Andrew Marvell
(1621–1678) English poetThe First Anniversary of the Government Under the Lord Protector (1655) PoetryThe Character of Holland (1665) PoetryThe Rehearsal Transpros'd [part i; part ii, 1673] (1672) ...
Army, British
The British army is still composed of fiercely individualistic regiments and corps. This is a reflection of the tenacity with which it has clung to its roots in the 17th ...
battle of Adwalton Moor
1643.*Newcastle and the Fairfaxes were manœuvring in the spring of 1643 for control of Yorkshire. In the battle on Adwalton Moor, 30 June, east of Bradford, the royalists achieved an important ...
battle of Langport
1645.After his defeat at Naseby in June 1645, Charles had few resources left in England. He managed to raise another army, largely of Welsh recruits, and Goring was still pursuing a rather desultory ...
battle of Maidstone
1648.Although the Kentish royalists in 1648 had assembled an army of 11,000 men, they dispersed them among several towns, leaving only 2,000 in Maidstone. Sir Thomas Fairfax, after assembling a ...
Battle of Marston Moor
1644.In the early summer of 1644 Charles I's forces in the north were pressed between the Scots under Alexander Leslie, Lord Leven, and parliamentary armies under Fairfax and Manchester, moving into ...
battle of Nantwich
1644.Throughout the Civil War, Charles I entertained excessive hopes of assistance from Ireland. In the summer of 1643 he negotiated an armistice with the catholic Confederacy, permitting a number of ...
battle of Naseby
1645.The battle in the first civil war that extinguished royalist hopes which, after the defeat at Marston Moor, had rested largely on Montrose's brilliant Scottish campaign. In May 1645 Prince ...
battle of Selby
1644.In the spring of 1644, the royal army in the north, under Newcastle, was at Durham, to prevent a junction of the Scots with the parliamentary forces under the Fairfaxes. But on 11 April John ...
battle of Torrington
1646.By 1646, after the heavy defeats at Naseby, Langport, and Philiphaugh, the Civil War had become largely a mopping‐up operation. Hopton took over the remnants of Goring's army in the south‐west, ...
battle of Winceby
1643.Sir John Henderson, royalist governor of Newark, set out in October 1643 to relieve Bolingbroke castle, near Horncastle. His force was intercepted by parliamentary cavalry under Manchester, ...
civil wars
1642–51.In 1629 Charles I dismissed Parliament, resolving never to call another. He might have succeeded but for the problem of the multiple kingdoms. During the 1630s he decided to bring Scottish ...
club-men
Not all Englishmen were keen to fight in the Civil War and by 1644 the depredations of each army had become unbearable. Groups of country folk, particularly in the royalist south and west, began to ...
Council of State
1649–60.After the execution of Charles I and the abolition of the monarchy, the Rump Parliament in February 1649 gave executive power to a Council of State of 41 members. It contained three peers, a ...
Diggers
A member of a radical group that flourished briefly in 1649–50, when England's political future was uncertain. Led by Gerrard Winstanley, the Diggers began seizing common land and sharing it out. ...
George Goring
(1608–57).Royalist commander in the Civil War. Despite being universally disliked, George, Lord Goring, rose high in the king's service. He was first under Newcastle in Yorkshire and gained a notable ...
Ironsides
A nickname for the Parliamentary leader Oliver Cromwell (1599–1658). In the English Civil War, Cromwell's cavalry troopers were called Ironsides by their Royalist opponents in allusion to their ...
John Lambert
(1619–83)English major‐general. He rose to prominence as a Roundhead officer during the English Civil War. He accompanied Cromwell as second‐in‐command on the invasion of Scotland (1650). He ...
2nd Duke of Buckingham George Villiers
(1628–87),a prominent figure in the reign of Charles II, famed for his debauchery, his amorous adventures, and the vicissitudes of his public life. He was the author of verses, satires, and the ...
New Model Army
The English Roundhead force established by Parliamentary ordinance on 15 February 1645. A single army of 22,000 men, it was formed largely from the uncoordinated Roundhead forces of the first phase ...
