American Notes for General Circulation
Environmentalism in Latin America Reference library
Guillermo Castro Herrera
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Latin American Politics
...and that of North America with conservation and the control of environmental risks and damages, coincide in this general panorama with African concerns for their colonial legacy, and the Asian vision of culture of nature as a component of a millennial civilization. Latin America’s environmentalism, for its part, is closely associated with the demand for environmental justice and a political ecology approach to environmental conflicts. The Latin American Environment Latin America covers an area of 19.2 million square kilometers, with a population of some 600...
Panama, Its Politics, and the Canal Against Itself Reference library
Guillermo Castro Herrera
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Latin American Politics
...thus assign rank and influence to the others. It is a general illumination which bathes all the other colors and modifies their particularity. It is a particular ether which determines the specific gravity of every being which has materialized within it. ( Marx, 1973, pp. 106–109 ) In the case of Panama, that “specific kind of production which predominates over the rest, whose relations thus assign rank and influence to the others” has been—and is—the provision of services for the circulation of capital. This makes the country unique among its...
Italy’s LGBT Movement and Interest Groups Reference library
Massimo Prearo
The Oxford Encyclopedia of LGBT Politics and Policy
... The Digest—National Italian American Bar Association Law Journal , 25 , 1–31. Notes 1. The May 1968 protests in Europe are considered the starting point of a broader wave of protests against traditional society. In Italy, as in France, for instance, even if many of the gay and lesbian activists who went on to participate in the homosexual revolutionary movements were already part of the demonstrations and of leftist groups and collectives, massive sexual mobilizations appeared only in and after 1970 ( Prearo, 2011 ). For a historiographical and...
Haiti: Deconstructing Military Entanglements in Politics Reference library
Michel S. Laguerre
Oxford Encyclopedia of the Military in Politics
...as they curtail free circulation in the country. The groups have also begun to engage in kidnapping of civilians including physicians, clergy, students, and policemen, and sustain a climate of insecurity all over the country. Furthermore, the ongoing transmission of COVID-19 has added more stress to the miseries of the common people. What made the socio-political context ripe for a coup was public disagreement between the president and his political party, Parti Haitien Tet Kale (PHTK). PHTK was publicly against the referendum for a new constitution that...
Transnational Administration of Regional and Global Policies Reference library
Kim Moloney and Diane Stone
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Public Administration
...and/or governments as brokers of multidirectional policy transfers “Fast policy” multiscalar circulation of models by groups of actors, expert networks, scientific communities Transparency More likely to be open access to information if state is democratic Can be made open access to information by civil society Restricted “real”-world access to IPA deliberations or processes Often opaque; can be made transparent by civil society or other powerful actors (e.g., IOs) Note: IO, international organization; IPA, international public administration; NGO,...
Responsibility to Protect Reference library
James A. Paul and Céline Nahory
The Oxford Companion to International Relations
...closely with ideas about muscular global betterment that have found wide circulation in the West in the post–Cold War era. Political leaders and the mass media have drawn on this discourse to frame and to explain controversial military campaigns in such places as the Balkans, Somalia, Afghanistan, Iraq, and Libya. By presenting these conflicts as moral initiatives in defense of human rights, Western leaders have overcome (or reduced) public opposition to foreign wars and won backing for the repeated deployment of military force. Origins and Evolution of the Doctrine...
Brazil’s LGBT Movement and Interest Groups Reference library
Jacob R. Longaker
The Oxford Encyclopedia of LGBT Politics and Policy
...in both the judicial and executive arenas of politics. This approach accounts for many policy successes in the country, including rectification of names in accordance with gender identity on official documents for the trans population in 2018 ; nationwide same-sex-partnership recognition for lesbians, gays, and bisexuals in 2011 ; and marriage equality in 2013 . Brazilian LGBT Movement Organizing Homosexual Consciousness-Raising. Scholarship on sexuality in Latin America notes the importance of sexual acts in establishing individual and collective...
Military Coups D’État and Their Causes Reference library
Fabrice Lehoucq
Oxford Encyclopedia of the Military in Politics
...19% and 36% of the time in 18 Latin American countries between 1950 and 2016 ( Lehoucq, 2017 ). Twenty-eight percent of the coups, for example, in the Center for Systemic Peace (CSP)—the Polity IV ( 2012 ) —database are mistakes ( Marshall & Marshall, 2016 ). Most errors consist of failing to note that the military toppled the chief executive. This draws on the database of this article’s author, which identifies 71 occasions when the military overthrew the president during these years in 18 Latin American countries (which itself is part of a larger...
Climate Change Politics in Latin America and the Caribbean Reference library
Matías Franchini
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Latin American Politics
...of the Amazon rainforest, which is a result of extreme deforestation and climate change ( Nobre et al., 2016 ), could trigger major changes in the atmospheric circulation of the area and threaten the economic and social prospects of a region that depends heavily on agriculture, particularly for poverty alleviation and food security ( United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean [CEPAL], 2017a ; Viola & Franchini, 2018b ). From the political point of view, humanity’s efforts to mitigate climate change have been limited ( IPCC...
Career Patterns in Administration Reference library
Sylvia Veit
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Public Administration
...career patterns in the People’s Republic of China, 1949–1994. Comparative Political Studies , 34 (9), 1036–1062. Note 1. Some federal states have implemented civil service reforms in recent years that converted the system of four horizontal classes into a system of one, two, or three horizontal classes. Sylvia Veit 1. Some federal states have implemented civil service reforms in recent years that converted the system of four horizontal classes into a system of one, two, or three horizontal...
