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Adkins v. Children's Hospital
(1923).During the early twentieth century, Progressives sought to ameliorate the consequences of industrialization by enacting minimum wage laws. Conservatives and business groups challenged these ...
agglomeration
1 Within a geographical area, a concentration of economic activity brought about by, among others, external economies (such as a pool of skilled labour), economies of scale, cumulative causation, ...
Agricultural Experiment Stations.
By the 1880s, industrialization and urbanization in America were generating increasing demands for farm products, while the plains and western states were producing surpluses for a developing ...
air Quality
A general term that describes the condition of the air in a particular place and time, reflecting the degree to which it is pollution‐free (particularly in terms of sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, ...
American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations
(AFL-CIO)The main US labour federation. The name results from the amalgamation in 1955 of two associations, the AFL representing mainly craft unions, and the CIO representing mainly industrial ...
American System of Manufactures
(19th century)The American System of Manufactures came to international attention at the Great Exhibition of the Industry of All Nations, London, of 1851, and reflected the rapid strides in ...
Andrew Carnegie
(1835–1919)British-born US industrialist and philanthropist who used his personal fortune, derived largely from the steel industry, to finance a variety of charitable institutions.Carnegie was born ...
antitrust
This is the American term for competition law. The basic provision of US antitrust is the Sherman Act of 1890. Section 1 states: ‘Every contract, combination in the form of ...
assembly line
A device moving a good being produced, for example a car, past a sequence of workers or machines. As it passes each work-station, a particular task is performed. Tasks may include adding components, ...
automation
The use of automatic machinery and systems, particularly those manufacturing or data‐processing systems which require little or no human intervention in their normal operation. During the 19th ...
British Americans.
British Americans (including the English, Scots, Welsh, and Scotch-Irish) began to settle North America permanently in 1607. They dominated immigration in the Colonial Era, bringing with them the ...
business
1 All forms of industrial and commercial profit-seeking activity. The business cycle refers to fluctuations in the aggregate level of economic activity, and the Business Expansion Scheme in the UK ...
capitalism
An economic system in which the factors of production are privately owned and individual owners of capital are free to make use of it as they see fit; in particular, for their own profit. In this ...
carbon dioxide
A colourless, odourless gas which is the fourth most abundant component of the air in the homosphere, amounting to about 0.035 per cent by volume. It is released by volcanoes, part of the source ...
Charity Organization Movement.
The charity organization movement was a late nineteenth-century philanthropic reform that sought to bring rich and poor together even as the forces of immigration, industrialization, and urbanization ...
Charles Beard
(1874–1948),historian and educator, after graduating from DePauw University (1898) attended Oxford, where he founded Ruskin College (1899) to train labor leaders, and became professor of political ...
Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge
• 11 Pet. 420 (1837)• Vote: 4–3• For the Court: Taney• Dissenting: McLean, Story, and ThompsonIn 1828, the state government of Massachusetts granted a charter, or permit, for construction of ...
Charles Tilly
(1926 –)An American historical sociologist best known for his work on the relationship between collective action and long-term social transformations in France, particularly with respect to ...
child Labor
A combination of the idea of childhood as an age of innocence and nurture and the need for a more numerate and literate workforce has led to legislative restrictions on ...
childhood
A variable social construction, the concept of childhood barely existed in early America. In fact, this special period of growth and development experienced before accepting adult responsibilities ...
