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abacus schools
From the late thirteenth century onwards, many towns and guilds paid an ‘abacus master’ to teach mathematics to a given number of boys who intended to engage in commerce or ...
algorithm
A documented series of steps which leads to the transformation of some data. For example, in order to calculate the sum of a series of numbers a possible algorithm would involve repeatedly adding the ...
calculate
To work out the value of a mathematical or arithmetical procedure, or the output of an algorithm.
calculating geniuses
The term ‘calculating genius’ describes anyone strikingly more able than normal to do numerical calculations mentally. Since the term is relative to what is regarded as normal, it is applied ...
calculator
A device for performing arithmetical calculations or algebraic manipulations. The earliest example is the abacus. Hand-held electronic calculators now have the computational powers of the early ...
computer
Any device capable of carrying out a sequence of operations in a defined manner. The definition of the operations is called the program. An analog computer performs computations by manipulating ...
number representation
Probably no system of number representation can quite function without some arbitrary elementary signs. Western words, for numbers under ten and Indo‐Arabic numerals do not show either how the ...
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