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American Notes for General Circulation
insanity
Fingering Reference library
Mark Lindley, Glyn Jenkins, Mark Lindley, Sonya Monosoff, Alison Crum, Peter Walls, SONYA MONOSOFF/PETER WALLS (II, 2(ii)), Suzanne Wijsman, Rodney Slatford, Marc Ecochard, Bruce Haynes, and Arnold Myers
The Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments (2 ed.)
...virtuoso works such as Vivaldi’s Four Seasons with fingerings added. Corrette stressed in his preface to the latter volume the importance of ‘being conversant with all the positions of four strings, having facility in shifting, and playing cleanly and distinctly’. Leopold Mozart gave recommendations for planning shifts in the most manageable and musically discrete ways. Downward shifts, for example, could be smoothly executed by waiting for a note which could be played as an open string, or for a repeated note, or for a dotted group where the slight lift...
Orchestra Reference library
John Spitzer and Neal Zaslaw
The Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments (2 ed.)
...including flutes, clarinets, trumpets, and drums, had become indispensable. Thus Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven composed for an orchestra of strings, plus pairs of flutes, oboes, clarinets, bassoons, horns, trumpets, and timpani. This may be called the ‘high-Classical’ orchestra. The configuration is found as a general practice, however, only from the 1790s: of Haydn’s more than 100 symphonies, only four (nos.99, 100, 103, 104) call for those forces, as do only two (the Paris and the Haffner) of Mozart’s more than 50. Beethoven and such contemporaries as...
symphony, the Reference library
Denis Arnold, Stanley Sadie, Denis Arnold, Anthony Pople, Denis Arnold, Alison Latham, Anthony Pople, and Anthony Pople
The Oxford Companion to Music
... were among the first to codify the four-movement symphony (though the later generation reverted to three-movement form), and they introduced many striking orchestral effects: not only the crescendo but also the ‘rocket’ (which scarcely needs description) and the sustained tutti in which the violins played tremolos while thematic figures are played in the bass. These and other effects were easy to develop among the virtuoso group—the ‘army of generals’ (Burney)—gathered by Johann Stamitz soon after 1740 : the generals included Stamitz's sons, Fils , ...
Lane, William Henry (1825) Reference library
Sandra Jean Graham
The Grove Dictionary of American Music (2 ed.)
... ( b United States , c 1825 ; d United Kingdom , c 1852 ). Minstrel . Circa 1841 , Lane began dancing publicly in saloons and dance halls in lower Manhattan's impoverished Five Points district. He was likely the dancer that Charles Dickens described in American Notes for General Circulation ( 1842 ). In 1844–5 , the preeminent white minstrel jig dancer John Diamond ( 1823–57 ) challenged Lane to a series of contest dances, which Lane won decisively. In 1845 , Lane made history with the Georgia Champion Minstrels as the first black member of a...
Psalmody Reference library
Richard Crawford and Laurie J. Sampsel
The Grove Dictionary of American Music (2 ed.)
...School of composers and of the American styles they developed. The success of the reform movement in the cities of the Atlantic seaboard and New England marked the end, by 1820 , of the indigenous New England compositional style as a creative force. It did not, however, end the circulation of its repertory. New England tunes survived in collections published in upstate New York, western Pennsylvania, Ohio, and the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia, as well as in the shape-note collections published farther south ( see Shape-note hymnody ). In these outlying...
Abolition Reference library
Sandra Jean Graham
The Grove Dictionary of American Music (2 ed.)
...Masur : “‘A Rare Phenomenon of Philological Vegetation’: the Word ‘Contraband’ and the Meanings of Emancipation in the United States,” Journal of American History , xciii/4 (2007), 1050–84 M.C. Cohen : “Contraband Singing: Poems and Songs in Circulation during the Civil War,” American Literature , lxxxii (2010), 271–304 Sandra Jean...
Arab American music Reference library
Kenneth S. Habib
The Grove Dictionary of American Music (2 ed.)
...and other periodicals also quickly were established, such as Kawkab Amērikā (The Star of America), the newspaper that began weekly publication in New York in 1892 , and by the time it became a daily in 1898 , had a circulation of perhaps 10,000 in the United States, of some 5000 in Latin American countries, and among Arabic speakers who had not emigrated as well. These clubs, associations, and publications factored formatively in the lives of Arab Americans and, in turn, also influenced Arab society through personal, cultural, and professional ties....
Gershwin, George (26 Sept 1898) Reference library
Richard Crawford and Wayne J. Schneider
The Grove Dictionary of American Music (2 ed.)
...Symbol,” Yearbook for Inter-American Musical Research , viii (1972), 17–38 A. Wilder : “George Gershwin (1898–1937),” American Popular Song (New York, 1972), 121–62 W.D. Shirley : “Porgy and Bess,” Library of Congress Quarterly Journal , xxxi (1974), 97–107 E. Jablonski : “Gershwin at 80: Observations, Discographical and Otherwise, on the 80th Anniversary of the Birth of George Gershwin, American Composer,” American Record Guide , xli (1977–8), no.11, pp. 6–12, 58 only; no. 12, pp. 8–12, 57–9 R. Crawford : “Gershwin's Reputation: a Note on Porgy and Bess,”...
Theory. Reference library
David Carson Berry, Sherman Van Solkema, David Carson Berry, and David Carson Berry
The Grove Dictionary of American Music (2 ed.)
...semitones. Thus there was a four-note “1–2–1” harmony, a five-note “1–3–2–4” harmony, etc. Bacon accurately tabulated all 350 transpositionally equivalent chord types, ranging from two to 12 members. As a greater variety of chord types was accepted, a means for regulating their progression became a concern. Ernst Krenek addressed this topic in Studies in Counterpoint ( 1940 ). In the section on three-part writing, he classified intervals broadly, as consonances, mild dissonances, or sharp dissonances; an assortment of three-note chords was then divided into...
