Anna Murray Douglass
(b. 19 October 1813?; d. 4 August 1882), first wife of the famed abolitionist Frederick Douglass.“Anna Murray-Douglass” was how Rosetta Douglass Sprague referred to her mother in a reminiscence ...
Benedict XIV
(1675–1758), Pope from 1740. He was an exemplary administrator, conciliatory in his dealings with the secular powers and concerned to strengthen the moral influence of the Papacy. His De Servorum Dei ...
Black Codes and Slave Codes, Colonial
In the colonial and early national periods most slave jurisdictions developed elaborate systems of law for the regulation of blacks. These were generally known as slave codes, although they usually ...
Black Family
The television adaptation of Alex Haley's Roots (1976), which traced the history of a black family beginning with its African progenitor, Kunta Kinte, aired to wide public acclaim in the ...
Brown Fellowship Society
Founded by James Mitchell and four other “free brown men” on 1 November 1790, the Brown Fellowship Society of Charleston was the ultimate expression of South Carolina's racial exceptionalism. In ...
childhood
A variable social construction, the concept of childhood barely existed in early America. In fact, this special period of growth and development experienced before accepting adult responsibilities ...
Civil Rights Act
A law passed by the Republican-dominated Congress on April 9, 1866, during Reconstruction to protect the rights of freed slaves and to guarantee equal rights to blacks. It was passed ...
clandestinity
The celebration of marriages without the cognizance of proper authority. Attempts to deal with the abuse, which was widespread in the Middle Ages, were made by both Catholics and Protestants in the ...
Clemens August von Droste-Vischering
(1773–1845), Abp. of Cologne. Of noble family, he was elected Abp. in 1835 at the suggestion of the Prussian government, who hoped thereby to reconcile the Catholic nobility to their policy. He came ...
demographics
Statistics that describe the characteristics of a population, such as age, sex, race, family size, income, and location of residence.
Ebenezer D. Bassett
(b. 16 October 1833; d. 1908), the first African American diplomat.Ebenezer Don Carlos Bassett was born in Litchfield, Connecticut, the son of Tobias Bassett, a mulatto, and Susan Bassett ...
ethnology
(eth-nol-ŏji)the study of the different races of mankind, concerned mainly with cultural and social differences between groups and the problems that arise from their particular ways of life.—ethnic ...
French Canada
African Americans were present in French Canada from the earliest days of settlement, albeit in small numbers. At least two worked in French Acadia (now Nova Scotia) as early as ...
Gender
It is important to understand gender as different from sexuality. Sexuality concerns physical and biological differences that distinguish males from females. Cultures construct differences in gender. ...
Henri Grégoire
(1750–1831), French priest, revolutionary, abolitionist, and scholar. Born in Lorraine, Grégoire was ordained as a priest in 1775. He earned his earliest acclaim in the world of letters by winning ...
Ida B. Wells-Barnett
(1862–1931), African-American journalist and activist.Born in Holly Springs, Mississippi, and educated in a local freedmen's school, Ida Wells moved to Memphis, Tennessee, in 1884. Her activist ...
Inheritance and Slave Status
Dialogue about slave status is relevant not only to a historical understanding of the development of slavery in America but also to contemporary racial issues. While scholars have continued to ...
integration
In functionalist theory, the term integration is fundamental, and describes ‘a mode of relation of the units of a system by virtue of which, on the one hand, they act so as collectively to avoid ...
James Albert Ukawsaw Gronniosaw
(c. 1710-?), spiritual and slave autobiographer.A Narrative of the Most Remarkable Particulars in the Life of James Albert Ukawsaw Gronniosaw, An African Prince appeared in London in 1770, related by ...
Jan Rodrigues
(fl. 1613–1640), pilot and settler.Rodrigues was the first-known nonindigenous resident of Manhattan Island. His arrival in 1613 stemmed from the proprietary practices of early explorers of the New ...
