Adkins v. Children's Hospital
(1923).During the early twentieth century, Progressives sought to ameliorate the consequences of industrialization by enacting minimum wage laws. Conservatives and business groups challenged these ...
Administrative State
With deceptive simplicity the Constitution divides governmental power among three branches. Article I confers the legislative power on the Congress, composed of the Senate and House of ...
alternative dispute resolution
(ADR)Various methods of resolving civil disputes otherwise than through the normal trial process. Under Part 1 of the Civil Procedure Rules the court will encourage the parties to use an alternative ...
American Civil Liberties Union
(‘ACLU’)The ACLU is a non‐profit, non‐partisan organization dedicated to defending the United States Bill of Rights. The organization boasts over 500,000 members and maintains a fifty‐state network ...
American Communications Association v. Douds
339 U.S. 382 (1950), argued 10–11 Oct. 1949, decided 8 May 1950 by vote of 5 to 1; Vinson for the Court, Frankfurter concurring in part, Jackson concurring and dissenting, Black in dissent; Douglas, ...
apprenticeship
Refers to the period of service as a learner of a trade or handicraft. The apprentice, usually a boy at the beginning of his working life, was bound by a legal agreement to serve an employer for a ...
attainder
The extinction of civil rights and powers when judgement of death or outlawry was recorded against a person convicted of treason or felony. It was the severest English common law penalty, for an ...
Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co.
259 U.S. 20 (1922), argued 7–8 Mar. 1922, decided 15 May 1922 by vote of 8 to 1; Taft for the Court, Clarke, without opinion, in dissent. Immediately following the unexpected invalidation of the ...
Black Death
(1347–50)The most virulent epidemic of bubonic and pneumonic plague ever recorded. It reached Europe from the Tartar armies, fresh from campaigning in the Crimea, who besieged the port of Caffa ...
Carter v. Carter Coal Co.
298 U.S. 238 (1936), argued 11, 12 Mar. 1936, decided 18 Mar. 1936 by vote of 5 to 4; Sutherland for the Court, Cardozo, Brandeis, and Stone in dissent, Hughes dissenting in part. The Carter case ...
Charles Evans Hughes
(b. Glen Falls, New York, 11 Apr. 1862; d. Osterville, Massachusetts, 27 Aug. 1948)US; Governor of New York 1906–10, Republican presidential candidate 1916 Hughes, the son of a Baptist preacher, was ...
Commission on Vocational Organization
Appointed by the Fianna Fáil government in 1939 to report on the practicability of developing vocational organization in Ireland; the means of achieving this; the rights and powers that should ...
Common-law Court
The Supreme Court is a common‐law court that operates in a system that has little federal common law. Yet its common‐law nature is important to the Court's functioning as a ...
Commonwealth v. Hunt, 45 Mass. 111 (1842).
In a landmark victory for American labor, the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court under its influential Chief Justice Lemuel Shaw held in 1842 that labor unions were not criminal conspiracies. John ...
conspiracy
N.1 An agreement between two or more people to behave in a manner that will automatically constitute an offence by at least one of them (e.g. two people agree that one of them shall steal while the ...
cottar
A type of tenant in England holding around five acres or less. Some owed labour services, and others did not. Many met subsistence requirements by supplementing their income through wage labour and ...
Criminal Syndicalism Laws
Statutes making it a crime to defend, advocate, or set up an organization committed to the use of crime, violence, sabotage, or other unlawful means to bring about a change ...
Darby Lumber Co., United States v.
312 U.S. 100 (1941), argued 19–20 Dec. 1940, decided 3 Feb. 1941 by vote of 9 to 0; Stone for the Court. The Fair Labor Standards Act (often called the Wages and Hours Act), adopted in 1938, was the ...
Debs, In Re
158 U.S. 564 (1895), argued 25–26 Mar. 1895, decided 27 May 1895 by vote of 9 to 0; Brewer for the Court. By refusing to grant a writ of habeas corpus to Eugene Debs, president of the American ...
Dual Federalism
A concept that derives from the view that the Constitution was a “compact” made by the sovereign states and the people of those states for the limited purpose of giving ...
