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Africa
The second largest continent, extending south from the Mediterranean Sea and bounded by the Atlantic and Indian oceans and the Red Sea.Physical.The Equator passes through the middle of Africa, so ...
African American Religion.
The religious beliefs of so large and diverse a population cannot be unified into a single, artificial scheme. The African dispersion has now mingled with many other sources, and black ...
African Americans
A citizen or resident of the United States whose ancestry can be traced to Africa. A term intended to avoid the pejorative associations of words such as “negro” and “black.” An estimated 10 to 12 ...
African Blood Brotherhood
The African Blood Brotherhood for African Liberation and Redemption (ABB) was a Marxist communist and black nationalist organization that emerged in response to the violent race riots of the Red ...
African Diaspora
[This entry contains two subentries dealing with the African diaspora, from the origins of slave trade through nineteenth-century America. The first article focuses on the evolution and criticism of ...
Afrocentrism
Afrocentrism is a theoretical concept that examines blacks of African descent as the subject of their experiences. It is an academic, historical approach to the study of world history. The ...
Albert Cleage
(b. 13 June 1911; d. 20 February 2000),clergyman, And Pearl (b. 7 December 1948), author, journalist, and playwright. Albert Buford Cleage was born in Indianapolis, Indiana, and grew up ...
Alexander Crummell
(1819–98),black minister of the Episcopal Church in his native U.S., after education at Cambridge and long residence in Liberia. His works include The Future of Africa (1862) and Africa and America ...
An American Dilemma
(1944).Gunnar Myrdal's An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy ranks among the most important studies of American race relations. The “American Negro Problem,” Myrdal argued, lay ...
Amiri Baraka
(1934– )African American playwright, poet, and activist born in Newark, New Jersey, as Everett LeRoi Jones. Throughout his career he has used his writing as an extended polemic against American ...
Betty Shabazz
(b. 28 May 1936; d. 23 June 1997),widow of Malcolm X and educator. Born Betty Jean Sanders in Detroit, Michigan, Shabazz was raised there in a middle-class family by ...
Black Abolitionists
Historians acknowledge the existence of “two abolitionisms” in the antebellum United States—one black, one white. Although black and white abolitionists shared similar views about the moral evil of ...
Black Liberation Army
The Black Liberation Army (BLA) defined itself as a politico-military organization engaged in armed struggle against the U.S. government. Operating from about 1971 to 1981, the BLA used tactics ...
Black Nationalism Reference library
Encyclopedia of African American History, 1619–1895: From the Colonial Period to the Age of Frederick Douglass
[This entry contains two subentries dealing with black nationalism from the seventeenth-century slave trade through the late nineteenth century.
Black Nationalism Reference library
Encyclopedia of African American History 1896 to the Present
Black nationalism is the belief system that endorses the creation of a black nation-state. It also supports the establishment of
Black Panthers
The Black Panther Party for Self-Defense (later simply the Black Panther Party) was born in Oakland, California, on 15 October 1966, and was a radical anti-oppression organization that became ...
Black Power
Originating as a movement in the 1960s, it was developed into a coherent ideology by Stokely Carmichael and Charles Hamilton in their book Black Power (1969). It called upon African Americans to take ...
Black Seafarers
Throughout the early modern era (1550–1830), blacks participated in the maritime trades and served in navies. By examining crew lists, port authority records, travel narratives, and autobiographies, ...
Black Separatism
After 1820, when the political climate in the United States began to turn more strongly against black people, black separatism and full integration into American society were the two main ...
Black Nationalism. Reference library
William L. Van Deburg
The Oxford Companion to United States History
An important ideology in African American history, black nationalism is grounded in the belief that efforts to operate within a political system deemed racist and unresponsive to black ...
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