Administrative Law Judge
The twentieth century marked a dramatic shift in the structure of American law. Traditionally, an independent judicial branch, with the aid of a jury, enforced rights created by common law ...
admiralty and Maritime Law
Article 3, Section 2, of the U.S. Constitution says, “The judicial Power shall extend … to all Cases of admiralty and maritime Jurisdiction.” Admiralty or maritime law pertains to ships ...
antitrust
This is the American term for competition law. The basic provision of US antitrust is the Sherman Act of 1890. Section 1 states: ‘Every contract, combination in the form of ...
bank return
Report prepared by a bank for its regulator. It normally states the amount and type of assets on the bank's balance sheet (cf. eligible assets).
banking and investment services industry
The banking and investment services industry has increasingly become a target for regulation, not least as pressure grows for individuals to take greater responsibility for long‐term savings and for ...
bargaining power
The ability to obtain a large share of the possible joint benefits to be derived from any agreement. Bargaining power is partly dependent on the losses that failure to agree is likely to cause to the ...
business Organizations
A business organization is the legal structure under which a business entity organizes itself and conducts its legal affairs. Historically, business firms consisted of three types: the sole ...
Chicago School
The collective name for the economists affiliated with the University of Chicago in the 1970s who believed in self-interest as the explanation of all economic actions, the merits of free markets, the ...
circuit of culture
A model of the central practices which produce culture, devised by Stuart Hall and others in 1997. Defining culture as being about ‘shared meanings’, this circular model presents representation, ...
collective investment schemes
A collective investment scheme (‘CIS’) is an arrangement which allows investors to access the markets through a pooled investment vehicle which invests in a range of assets according to the ...
command and control
The running of an armed force or other organization: a command-and-control bunker.
Commerce Clause
The first sentence of Article I of the United States Constitution reads, “All legislative power herein granted shall be vested in the Congress of the United States.” To determine the ...
communications regulation
Until recently, different forms of electronic communication were associated with distinct regulatory approaches. The sectors of broadcasting, telecommunications, and wireless telegraphy each had ...
community broadcasting
Public access television and radio stations serving a small area, run by and for local people. They can be financed by commercial, non-profit, or government organizations but are subject to a host ...
competition
Rivalry between suppliers providing goods or services for a market. The consensus of most economic theory is that competition is beneficial for the public, largely because it brings prices down. ...
conflict of interest
(in medical ethics) the situation in which a health professional is subject to potential or actual pressures that may conflict with his or her obligation to promote the best interests of the patient ...
Consumer law
Consumer laws govern personal, household, and family transactions in the marketplace. They provide avenues for the protection and vindication of consumers, as well as opportunities for producers to ...
consumer protection in retail banking
In the UK, the Financial Services Authority (‘FSA’) is given responsibility under the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (‘FSMA’) for the regulation of most forms of financial services. It ...
contracting out
Drawing business agreements explicitly to exclude the application of particular statutory provisions. Many statutes apply to contracts because of Parliament's desire to control certain types of ...
convergence
The general trend in which computers, telecommunications, and the broadcast media have become increasingly interdependent and have assumed similar functions for many business and other purposes. See ...
