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5 The European Medieval Book Reference library
The Oxford Companion to the Book
...was famous across Europe. In the northern Netherlands, there was almost no book illumination before 1400 . Utrecht, like Bruges, became important from about the 1430s , with painters such as the Masters of Zweder van Culemborg and the supreme, but not prolific, Master of Catherine of Cleves, illuminator of the eponymous book of hours (New York, Pierpont Morgan Library, M. 917 and M. 945). Later in the century, distinctive styles of Dutch illumination and coloured penwork point to notable production in Delft, Haarlem, and almost certainly Zwolle, in the...
maze Reference library
Patrick Taylor
The Oxford Companion to the Garden
...in gardens in the Middle Ages—at Hesdin in northern France by 1311 and at the Hôtel de Tournelles in Paris in 1431 . They were found in later French gardens such as Catherine de Médicis 's Tuileries Palace ( see Paris parks and gardens ) made between 1564 and 1572 and in the Petit Parc at Versailles by 1677 . An attractive late 20th-century example, designed by Bernard Lassus , may be seen in the Jardin des Retours . In Italy several patterns are shown in a book by Giovanni Fontana of c .1420 and mazes were found in several Renaissance...
washed-rind cheeses Reference library
David Gremmels
The Oxford Companion to Cheese
...weeks. Soft and creamy, Red Hawk has a pungent, fruity, and slightly beefy flavor. See red hawk . See also brining ; brushing ; and washed-curd cheeses . Almena-Aliste, Montserrat , and Bernard Mietton . “Cheese Classification, Characterization, and Categorization: A Global Perspective.” In Cheese and Microbes , edited by Catherine W. Donnelly . Washington, D.C.: ASM Press, 2014. Decker, John W. Cheese Making: Cheddar, Swiss, Brick, Limburger, Edam, Cottage, Etc. Columbus, Oh.: n.p., 1905. Kindstedt, Paul . American Farmstead Cheese...
Vasa Reference library
The Grove Encyclopedia of Northern Renaissance Art
...and wood-carver, grandson of (1) Gustav I. He was the son of John III , King of Sweden ( reg 1568–92 ), and Catherine Jagiellon ( 1526–83 ), daughter of Sigismund I (Sigismund the Old), King of Poland; he became the elected King of Poland in 1587 and in 1594 also became hereditary King of Sweden. Educated at the court in Stockholm by the Swede Nils Rasch , the Livonian Arnold Grothus ( c. 1522–99 ) and the Polish Jesuit Pakosz Bernard Gołyński ( 1546–99 ), Sigismund was a learned man and spoke several languages. Initially he had his court in...
Giovanni da Milano (fl c. 1346–69) Reference library
The Grove Encyclopedia of Medieval Art and Architecture
...a terminus ad quem of 1363 since, according to the inscription, it was commissioned by Francesco da Tieri , prior of the Ospedale of Prato from 1334 until his death in 1363 . The polyptych shows the Virgin and Child Enthroned (in poor condition) flanked by SS Catherine and Bernard and SS Bartholomew and Barnabas (to whom the church of the Ospedale was dedicated). The main tier was supported by a double predella. The first, similar to that of Bernardo Daddi’s S Pancrazio polyptych Giovanni da Milano. Man of Sorrows , tempera on panel,...
Paris Reference library
The Grove Encyclopedia of Northern Renaissance Art
...of Catherine's garden contained features such as fountains, a maze and an enormous sundial. Some compartments contained fruit trees, and there were also trees planted in quincunx, with one tree at each corner and the fifth in the middle; the decussation (if viewed from above) was significant in the numerology of the period, and the feature subsequently appeared in English gardens of the 16th and 17th centuries. Elsewhere in Catherine's garden there was a ceramic grotto decorated with terracotta figures by the potter and naturalist bernard Palissy . In...
Stained glass Reference library
The Grove Encyclopedia of Northern Renaissance Art
...restore artistic and liturgical aspects of Catholicism. Many windows were made in the 1620s and 1630s by Bernard van Linge ( b c. 1600 ) and Abraham van Linge ( fl 1625–41 ), originally from Emden, in Germany; Bernard introduced from Paris the continental style of painting enamel pigments on to clear glass rectangular panes, thereby eliminating the design role of the leads. Their work survives in various Oxford and Cambridge college chapels; Bernard glazed Wadham Chapel ( 1622 ), Oxford; from 1628 to 1641 Abraham painted windows for the college chapels...