Women in music Reference library
Judith Tick and Judy Tsou
The Grove Dictionary of American Music (2 ed.)
...conductors at major houses, the increase in the number of commissions and awards, better representation in the leading orchestras, and so on—have more to do with the status of women in American society in general than with developments in American musical life. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 and affirmative-action programs set standards for evaluation that sensitized American society to the problems of race and sex discrimination. The threatened withdrawal of federal funds and the possibility of litigation further supported equality of opportunity. The...
Cincinnati Reference library
bruce d. mcclung
The Grove Dictionary of American Music (2 ed.)
...& Douglass, a music instrument dealer, issued “General Harrison's Grand March,” a hand-engraved piano piece. Cincinnati's music business would grow to over one hundred sheet music publishers between 1840 and 1920 . Demographically, Cincinnati began to change. During the frontier period, most settlers were native-born Americans of English or Scottish ancestry. Beginning in 1830 , most new arrivals were from Germany. That year Germans constituted 5% of Cincinnati's populace, but by 1840 they accounted for 30%. The largely Catholic German community settled...
Romania Reference library
Vivia Săndulescu
The International Encyclopedia of Dance
...folk festivals have encouraged the circulation of dances. The modern media enhance people's receptivity to new forms. Musicians frequently travel, facilitating the circulation of tunes and dances. The range of the repertory varies with each region, reaching thirty-five to fifty variants in some villages in Wallachia, Oltenia, the Banat, and Moldavia, and being limited to three to five variants in some in Transylvania. Quality, however, is not determined by quantity; the small number of dances in Transylvania is compensated for by intricate technique and rich...
Foster, Stephen C(ollins) (4 July 1826) Reference library
Deane L. Root
The Grove Dictionary of American Music (2 ed.)
...the United States abandoned his songs. A rise in the study of American music and worldwide interest in Americana since the 1980s, however, has brought new scholarly research into the songs’ history of interpretations and significance, accompanied by continued circulation among American country, folk-music, and popular performers and persisting use as iconic melodies for films, television shows, and electronic devices. In the 1850s Foster's songs were the first significant body of identifiably American song; in the early twenty-first century, a handful of...
European American music Reference library
Philip V. Bohlman, Stephen Erdely, Leon Janikian, Christina Jaremko, Ain Haas, Chris Goertzen, D.K. Wilgus, Mark Levy, Philip V. Bohlman, Robert C. Metil, Jesse A. Johnston, Julien Olivier, Stephen D. Winick, Bill C. Malone, Barry Jean Ancelet, Stephen d. Winick, Philip V. Bohlman, Michael G. Kaloyanides, Stephen Erdely, Lynn M. Hooker, Mick Moloney, Stephen D. Winick, Marcello Sorce Keller, Janice E. Kleeman, Timothy J. Cooley, Katherine Brucher, Carol Silverman, Kenneth A. Thigpen, Margaret H. Beissinger, Margarita Mazo, Chris Goertzen, Mark Forry, Janet Sturman, Philip V. Bohlman, Marcello Sorce Keller, Robert B. Klymasz, and Denis Hlynka
The Grove Dictionary of American Music (2 ed.)
...y vuelta,” Spanish for roundtrip. Other adaptations resulted from the circulation of people and practices within the Americas. Spanish explorers and missionaries who settled the Americas in the 16th century brought styles, forms, and customs that continue to influence practice today. Music for Catholic service and feast days, misas (masses), maitines, motetes, gozos (couplets in honor of the virgin), villancicos (sacred song with vernacular text), alabados (prayerful songs of procession), were often augmented by instrumental music for orchestra or...
Hawaii Reference library
Amy Ku‘uleialoha Stillman
The Grove Dictionary of American Music (2 ed.)
...to the United States in 1898 , and statehood in 1959 . By the late 1880s, Hawai‘i was already developing as a tourist destination; and tourism promotion was augmented by the circulation of exoticist stereotypes. Contemporary Hawai’i sustains a multicultural mélange of peoples and lifeways, and a history of over two centuries of global interaction. (Note: Hawaiian-language spellings, including the name Hawai‘i, follow official State of Hawai‘i usage.) All of these factors inform any consideration of Hawaiian music in the 21st century. The indigenous...
Latino music. Reference library
Michael Birenbaum Quintero, Jason Stanyek, Melissa Gonzalez, Jorge Arevalo MATEUS, Mario Rey, Sydney Hutchinson, Lois Wilcken, Roberto Avant-Mier, John Koegel, and Edgardo Díaz Díaz
The Grove Dictionary of American Music (2 ed.)
...widespread political upheaval, economic unrest, and recurring natural disasters during the last four decades have prompted unprecedented migratory upsurges from Central America. A popular trend among Central American migrants, especially those living in the Southwest, is the reappropriation of musical genres typically associated with Mexico and other Latin American countries. Starting in the 1980s, technobanda became popular in both Mexican and Central American immigrant communities throughout the southwestern United States and California. Los Jornaleros del...
Globalization Reference library
Jayson Beaster-Jones
The Grove Dictionary of American Music (2 ed.)
...enabled global modes of distributing pre-recorded and copyrighted music by way of File sharing . Music companies all over the world have argued that music Piracy has largely reduced the market for music because songs have become far too easy for audiences to download without paying for them. Whether labeled “piracy” or “sharing,” unauthorized music circulation has become very easy with compressed digital file formats, which has reduced the revenues of the global music industry. Copyright laws in different parts of the world have been unevenly enforced...
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