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Anschluss
(German, ‘connection’) Hitler's annexation of Austria. The German Second empire did not include Austrian Germans, who remained in Austria‐Hungary. In 1934 a coup by Austrian Nazis failed to achieve ...

Depression
The financial and industrial slump of 1929 and subsequent years, also known as the Great Depression.

François Darlan
(b. 7 Aug. 1881, d. 24 Dec. 1942).French admiral A distinguished naval commander in World War I, he was appointed admiral and Commander‐in‐Chief in 1939. His instinct to collaborate with the Germans ...

German Question
Traditionally, this is the question of how Europe's most populous state at the centre of the European continent should be defined. Germany had never comprised a cohesive political entity before 1871, ...

Germany
Politically powerful in Europe, Germany also has a large and successful economy, though it is becoming less competitiveGermany has three main geographical regions. From the North Sea and Baltic ...

Hitler Youth
A Nazi agency to train young Germans. In 1931 Baldur von Schirach was appointed Youth Leader of the Nazi Party. In 1936 Hitler outlawed all other youth organizations and announced that all young ...

Joseph Goebbels
(1897–1945)German Nazi leader and politician. In 1933 he became Hitler's Minister of Propaganda, with control of the press, radio, and all aspects of culture. With a total disregard for the truth, he ...

Kurt Schumacher
(b. Kulm, 13 Oct. 1895; d. Bonn, 20 Aug. 1952)German; leader of SPD 1946–52 Many Germans felt ill at ease with Schumacher because he seemed to personify the valour and the suffering of the few ...

Lebensraum
Literally, space for living; the term used for territory which many German nationalists in the mid 20th century claimed was needed for the survival and healthy development of the nation.

Little Entente
(1920–38)Alliance of Czechoslovakia, Romania, and the new Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (later termed Yugoslavia). It was created by the Czech Foreign Minister Edvard Beneš, who in August ...

Munich agreement
‘Munich’ (the agreement signed by Neville Chamberlain and Adolf Hitler) has entered the English language as a synonym for weakness, and historians continue to debate whether it would have been wiser ...

Nazi
A member of the National Socialist German Workers' Party(NSDAP), Adolf Hitler's political party.adj.of or about the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP).a contraction of the first word of ...

Nuremberg Laws
(15 Sept. 1935)Although Jews had been discriminated against from the outset of the Third Reich in Germany, the laws which were announced at the annual Nuremberg mass rally of the Nazi Party actually ...

Restitution Agreement
(10 Sept. 1952)An agreement reached between West Germany and Israel in which the former paid survivors of the Holocaust living in Israel 3 billion marks in compensation. Similar agreements were ...

Slovenia
A small country in south-east Europe.Physical.Slovenia is bordered by Austria to the north, Hungary to the east, Italy to the west, and Croatia to the south and east. It has an outlet to the Adriatic ...

SS
The Nazi special police force. Founded in 1925 by Adolf Hitler as a personal bodyguard, the SS provided security forces (including the Gestapo) and adminstered the concentration camps.abbreviation of ...

swastika
An ancient symbol in the form of an equal-armed cross with each arm continued at a right angle, used (in clockwise form) as the emblem of the German Nazi party. The word is recorded in English from ...

totalitarianism
The principle of government according to which all institutional and private arrangements are subject to control by the state. There are thus no autonomous associations, nor is there any principled ...

Weimar Republic
(1919–33)The republic of Germany formed after the end of World War I. On 9 November 1918 a republic was proclaimed in Berlin under the moderate socialist Friedrich Ebert. An elected National Assembly ...
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