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biological oceanography
Is the study of all aspects of the biology of the oceans particularly in the context of their physical and chemical environments, so that it overlaps with marine biology in many respects. The range ...

dogfish
A cartilaginous fish, Galeorhinus spp., Scilliorinus spp., Mustelus spp., Squalis acanthias, and Galeus melastomas, small sharks; sometimes called rock salmon, rock eel, flake, huss, or rogg.

dolphin
N.1 a bollard, pile, or buoy for mooring.2 a structure for protecting the pier of a bridge or other structure from collision with ships.

environmental issues
Mankind has continually abused the sea, regarding it as an inexhaustible source of food and minerals, and a dumping ground for rubbish. Now it is more widely accepted that the oceans are finite, and ...

fish
As a Christian symbol, its use goes back to 2nd-cent. writers. The symbol itself may be derived from the acrostic spelling of ichthus (Gk., ‘fish’) from the Gk. first letters of ‘Jesus Christ, God ...

hammerhead
Aggressive shark found in tropical marine waters and warm temperate zones. Its head is extended sideways into two lobes, with one eye and one nostril located at the tip of ...

long-lining
A fishing method whereby baited hooks are attached to a headline, which is strung between a series of buoys. The length of a headline can be 40 kilometres (25 mls.) onto which are clipped up to 3,000 ...

manta ray
(Manta birostris),a member of the family Mylobatidae that includes 42 species of rays that are relatives of sharks with bodies that are flattened dorso-ventrally. Mantas swim using their pectoral ...

marine reptiles
Include some of the most charismatic marine vertebrates and some of the most deadly. There are not many of these relatives of the dinosaurs in the seas—seven species of turtles, 54 species of sea ...

plankton
Minute pelagic organisms that drift or float passively with the current in a sea or lake. Plankton includes many microscopic organisms, such as algae, protozoans, various animal larvae, and some ...

ray
Cartilaginous fish, Raja spp. Thornback ray is R. clavata, starry ray is R. asterias, and shagreen ray is Leucoraja fullonica. Often used synonymously with skate.

tope
Small shark that lives in British waters. It has a grey-brown body and feeds near the bottom on small fish. Length: to 2m (6.5ft). Family Carcharinidae; species Galeorhinus galeus.
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