers. Based on his own anthropology, he countered the misuse of images by suggesting correct ways of using them, on the basis that man could only discover true faith through the mediation of images. For many years, researchers emphasized Luther’s negative attitude to images as a medium and highlighted the shift from a pre-Reformation culture of piety to the reformatory emphasis on the Scriptures. However, more recent examinations of liturgical practices and the link...
Switzerland Quick reference
A Dictionary of World History (3 ed.)
...later joined by Lucerne, Zürich, and Bern. During the 15th century this Swiss Confederation continued to expand, and it fought successfully against Burgundy, France, and the Holy Roman Empire, creating a great demand for its soldiers as mercenaries. During the Reformation and Counter-Reformation , its political stability was undermined by civil warfare, but in 1648 the Habsburgs acknowledged its independence in the Treaty of Westphalia . In 1798 French Revolutionary armies entered the country and established the Helvetic Republic. But at the Congress...
Christianity Reference library
Merry E. Wiesner‐Hanks
The Oxford Encyclopedia Women in World History
...less formal religious communities. In most areas becoming Protestant, monasteries and convents were closed; nuns got very small pensions and were expected to return to their families. The response of the Catholic Church to the Protestant Reformation is often described as two interrelated movements, one a Counter‐Reformation that attempted to win territory and people back to loyalty to Rome and prevent further spread of Protestant ideas, and the other a reform of abuses and problems within the Catholic Church. Women were actively involved in both movements, but...
Torgau Reference library
The Grove Encyclopedia of Northern Renaissance Art
...of the Reformation, it was one of the seats of the electoral princes of Saxony as early as 1456 ; their castle, which lies in the east of the town, is a notable example of early German Renaissance architecture and became known as Schloss Hartenfels in 1579 . 1. Introduction. Torgau is first documented in ad 973 , when a castle there served as a border post for Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor. Having become an urban settlement, it was granted a town charter c. 1263 and had developed into an important cultural centre by the time of the Reformation. Lucas...
Limoges Reference library
The Grove Encyclopedia of Northern Renaissance Art
...three notable enamellers emerged from the Court family: Jean Court, dit Vigier ( b c. 1545 ), Jean de Court ( fl 1541–64 ) and the only known female Limoges enameller suzanne de Court (see colour pl. 2:X, fig. 3), whose polychrome style achieved an interesting ‘counter-reformation’ in the early 17th century. During the same period Pierre Courteys ( b c. 1520 ) executed large, decorative plaques and enamelled wares in the style of Pierre Raymond, but in a more vigorous and colourful manner. However, Courteys's two sons left Limoges to become painters...
Nuremberg Reference library
Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages
...the most extensive territory, answered primarily the patricians' need for investment and the imperatives of an urban society anxious to counter the expansion of the Zollern. These traits, added to the form of government, conferred on the town its particular character. Behind this façade was hidden a social gulf that even found cultural expression (the “master singers”); yet this structure resisted the shock of a Reformation that was finally introduced in 1525 by the authorities. View of Nuremberg . Engraving by Michael Wolgemut in Hatmann Schedel's Liber...
Bernini, Giovanni Lorenzo (1598–1680) Quick reference
The Oxford Dictionary of Architecture (4 ed.)
...Constantine ‘the Great’ ( r. 324–37) and set up over the tomb of the Apostle in the basilica that preceded the later church). Those columns, and the extravagant grandeur of the object, made clear the continuity of the Church from the Old Testament, and celebrated the Counter-Reformation Church Triumphant. Bernini was a master of the theatrical, as his sensational Cornaro Chapel in Santa Maria della Vittoria , Rome ( 1645–52 ), demonstrates: in the Ecstasy of St Teresa , a smiling angel thrusts its spear into the bosom of the swooning Saint, carried aloft...
Ciborium Reference library
The Grove Encyclopedia of Decorative Arts
...foot, a stem with a knop, and a wide, rather shallow cup with a closely fitting cover. Examples are usually c. 400 mm high, although Late Gothic ciboria with tower-shaped covers, and some 19th-century ones from large churches, are over 600 mm in height. Before the Counter-Reformation of the 16th century, the term ciborium was also often applied to a monstrance; both could be placed on the altar for the veneration of the sacrament and carried in procession (the largest ciboria, weighing 2 kg and more, are suitable only for such purposes). A few Gothic...
Renaissance architecture Reference library
James S. Ackerman
The Oxford Companion to Architecture
...Antonio da Sangallo the Younger (the first Renaissance architect to be trained as such), Baldassare Peruzzi , Giacomo della Porta , Carlo Maderno , and many other major designers. Rome, a city of several hundred churches, set the model for the church design of the Counter-Reformation; the vexing issue of accommodating the medieval high central nave with lower side-aisles to façades and interiors adopting the proportions of the classical orders was resolved by Antonio Sangallo the Younger in Santo Spirito in Sassia ( 1536 ) and refined by Giacomo Barozzi...
Backer, Jacob de (c.1555) Reference library
The Grove Encyclopedia of Northern Renaissance Art
...Royaux B.-A. Belgique: Bull. , xxii (1973), pp. 59–72 S. Boorsch : ‘Jacob de Backer's Drawing for the Sense of Smell’, Leids Ksthist. Jb. (1982), pp. 367–72 A. Tyden-Jordan : ‘ Sapentia divina: En motreformert propagandamalning av Jacques de Backer’ [Sapentia divina: a Counter-Reformation propaganda painting by Jacques de Backer] , Ksthist. Tidskr. , lii (1983), pp. 64–74 J. Michalkowa : ‘ Patience: A propos d ’, Bull. Mus. N. Varsovie/Biul. Muz. N. Warszaw. , xxv (1984), pp. 83–93 J. Vackova : ‘ Ctyri antverpsti manyristé’ [Four Antwerp Mannerists] , ...
