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Adam de la Halle
(b Arras, c.1245; d Naples, ?1288 or in England after 1306).Fr. trouvère, poet, and composer. Wrote in all genres current in 13th cent., both monophonic chansons and polyphonic motets. Few ...
Ailred of Rievaulx
(1110–67),known as the ‘St Bernard of the North’, was the leading figure in the Cistercian order in England in the mid‐12th cent. The son of a priest of Hexham (Northd.), he entered the abbey of ...
Alice James
(1848–92),sister of Henry James, Jr., and William James, reared, like her four brothers, to find her own values without neighborhood, school, or church affiliations, from the age of 16 suffered ...
Amateur Detective
The first detective of the mystery genre was an amateur. In Edgar Allan Poe's story “The Murders in the Rue Morgue” (1841; in Graham's Lady's and Gentleman's Magazine, Apr. 1841) ...
Amis et Amiles
OFr. chanson de geste, c.1200, concerning physically identical friends. When Amiles is accused of having slept with Charlemagne’s daughter Belissant, Amis secretly and successfully takes his place in ...
Anne-Thérèse de Lambert
(1647–1733), French essayist and salon hostess. Born Anne-Thérèse Marguenat de Courcelles in Paris, into a middle-class family that had been elevated to the gentry, she lost her father in 1650 ...
behaviour
The sum of the responses of an organism to internal or external stimuli. The behaviour of an animal can be either instinctive (see instinct) or learned. See animal behaviour.
Bernard Délicieux
(died 1319)Born at Montpellier to an eminent family, Bernard Délicieux entered the Order of St Francis around 1284. Reader at Carcassonne, then at Narbonne, he personified the broad intellectual ...
Carolyn Heilbrun
(1926–2003).Born in East Orange, New Jersey, Carolyn G. Heilbrun graduated Phi Beta Kappa from Wellesley College (1947). Heilbrun earned her M.A. (1951) and Ph.D. (1959) from Columbia University, ...
chung or shu
In Confucianism, conscientiousness and altruism. Chung means the full development of the virtuous self, and shu means the extension of that mind to others. See also altruism, eudaimonia, friendship.
consolation
The practice of offering words of comfort to those afflicted by grief is reflected in the earliest Greek poetry. Later, under the twin influences of rhetoric and philosophy, a specialized consolatory ...
counsel
Is a common word in Chaucer, and an important theme. In the narratives there are naturally many cases of persons seeking or being given advice. The idea that sharing of ...
Cyril Phileotes
Saint; born in Philea near Derkos ca.1015, died 2 Dec. 1110 [1120, according to Karlin-Hayter, infra].A holy man who remained a long time in the world, Cyril spent three ...
dead
According to a common opinion, the dead in the Middle Ages played no role in the affairs of the living: Christians honoured their dead, prayed for them, offered a cult ...
Dr Watson
A doctor who is the companion and assistant of Sherlock Holmes in detective stories by Arthur Conan Doyle; his good nature and lack of perspicacity make him a foil to the more difficult but brilliant ...
Edda
Either of two 13th-century Icelandic books, the Elder or Poetic Edda (a collection of Old Norse poems on Norse legends) and the Younger or Prose Edda (a handbook to Icelandic poetry by Snorri ...
egoism
Egoism is usually considered in two forms. Psychological egoism is the view that people are always motivated by self-interest. Ethical egoism is the view that whether or not people are like this, ...
Ellen Glasgow
(1873–1945),American novelist, born in Richmond, Virginia. She was a woman of advanced views, a supporter of Women's Suffrage, attracted by Fabianism. Her novels, which show the social and political ...
fraternities
In the Middle Ages fraternities of many kinds were founded in the Church to meet the religious and social needs of clergy and laity. Their primary purpose was to secure for their members mutual ...
fraternity
Brotherhood among a disparate body of people united in their interests, aims, beliefs, and so on. Although ‘fraternity’ was a political goal at a time when politics was dominated by men, no ...
