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Abbey of Savigny
In Normandy. In 1093 Vitalis of Mortain established a hermitage in the Forest of Savigny. Some of the hermits felt a call to follow the Rule of St Benedict in its primitive strictness, and the abbey ...
afforestation
Planting trees. Tree-planting can stabilize soils by increasing interception and reducing run-off, reduce flooding through the reduction of silting, improve soil fertility, and provide timber and ...
agricultural labourers
The distinction between a farm labourer and a farm servant was that a servant was hired on a yearly basis from about the age of 14 and lived on the ...
agricultural technology
Broadly defined, agricultural technology involves the production, processing, and marketing of a constellation of edible and non-edible commodities produced on farms. These commodities ranged from ...
Alberic
(d. 1109),abbot of Cîteaux. Nothing is known of his early life, but he became a hermit at Collan (near Chatillon-sur-Seine). With his companions he invited Robert to rule them, and in 1075 they moved ...
Aldo Leopold
USecologist, forester, and environmentalist (1887–1948) who many people regard as the father of wildlife ecology. He was a gifted writer, and is best known as author of the book A Sand County Almanac ...
Alfisols
A soil order of the US soil classification. Alfisols are young, acid soils, with a clay-rich B horizon, commonly occurring beneath deciduous forests. See brown earth.
Amazon
Explorers of the enigmatic Amazon region have bequeathed us tales of heroism, drama, misfortune, dedication, avarice, cruelty, and scientific integrity. They explored against a backdrop of massive ...
Amazonia
The Amazon Basin of South America. It covers an area of 5.8 million square kilometres of Peru, Colombia, and Brazil, and is dominated by grassland, wetland, shrubland, lakes, and tropical forests.
ancient forest
A forest that is typically older than about 250 years with large trees, dense canopies, and great diversity of wildlife. In North America this is described as old growth forest.
artificial regeneration
Establishing a new forest by planting seedlings or by direct seeding, often after deforestation. Contrast natural regeneration.
Athos
100 kilometres south-east of Thessalonica, Athos forms the easternmost of the three peninsulas that prolong Chalcidike southwards, as well as the most mountainous and least accessible. It is a vast ...
Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy.
The main actors in this bitter Progressive Era dispute over the future of conservation policy during the presidency of William Howard Taft (1909–1913) were Secretary of the Interior Richard A. ...
Ban, Banality
The word “ban” (Latin bannum) is of Germanic origin; it was used in the first centuries of the Middle Ages to designate the power of command acknowledged to belong to ...
Bernard of Tiron
Founder and Abbot, 1046–1117.As with some other peripatetic founders, his biography is vague on dates and on the reasons for his changes of plan. Originally a monk of Saint-Cyprien (Poitiers), he ...
biome
A grouping of ecosystems (q.v.) into a larger group occupying a major terrestrial region (e.g., tropical rainforest biome, mixed conifer and deciduous forest biome).
Book of the Duchess
A dream‐poem in 1,334 lines by Chaucer, probably written in 1369, in octosyllabic couplets. It is believed to be an allegorical lament on the death of Blanche of Lancaster, the first wife of John of ...
canopy
The part of a woodland or forest community that is formed by the trees. In complex forests, e.g. in tropical rain forest, the canopy is often arbitrarily subdivided into emergent, middle, and lower ...
canopy closure
The progressive reduction of space between the crowns of trees in a forest as they spread laterally, increasing canopy cover.
carbon sink
A phenomenon, such as a forest or ocean, which can absorb atmospheric carbon dioxide. Palmroth et al. (2006) Procs Nat. Acad. Sci. US 103 report that the above-ground sink strength in forests ...