Vellert [Felaert; Vellaert; Staren, van], Dirk [Dieric] (Jacobszoon) (c.1480–85) Reference library
The Grove Encyclopedia of Northern Renaissance Art
...by Claes Mathyssen at the church of St Catherine at Hoogstraeten. These windows show similarities in composition and figure type to the glass at King's College and Lübeck. Although Vellert's prints did not have the enormous impact of those of either Dürer or Lucas van Leyden, they were often copied by artists such as the Master S and Allaert Claez . They were also frequently used as patterns for glass roundels, and a stained-glass window in the church of Conches, near Evreux, is based on the Vision of St Bernard . Hollstein : Dut. & Flem . L....
British Literature Reference library
Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World
...to use the setting of the Napoleonic Wars: Bernard Cornwell (pseudonym of Bernard Wiggins), creator of Richard Sharpe; C. S. Forester (pseudonym of Cecil Louis Troughton Smith), creator of Horatio Hornblower; Alexander Kent (pseudonym of Douglas Reeman), creator of Richard Bolitho ; Patrick O'Brian (pseudonym of Richard Patrick Russ), creator of the Aubrey/Maturin series; and C. Northcote Parkinson , creator of Richard Delancey . Other writers of historical fiction include Charlotte Bingham , Catherine Cookson , Margaret Drabble , George...
L’Orme [Delorme], Philibert de (June 1514) Reference library
The Grove Encyclopedia of Northern Renaissance Art
...or celestial globe. (iii) Works for Catherine de’ Medici, 1563–70. Two days after Henry II's unexpected death on 10 July 1559 , de L’Orme was dismissed from his royal post and replaced by Francesco Primaticcio . This was perhaps the result of intrigues by the powerful Lorraine faction at court, but de L’Orme's tight control over the royal building works and the arrogant exercise of his powers had made him many enemies. As early as 1557 Pierre Ronsard had published some satirical verses aimed at him, and the potter Bernard Palissy recorded de L’Orme's...
church history Reference library
The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages
...as servants of the French king. Institutional authority broke down further in the face of absentee clerics who held multiple church offices and provided inadequate religious guidance. The popularity of *pilgrimages and the cult of the saints were revived, and mystics like *Catherine of Siena and Meister *Eckhart became influential. The *laity found alternate means of spiritual consolation, joining lay brotherhoods or the Beguines, a semi-monastic woman’s movement ( see beghards and beguines ). Despite these difficulties, the church remained one of...
Eremitism Reference library
Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages
...internazionale di studio, Mendola, 30 agosto – 6 settembre 1962 , Milan, 1965. “ Eremita ”, DIP , 3, 1976, 1153 f. H. Leyser , Hermits and the New Monasticism. A study of Religious Communities in Western Europe 1000-1150 , London, 1984. G.-M. Oury , Les Moines , Paris, 1987. Catherine...
Brosse, Salomon de (c.1571) Reference library
The Grove Encyclopedia of Northern Renaissance Art
... (Rome, 1562 ) and by the suite of Mannerist gateway designs appended to that treatise. Blérancourt was built for Bernard Potier, whose wife, Charlotte de Vieuxpont, was an active and learned patron. She had travelled in Italy, collected architectural drawings and admired Vignola's work, and she stipulated in the contracts that there should be correct classical detail at Blérancourt. The château of Coulommiers was begun in 1613 for Catherine de Gonzague, Duchesse de Longueville. It was built on a badly chosen site and was an over-ambitious project;...
Crucifix Reference library
The Grove Encyclopedia of Medieval Art and Architecture
...one in the Eastern Orthodox Church, following the iconoclastic controversies ( 726–843 ). Thus iconographic precedents for the suffering Christ existed in such Byzantine works as the narthex mosaic Crucifixion ( c. 1025 ) at Hosios Loukas, Phokis, and among the icons at St Catherine’s Monastery, Sinai. The development of the curved body of Christ in the 13th century was often accompanied by a change in the positioning of secondary figures. In Cimabue’s Santa Croce Crucifix of c. 1285 mentioned above, for example, the figures of the Virgin and St John...
