Aemilius Lepidus, Marcus
(RE 73) (the triumvir),younger son of M. Aemilius Lepidus (2). As praetor 49 bc, he supported Caesar, then governed Hither Spain (48–7), intervening in the dissensions in Further Spain ...
Agrippa, Marcus Vipsanius
(63–12 bc)Roman general. Augustus' adviser and son‐in‐law, he played an important part in the naval victories over Mark Antony, and held commands in both western and eastern provinces of the empire.
Alexander the Great
[Na]Leader of the Macedonians. Born in 356 bc, Alexander was tutored in his early years by Aristotle before succeeding his father Philip as king of Macedonia and the mainland of Greece in 336 bc. ...
Armenia
A region south of the Caucasus in Asia Minor, comprising the Republic of Armenia (see Armenia, Republic of) but also parts of eastern Turkey and northern Iran. Armenian culture dates from the 6th ...
Asia, Roman province
Attalus III of Pergamum bequeathed his kingdom to the Romans. After his death in 133 bc it was constituted as provincia Asia. Originally it consisted of Mysia, Troas, Aeolis, Lydia, Ionia (see ...
Augustus
(63 bc–ad 14),the first Roman emperor; also called (until 27 bc) Octavian. He was adopted by the will of his great-uncle Julius Caesar and gained supreme power by his defeat of Mark Antony in 31 bc. ...
battle of Carrhae
(53 bc),the first encounter between the Parthians and a Roman army, to its misfortune led by Crassus. He was one of the triumvirate that dominated Rome and wanted to ...
Battle of Pharsalus
(48 bc)The battle in which Pompey was defeated by Julius Caesar. After Caesar crossed the Rubicon, Pompey retired to Greece to rally his forces. Caesar crushed Pompey's supporters in Spain and then ...
Brutus
In Shakespeare's Julius Caesar, Decius Brutus is one of the conspirators. Marcus Brutus is the idealistic friend of Caesar who is persuaded by Cassius to join the conspiracy. Caesar receives his ...
Caelius Rufus, Marcus
Born (probably) 88 or 87 bc at Interamnia (mod. Teramo), son of an eques or knight, did his tirocinium fori (apprenticeship to public life) under Cicero and Crassus. As one of a band of upper-class ...
Calpurnia
Daughter of Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus, married Caesar in 59 bc, cementing an alliance between her husband and father. Though Caesar considered divorcing her to marry Pompey's daughter in 53, her ...
Cassius
In Shakespeare's Julius Caesar, friend of Brutus and leader of the conspiracy against Caesar.
Catiline
(c. 108–62bc),Roman nobleman and conspirator. In 63 bc his planned uprising was discovered by Cicero, and Catiline fled from Rome. In the suppression of the uprising his fellow conspirators were ...
Cato the Younger
‘of Utica’ (‘Uticensis’) (95–46bc), greatgrandson of Cato the Elder (see preceding entry), nephew of Livius Drusus (2), and brought up in the Livian household with the children of his mother's ...
Cicero
(106–43 bc)Roman statesman, orator, and writer. A supporter of Pompey against Julius Caesar, in the Philippics (43 bc) he attacked Mark Antony, who had him put to death. As an orator and writer, ...
Clodius Pulcher, Publius
Youngest of six children of Claudius Pulcher, b. c.92 bc. In 68 he incited the troops of his brother‐in‐law Licinius Lucullus to mutiny in Armenia. On his return to Rome he had been apparently ...
Crassus
Son of Publius Licinius Crassus (consul 97 bc, escaped from Cinna to Spain, joined Sulla after Cinna's death, played a prominent part in regaining Italy for him, and made a fortune in Sulla's ...
Cyrene
An ancient Greek city in North Africa, near the coast in Cyrenaica, which from the 4th century bc was a great intellectual centre, with a noted medical school.See also Simon of Cyrene.
equites
RepublicIn the republic 1,800 cavalry (equites) had their horses supplied and maintained by the state (equites equō pūblicō), and in the centuriate assembly (see comitia) they formed eighteen ...
Gaius Antonius
(RE 20)second son of M. Antonius (Creticus). Caesar's legate in 49 bc, he was blockaded by a Pompeian fleet (see Pompeius Magnus (1), Cn.), on Curicta in the Adriatic ...
