aid
Transferring resources from developed to less developed countries. Bilateral aid is from one donor to a recipient country, while multilateral aid comes from a group of countries. Emergency aid is ...
Amnesty International
An independent international organization in support of human rights, especially for prisoners of conscience, founded in London in 1961. The organization was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1977.
Antonio Gramsci
(1891–1937)Italian intellectual and founder of the Italian Communist Party.Born in Alès, Sardinia, Gramsci was educated at the University of Turin, where he studied history and philosophy. As a ...
Article 9
Article 9 of the Japanese constitution has been, and continues to be, a significant restraint on Japanese militarism. In 1946, when the new constitution was enacted, Japanese militarism was seen ...
association
The activities and goals that link people together in associations have been a primary subject of sociological and anthropological research. In English, the term has been used to translate Ferdinand ...
associativity
The principle of association by which people act in collective, self-organized ways in organizing their cultural life. Associativity is a crucial element in civil society. French political scientist ...
Cabinets de lecture
In the eighteenth century, literary societies (cabinets de lecture, Lesegesellschaften) occupied a central position in several crucial social developments. In countries where the traditional social ...
central Europe
Cannot be sharply delimited on a map. Although it is situated on the east-west axis of the continent—the adjective “central” here signifies an in-between (as in Central America) rather than ...
cities
A large, densely populated urban settlement, larger than a town, which can include two or more independent administrative districts within it and usually has suburbs.
civil religion
In the 1960s a number of sociologists (including Talcott Parsons, Edward Shils, and Robert Bellah) distinguished civil religion from institutional (church-based) religion, arguing that societies such ...
civil rights
In countries that have victimized certain groups in society, this means emancipation, elimination of segregation, equity, and equality of access to the services and institutions of society. See also ...
civil service
Government posts were filled by patronage until well into the reign of Victoria. The Northcote–Trevelyan Report (1854) recommended changes, including entry to a civil service by competitive ...
Civil-Military Relations
Americans have traditionally been suspicious of military governance, a distrust that stems from their belief in individual liberty, representative government, and civilian control of the military. ...
club
The decades after the Restoration saw a proliferation of clubs and societies in London and the main provincial cities, many of them meeting in taverns or coffee‐houses. Though the most famous club, ...
coffee houses
The first coffee house in England was reputedly established in London in 1650 at the Angel. They became popular after the Restoration and remained so during the 18th century. The fashion spread ...
Colombia
A country in the extreme north-west of the South American continent, the only South American country with coasts on both the Pacific and the Atlantic oceans, separated by the isthmus of Panama. To ...
communitarianism
n. an approach to ethical problems that rejects excessive emphasis on the individual and focuses instead on social cohesion and community interests, arguing that every single person is embedded ...
Community Peacebuilding Initiatives, Faith-Based
As faith-based community peacebuilding initiatives proliferate around the world, the distinction between peacemaking and peacebuilding is important to understand. Peacemaking means defusing a ...
Community Peacebuilding Initiatives, Local NGOs and
With the shift from traditional peacekeeping approaches, intended to stop direct violence, toward longer-term peacebuilding processes, aimed at addressing the root causes of armed conflict and ...
Corporate and Estate Organization
Corporations and estates were as fundamental and important to European social and political life of the eighteenth century as currency to trade or as words to language. As part of ...
