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adenylate cyclase
The enzyme that catalyses the formation of cyclic AMP. It is bound to the inner surface of the plasma membrane. Many hormones and other chemical messengers exert their physiological effects by ...
ADP-ribosylation
A post-translational modification of proteins by the addition of the ADP-ribosyl moiety of NAD. It is a normal regulatory mechanism but is also the way in which several AB toxins have their effects. ...
Albright hereditary osteodystrophy
The skeletal abnormalities, collectively, of pseudohypoparathyroidism. These include short stature, abnormally short fingers and toes (particularly involving the fourth and fifth metacarpals and ...
arrestin
A family of proteins that bind to tyrosine-phosphorylated receptors and block their interaction with G proteins, thereby inhibiting signalling. Arrestin-S (S antigen; 405 aa, from retinal rods) ...
ATP binding site
A consensus domain (‘A’ motif) found in many proteins that bind either ATP or GTP. Examples are found in ATP synthase, myosin heavy chain, helicases, thymidine kinase, G protein α-subunits, ...
cellular signal transduction
The pathways through which cells receive external signals and transmit, amplify, and direct them internally. The pathway begins with cell-surface receptors (q.v.) and may end in the cell nucleus with ...
cyclic AMP
A derivative of ATP that is widespread in cells as a second messenger in many biochemical reactions induced by hormones. Binding of the hormone to its receptor on the cell surface activates G ...
diabetes insipidus
A rare metabolic disorder in which the patient produces large quantities of dilute urine and is constantly thirsty. It is due to deficiency of the pituitary hormone vasopressin (antidiuretic ...
Duffy blood group gene
The first human genetic locus to be localized on a specific autosome. The gene (symbolized FY) is at 1q21–22, and its nucleotide sequence has been determined. The gene encodes a protein that contains ...
G protein Reference library
Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (2 ed.)
guanine nucleotide binding protein; any heterotrimeric GTP‐binding and hydrolysing protein belonging to a superfamily of GTPases that includes the monomeric
G protein-coupled receptor
(GPCR)Any of a superfamily of proteins that are located in cell membranes and act as metabotropic receptors, relaying signals from the exterior to the interior of the cell via associated G proteins. ...
glutamate receptor
Any receptor protein that binds the neurotransmitter glutamate as a ligand. Glutamate receptors fall into two main types: ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs), which are ligand-gated ion channels, ...
GNAS locus
A complex genomically imprinted locus that produces multiple transcripts through the use of alternative promoters and alternative splicing. Among the transcripts is that for the α subunit of trimeric ...
GTP-binding protein
Although many proteins bind GTP (e.g. actin, tubulin) the GTP-binding proteins are considered special cases because of their role in signalling. There are two classes of these G proteins: ...
guanosine 5′-triphosphate
symbol: GuoPP[CH2]P or p[CH2]ppG; the recommended name for β,γ‐methyleneguanosine 5′‐triphosphate, (abbr.: GTP[β,γ‐CH2]), 5′‐guanylyl methylenediphosphonate (abbr.: GMP‐PCP), guanosine ...
muscarinic
Describing one of the two main classes of acetylcholine receptors, so called because the effect of acetylcholine on them can be mimicked by muscarine, a toxic alkaloid produced by Amanita muscaria ...
odorant receptor
A protein molecule that resides on the cell surface of an olfactory receptor neuron (q.v.) and which binds an odorant (q.v.). Odorant receptors are encoded by distinct families of odorant receptor ...
pertussis toxin
An essential virulence factor from Bordetella pertussis, the causative agent of whooping cough, an AB toxin. The active (A) subunit (269 aa) has ADP-ribosylating activity against inhibitory ...
phospholipase
Any of various enzymes that cleave particular bonds in the polar phosphate ‘heads’ of glycerophospholipids (see phospholipid). For example, phospholipase C (PLC) cleaves the phosphate-glycerol bond ...