Historical Development of American Public Administration Reference library
Mordecai Lee
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Public Administration
...began making a profit, which he was entitled to pocket. In 1774 , the British government fired him for his rebellious political stance ( Isaacson, 2003 , p. 157). However, a year later, he was restored to his role by the Continental Congress and thus was the first postmaster general of the nascent independent country. (The first postmaster general under the new Constitution was Samuel Osgood, appointed by Washington in 1789 ). For early Americans, the “postal system was the central government” ( John, 1995 , p. 4; emphasis in original). It served as...
Spain’s LGBT Movement Reference library
Kerman Calvo and J. Ignacio Pichardo
The Oxford Encyclopedia of LGBT Politics and Policy
...assimilation to registration in social security]. Iuslabor , 1 . Whittier, N. (1997). Political generations, micro-cohorts and the transformation of social movements. American Journal of Sociology , 62 , 760–778. Notes 1. This article generally uses either the acronym LGBT or the expression sexual minorities , unless historical accuracy suggests a different term (such as, for instance, gay liberation , or gay and lesbian liberation to refer to activism during the 1970s/1980s). 2. The main results of this survey can be found at ...
An International LGBT Movement Reference library
Ryan Thoreson
The Oxford Encyclopedia of LGBT Politics and Policy
...Commonwealth and the need for a decolonizing, intersectional politics. The Sociological Review , 65 (4), 644–662. Worsnip, P. (2008). UN divided over gay rights declaration . Reuters . Wright, R. , & Branigin, W. (2007, September 24). Ahmadinejad met with protests, criticism at Columbia University . Washington Post . Young, R. M. , & Meyer, I. H. (2005). The trouble with “MSM” and “WSW”: Erasure of the sexual-minority person in public health discourse. American Journal of Public Health , 95 (7), 1144–1149. Notes 1. In this article, the...
Governing Africa’s Seas in the Neoliberal Era Reference library
Tarik Dahou and Brenda Chalfin
The Oxford Encyclopedia of African Politics
...members. Indicating the interdependence of securitization and marketization in late capitalism, for African players, compliance is key to participation in international supply chains and in many cases warrants outsourcing control of key state assets. Reflecting these pressures and conditions, three spatial formations prevail in which ports play a central role even if they are not always a central place as in earlier orders of maritime commercial circulation. The emerging array of African mega-ports is one configuration where ports remain nodal. Involving...
LGBT Movements in Taiwan, Hong Kong, and China Reference library
Travis S. K. Kong, Hsiao-wei Kuan, Sky H. L. Lau, and Sara L. Friedman
The Oxford Encyclopedia of LGBT Politics and Policy
...platforms for live-streaming, e-commerce, and health services, promoting tongzhi visibility while strategically framing its content and for-profit orientation to avoid government censorship ( Liu, 2020 ; Wang, 2019 ; Yu, 2018 ). On the other hand, the Chinese government under President Xi Jinping has moved forcefully to impose tighter controls over social media platforms, resulting in less room for LGBT cultural visibility. In 2015 , gay filmmaker Fan Popo successfully sued the state media regulator for blocking Internet circulation of his film ...
Queer as Materialism Reference library
Sophie Noyé and Gianfranco Rebucini
The Oxford Encyclopedia of LGBT Politics and Policy
... 1997 , p. 1). A few years later, in the introduction to a collective work, Arnaldo Cruz-Malavé and Martin Manalansan IV affirmed that “Queerness is now global” ( 2002 , p. 1). Through this formula, the two authors also criticized gay, lesbian, and queer studies that had produced knowledge almost exclusively based on the history of the movements of white Euro-American sexual minorities. This postcolonial theoretical shift sought to provincialize sexual epistemology and the sites of application of queer theories, particularly by taking into account issues of...
What Do We Know About Global Financial Crises? Putting IPE and Economics in Conversation Reference library
Michael Lee
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Empirical International Relations Theory
...of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision. Review of International Political Economy , 19 (4), 663–668. Zingales, L. (2015). Does finance benefit society? Journal of Finance , 70 (4), 1327–1363. Notes 1. Mortgages are considered “underwater” if a borrower owes more than the market value of the home. 2. Rumors of the demise of American hegemony in the 1980s may have been greatly exaggerated. 3. Financialization in late 19th-century Britain poses less of a mystery. It is more conceivable that, at the heart of a vast empire with a restricted...
Capitalist Peace Theory: A Critical Appraisal Reference library
Gerald Schneider
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Empirical International Relations Theory
... Weede, E. (in press). The expansion of economic freedom and the capitalist peace. In Encyclopedia of empirical international relations . Oxford: Oxford University Press. Notes 1. The empirical literature does not often sufficiently differentiate between the internal and the external openness. Although they use a measure for the former (contract-intensive money in circulation, life insurance contracts) and the latter (trade, FDI), the theoretical argument of Powell and Chacha ( 2016 ) largely stresses economic interdependence, also often dubbed...
The European Court of Justice (ECJ) Reference library
Sabine Saurugger and Fabien Terpan
The Oxford Encyclopedia of European Union Politics
...The 28 judges in the Court of Justice are assisted by 11 advocates general, a post that takes inspiration from the French “rapporteur public” within the Conseil d’État. Advocates general are charged with the task of making reasoned submissions on cases brought before them. The Statute of the CJEU allows for the General Court to be assisted by advocates general, but this has not occurred so far. Instead, each judge at the General Court is allowed to perform the function of an advocate general in difficult cases, but this happens very rarely. According to the...
Strategic Culture Theory: What, Why, and How Reference library
Edward Lock
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Empirical International Relations Theory
...than many currently in circulation, primarily because it does not confuse the question of what strategic culture is with questions about why scholars should study strategic culture and where it should be sought. The adoption of this definition is advocated here on the grounds that it is crystal clear about what strategic culture is, and because it leaves questions about where and how strategic culture operates to be answered through empirical investigation. This article proceeds in three steps. The first section provides evidence for some of the confusion...
