Alexander Leslie
(c. 1580–1661).Leslie was a good professional soldier, who served for many years in the Swedish army and fought alongside Gustav Adolf at Lützen in 1632. When the Scottish presbyterians began armed ...
Algernon Sidney
(1622–83),the grandnephew of Sir P. Sidney, took up arms against Charles I and was wounded at Marston Moor. He was employed on government service until the Restoration, but his firm republicanism ...
animals and the military
(see also horses). Man has made use of the strength, speed, and stamina of his companion animals, in war as well as in peace, from the earliest recorded times. Domesticated ...
battle of Cropredy Bridge
1644.While waiting for news of Rupert's attempt to relieve York, Charles I's southern army clashed with Waller at Cropredy bridge, near Banbury (Oxon.), on 29 June. Waller, seeing the royalist army ...
battle of Dunbar
(3 September 1650)A battle near the port of Dunbar in Scotland, in which Oliver Cromwell's force of 14,000 men won a victory over 27,000 Scots, and enormous numbers were taken prisoner together with ...
battle of Naseby
1645.The battle in the first civil war that extinguished royalist hopes which, after the defeat at Marston Moor, had rested largely on Montrose's brilliant Scottish campaign. In May 1645 Prince ...
battle of Selby
1644.In the spring of 1644, the royal army in the north, under Newcastle, was at Durham, to prevent a junction of the Scots with the parliamentary forces under the Fairfaxes. But on 11 April John ...
civil wars
1642–51.In 1629 Charles I dismissed Parliament, resolving never to call another. He might have succeeded but for the problem of the multiple kingdoms. During the 1630s he decided to bring Scottish ...
David Leslie
(c. 1600–82).Like his namesake Alexander Leslie, David Leslie also fought alongside Gustav Adolf of Sweden. He returned to Scotland in 1640 to help the covenanters and commanded the Scottish ...
Eastern Association
Consisting of Norfolk, Suffolk, Cambridgeshire, Hertfordshire, and Essex, this was the only one of the parliamentary county associations to enjoy any permanence in the Civil War. While its chief ...
George Goring
(1608–57).Royalist commander in the Civil War. Despite being universally disliked, George, Lord Goring, rose high in the king's service. He was first under Newcastle in Yorkshire and gained a notable ...
Ironsides
A nickname for the Parliamentary leader Oliver Cromwell (1599–1658). In the English Civil War, Cromwell's cavalry troopers were called Ironsides by their Royalist opponents in allusion to their ...
John Lambert
(1619–83)English major‐general. He rose to prominence as a Roundhead officer during the English Civil War. He accompanied Cromwell as second‐in‐command on the invasion of Scotland (1650). He ...
Lostwithiel campaign
1644.Charles I's stunning success at Lostwithiel rescued the royalist cause when almost at its last gasp. Marston Moor in early July 1644 had been a devastating blow to the king. He was given respite ...
2nd earl of Manchester, Edward Montagu
(1602–71).Parliamentary commander during the Civil War. Manchester was sympathetic towards presbyterianism and a leading opponent of the king before the outbreak of war. He fought in the opening ...
Oliver Cromwell
(1599–1658).General and lord protector. It is still difficult to appreciate the unique character of Cromwell's career. In a country governed by custom, precedent, and the common law, Cromwell ...
Prince Rupert
B. 17 Dec. 1619, s. of Frederick V, Elector Palatine, and Elizabeth, da. of James VI of Scotland; d. 29 Nov. 1682; bur. Westminster abbey.Nephew of Charles I, Rupert was born in Prague, where his ...
Solemn League and Covenant
An agreement made in 1643 between the English Parliament and the Scottish Covenanters during the English Civil War, by which the Scots would provide military aid in return for the establishment of a ...
1st duke of Newcastle, William Cavendish
(1593–1676).Newcastle was one of the leading royalist commanders during the Civil War. A man of vast estates in Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire, he made spectacular progress up the peerage ladder, ...
1st earl of Sandwich, Edward Montagu
(1625–72).Montagu's cousin, the 2nd earl of Manchester, was a leader on the parliamentary side during the Civil War. Montagu joined him as a young man and fought at Marston ...
