Albert Hardenberg
(c.1510–74), Reformer. He entered the monastery of Aduard c.1527. He later came into contact with J. Laski and other Reformers, whom he openly joined in 1542. He went to Cologne to help Abp. Hermann ...
Carolina
A criminal code enacted by the Emperor Charles V (hence Carolina). The code was modelled on the Bambergische Halsgerichtsordnung of 1507 and was initiated at the Diet of Worms in ...
Charles V
(1500–58)Holy Roman Emperor (1519–56) and (as Charles I) King of Spain (1516–56). The son of Philip I (the Handsome) and Joanna of Spain, and grandson of Emperor Maximilian I, Charles came to the ...
Christian III
(1503–59),King of Denmark and Norway, was the son of King Frederick I and his first wife Anne of Brandenburg. As a young man he attended the Diet of Worms ...
Clement VII
(1478–1534),Pope from 19 November 1523 until his death on 25 September 1534, was born Giulio de' Medici in Florence on 26 May 1479; he was the illegitimate son of ...
Diet
(from medieval Latin, ‘a meeting for a single day’)A meeting of estates or representatives, or even a legislative assembly. The representatives of the German States in the Holy Roman Empire (and the ...
Diets of Speyer
1 The Diet of 1526 consolidated reforming influences in Germany. It decreed that each Prince should order ecclesiastical affairs in his own State in accordance with his conscience.2 The Diet of 1529 ...
Frederick III
(1463–1525) Imperial elector who founded the University of Wittenberg and protected Martin Luther.Frederick, who served as Reichsvikar in 1519 between the death of Maximilian I and the election of ...
Gasparo Contarini
(1483–1542), cardinal. An adherent of the New Learning, he became famous as a theologian. Though only a layman, he was made a cardinal in 1535. In 1536 he was put on a commission which was to prepare ...
Georg Spalatin
(1484–1545),German humanist and reformer, born on 14 January 1484 at Spalt (near Nuremberg), the son of a tanner; his name was Georg Burkhardt, but he later derived his adoptive ...
Georg von Frundsberg
(1473–1528),German imperial soldier, born in Mindelheim on 24 September 1473. In 1499 he fought with the imperial army of Maximilian against the Swiss and with Ludovico Sforza against the ...
Girolamo Aleandro
(1480–1542),Italian Hellenist and papal diplomat, born in Treviso and educated in Padua and Venice. His interest in Greek developed in Venice, where he moved in the circle of Aldus ...
Gnesio-Lutherans
A modern name for the party of strict Lutherans, led by N. von Amsdorf and M. Flacius, who opposed the Leipzig Interim put forward by Duke Maurice of Saxony in 1548. See Adiaphorists.
Joachim I
Surnamed Nestor (1484–1535), elector of Brandenburg, born on 21 February 1484, the son of Johann Cicero, elector of Brandenburg. He succeeded his father as elector in January 1499 and subsequently ...
Johannes Cochlaeus
(1479–1552), RC controversialist. His real name was Dobeneck. He had a strong sympathy with the Platonist and humanist revival of the Renaissance. He wrote against M. Luther, but the bitter tone of ...
Johannes Hoffmeister
(c.1509–1547),German Catholic leader and Augustinian hermit who entered the Augustinian monastery at Colmar as a young man and became its prior in 1533. He was an indefatigable reformer, but ...
Justus Jonas
(also Jodocus or Jobst Koch; 1493–1555), German humanist and co-worker and friend of Martin Luther.Born Jodocus Koch in Nordhausen, an imperial city northwest of Erfurt, Jonas adopted the Christian ...
Karlstadt
(c.1477–1541),German Protestant reformer often known from his birthplace as Carlstadt (German Karlstadt), educated in Erfurt (1499–1503) and Cologne (1503–4). In the winter of 1504–5 he moved to the ...
Kaspar Scheidt
(c.1520–1565),German satirist, a schoolmaster in Worms and the uncle of Johann Fischart, who was educated in his house. In 1551 Scheidt published a loose translation of Friedrich Dedekind's Latin ...
Martin Luther
(b Eisleben, 1483; d Eisleben, 1546).Ger. Protestant church reformer. Player of lute and fl. Est. congregational singing. Wrote treatise on mus. (1538) and words of many hymns and chorales (possibly ...
