agrarian laws and policy
Allocation of land by the community is attested in the Greek world at the times of new city foundations (see colonization, greek), and when land was annexed (cleruchies). There is also some evidence ...
Agrippa, Marcus Vipsanius
(63–12 bc)Roman general. Augustus' adviser and son‐in‐law, he played an important part in the naval victories over Mark Antony, and held commands in both western and eastern provinces of the empire.
Antoninus Pius
Roman emperor ad 138–161, b. 86, son of Aurēlius Fulvus (consul 89). His mother was daughter of Arrius Antoninus (consul 69 and 97), whose name he bore. He married Annia Galeria Faustina, and became ...
Cicero
(106–43 bc)Roman statesman, orator, and writer. A supporter of Pompey against Julius Caesar, in the Philippics (43 bc) he attacked Mark Antony, who had him put to death. As an orator and writer, ...
collēgium
1 (1) Magisterial or priestly: a board of officials.2 (2) Private: any private association of fixed membership and constitution (see clubs, roman).The principle of collegiality was a standard feature ...
Commodus, Lucius Aurelius
Sole emperor ad 180–192, one of twin sons born to Marcus Aurelius and Annia Galeria Faustina in 161, the first emperor ‘born in the purple' (i.e. after his father's accession)’. Given the title ...
cursus honorum
The name given to the ladder of (annual) offices that would-be Roman politicians had to climb. After a prescribed period of military service (though this requirement lapsed in the very late ...
dictator
An extraordinary supreme magistracy at Rome, used first in military, later in domestic crises.As an emergency magistracy the dictatorship is found often in the annals of the republic down to the end ...
Gaius Oppius
(RE 8)as tribune of the plebs (see tribuni plebis) 215 bc, carried a law, occasioned by the exigencies of the Hannibalic War (see Punic Wars), imposing restrictions on women ...
Gāius Trebōnius
Quaestor c.60 bc, tribune of the plebs (see tribuni plebis) 55, when he carried the lex Trebonia conferring five‐year commands on Pompey and Crassus. Pompey received the two Spanish provinces and ...
Hadrian
(76–138 ad)Roman emperor (117–38). He became emperor as the adopted successor of Trajan, and spent much of his reign touring the provinces of the Empire, promoting good government and loyalty to ...
intercessiō
‘interposition’, was the right of one Roman magistrate (see magistracy, roman) to veto the activity of another magistrate of equal or lesser authority. The possibility arose because magistrates were ...
Iulius Agricola, Gnaeus
(ad 40–93),son of a senator from Forum Iulii, was brought up by his mother after his father's execution by Gaius (1). After study at Massalia, he was tribunus militum in Britain during the Boudiccan ...
ius primae relationis
The right of prior proposal. When in 23 bc Augustus ceased to hold the consulship, certain rights and powers were voted him by the senate by way of compensation. Among ...
Licinius Lucullus, Lucius
(RE 102)first consul of his house (151 bc), tried to enforce the levy for troops for Spain so harshly that he was temporarily imprisoned by the tribunes (see tribuni ...
Licinius Macer, Gaius
(RE 112),the Roman annalist (see annals, annalists), was tribune (see tribuni plebis) in 73 bc, when he agitated for popular rights (cf. Sallust, Historiae 3. 48); praetor in 68 ...
Licinius Stolo, Gaius
(RE 161) and, (RE 36)were reputedly plebeian tribunes (see tribuni plebis) from 376 to 367 bc and proposed: (1) the reservation of one consulship each year to ...
Lucius Genucius
(RE 5)tribune of the plebs (see tribuni plebis) in 342 bc and, according to some writers consulted by Livy (7. 42. 1), author of a number of reforming plebiscites ...
Manilius Gaius
(RE 10, cf. 23),elected tribune (see tribuni plebis) for 66 bc, hence entering office on 10 December 67, on the last day of 67 carried a law distributing freedmen ...
Marcus Aurelius
(121–80),Roman emperor 161–80. The adopted successor of Antoninus Pius, he was occupied for much of his reign with wars against invading Germanic tribes. His Meditations, a collection of aphorisms ...