Opera companies, itinerant Reference library
Katherine K. Preston
The Grove Dictionary of American Music (2 ed.)
...Music in America: Women Patrons and Activists since 1860 , ed. R.P. Locke and C. Barr (Berkeley, 1997), 134–63 B.F. Walsh : “Catherine Hayes An Early Donizetti Prima Donna,” OQ , xiv/3 (1998), 45–54 E.H. Cropsey : Crosby's Opera House: Symbol of Chicago's Cultural Awakening (Madison, 1999) J.C. Ottenberg : “Gustav Hinrichs and Opera in Philadelphia 1888–1896,” OQ , xv/2 (1999), 197–223 B.F. Walsh : Catherine Hayes (1818–1861): The Hibernian Prima Donna (Dublin, 2000) J. McPherson : “The Savage Innocents. Part I, King of the Castle: Henry W....
Fairy Tales and Folk Tales Reference library
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Children's Literature
..., or fairy tale. By 1690 , various authors such as Madame d'Aulnoy and Mademoiselle Bernard began to incorporate fairy tales into their novels and then publish entire collections of fairy tales. A veritable vogue if not a deluge of fairy tales appeared from 1696 to 1704 in France. Madame d'Aulnoy, Mademoiselle L'Héritier , Charles Perrault , Madame de la Force , Madame Durand , Mademoiselle Lubert , Madame de Murat , Chevalier de Mailly , Mademoiselle Bernard, and other gifted writers published remarkable collections of fairy tales. The most...
Avignon Reference library
Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages
...the inhabitants put their city on its feet again. CONVENTS were even founded outside the walls, in particular those of the Dominicans , Franciscans , Augustinians and Carmelites , near the gates. Other houses like those of the nuns of St Lawrence, St Clare or St Catherine, the buildings of the commandery of St John and the hospitallers of St Anthony, and numerous hospitals arose intra muros . It was at this time that the peaceful little city – which numbered some 6000 inhabitants at the start of the 14th c. – experienced a prodigious event:...
Valois, House of Reference library
The Grove Encyclopedia of Northern Renaissance Art
...at Fontainebleau, Nicolò dell’Abate and Ruggiero de Ruggieri ( d 1596 ), as well as the French Dumonstier family and Antoine Caron . The inventory drawn up after Catherine's death reveals the extent of her collections, which included, among other objects, a library of 4500 volumes, 259 painted enamels, including 32 portraits set into the panelling of a room, 141 pieces of ceramics by Bernard Palissy (who had also created a rustic grotto (destr.) for the Jardins des Tuileries), tapestries, antiquities and all kinds of precious objects. Among surviving...
Serbo-Croatian Reference library
International Encyclopedia of Linguistics (2 ed.)
...See also Slavic Languages . Bibliography Browne, Wayles . 1974. On the problem of enclitic placement in Serbo-Croatian. In Slavic transformational syntax , edited by Richard D. Brecht and Catherine V. Chvany , pp. 36–52. Ann Arbor: Dept. of Slavic Languages, University of Michigan. Browne, Wayles . 1993. Serbo-Croat. In The Slavonic languages , edited by Bernard Comrie and Greville G. Corbett , pp. 306–387. London: Routledge. Gvozdanović, Jadranka . 1980. Tone and accent in Standard Serbo-Croatian, with a synopsis of Serbo-Croatian phonology ....
Ex Voto Reference library
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Maritime History
...in ex voto offerings as Our Lady of Health, Our Lady of the Holy Rosary, Our Lady of Sorrows, Our Lady of the Light, Our Lady of the Apparition, or Our Lady of Consolation. Less frequent are devotions directed to other saints, such as Saint Nicholas , Saint Joseph , or Saint Catherine , and these often appear in the company of the Madonna. Only a few ex voto paintings carry the image of Jesus Christ, crowned with thorns, carrying the cross, crucified, or risen with the cross in hand. Paintings were commissioned by individuals or purchased, often from...
