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confusion worse confounded
Complete confusion, deriving from a usage by Milton in Paradise Lost (1667).
Historical Views of Homosexuality: European Colonialism Reference library
Robert Aldrich
The Oxford Encyclopedia of LGBT Politics and Policy
...and young men that were commonplace and accepted in Japan. The physiognomy and dress of “natives” often confounded Europeans’ notions of gender propriety and sexuality. In Ceylon, men who grew their hair long, and oiled and ornamented it with a comb, seemed unmanly, and the slight build of many of the islanders provoked Europeans to call them androgynous. Cultures elsewhere with little gender variation in clothing styles similarly caused confusion about differences between male and female. By contrast, Europeans saw black African men as dangerously...
Cognitive Approaches to Foreign Policy Analysis Reference library
Aaron Rapport
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Foreign Policy Analysis
...are externally valid—can one infer the cognitive traits of foreign policy officials using results from typical individuals in an artificial setting ( Hafner-Burton et al., 2013 ; Lau & Levy, 1998 , pp. 40–41; Mintz, Redd, & Vedlitz, 2006 )? This problem may be further confounded by the alleged replication crisis in psychology, in which researchers have debated the prevalence of problematic research practices that bring the reliability of a range of findings into question ( Pashler & Wagenmakers, 2012 ; Simmons, Nelson, & Simonsohn, 2011 ). In some...
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