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ancient monuments and photography
Almost from the moment photography was invented, the world's ancient monuments became a favourite subject; just two months after the Institut de France made public the details of Daguerre's invention ...
archaeology and photography
Photography radically changed earlier pictorial conventions by offering reliable representations of observed phenomena, and its ability to ‘surpass the works of the most accomplished painters, in ...
Australia
That Australia is the world's driest continent has influenced the nature of its earliest photography. Its first recorded photograph was a daguerreotype of Sydney taken in 1841 by a certain ...
cameras for special applications
The modern 35 mm SLR is the nearest that there has ever been to a ‘universal’ camera. Even such arcane applications as endoscopy can be tackled with appropriate accessories. But a ...
cartography
The science and craft of drawing maps and charts; on the latter, see charts and chart-making. In Babylonian and Greek antiquity the world was thought to be a disc surrounded ...
celluloid
A transparent highly flammable substance made from cellulose nitrate with a camphor plasticizer. It was formerly widely used as a thermoplastic material, especially for film (a use now discontinued ...
economic and social aspects of photographic innovation
Photography arrived at an economically inauspicious moment: in the autumn of 1839, the USA, Britain, and Europe suffered a sharp recession that lasted until 1843. In Britain and France, economic ...
formats, plate and film
PlatesBefore about 1920 almost all photographic prints were contact prints. Enlargers did exist, but most print materials required a long exposure to daylight to produce an image. Although film ...
lenses and eyeglasses
Although burning glasses and magnifiers have been used since pre-Christian antiquity, a sophisticated geometrical analysis of the refracting properties of glass appears first in the Optica of ...
local history
In medieval England chiefly took the form of histories of particular monasteries and their estates. A good example is the Abingdon Chronicle, c.1160. More comprehensive local history was provided by ...
military photography
Photography carried out for military purposes by service personnel or civilian auxiliaries. Although often treated as synonymous with war photography, the latter has concentrated more on actual ...
Nadar
1820–1910), French photographer,and a central figure in the extraordinary expansion of photography in the mid‐19th century. An exact contemporary of Charles Nègre and Gustave Le Gray, this son of ...
Ocean Currents and Winds
The general patterns of surface ocean currents and winds, which are familiar distributions through atlas maps today, were discovered over a long period of time. But the three-dimensional character of ...
photogeology
The determination of the overall geology of an area through the interpretation of photographic data (see aerial photography) by noting variations in colour, tone, geometry, relative relief, and ...
photogrammetry
The use of aerial photographs and images from remote sensing to measure terrestrial features. See J. Photogrammetry & Remote Sensing.
remote sensing
The gathering of information without actual physical contact with what is being observed. This involves the use of radars, sonars, spectrosocopy, and the use of airborne and satellite photography. ...
scientific photography
The scientific applications of photography and imaging as tools to assist visualization date from the earliest days of the introduction of photographic processes. J. W. Draper's celebrated image of ...
stopbath
A stopbath has two functions in photographic processing: it arrests development, allowing leisurely inspection of a print; and it prevents the fixing bath from becoming contaminated with developer. ...
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