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confusion worse confounded
Complete confusion, deriving from a usage by Milton in Paradise Lost (1667).
Historical Views of Homosexuality: European Colonialism Reference library
Robert Aldrich
The Oxford Encyclopedia of LGBT Politics and Policy
...and young men that were commonplace and accepted in Japan. The physiognomy and dress of “natives” often confounded Europeans’ notions of gender propriety and sexuality. In Ceylon, men who grew their hair long, and oiled and ornamented it with a comb, seemed unmanly, and the slight build of many of the islanders provoked Europeans to call them androgynous. Cultures elsewhere with little gender variation in clothing styles similarly caused confusion about differences between male and female. By contrast, Europeans saw black African men as dangerously...
Cognitive Approaches to Foreign Policy Analysis Reference library
Aaron Rapport
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Foreign Policy Analysis
...are externally valid—can one infer the cognitive traits of foreign policy officials using results from typical individuals in an artificial setting ( Hafner-Burton et al., 2013 ; Lau & Levy, 1998 , pp. 40–41; Mintz, Redd, & Vedlitz, 2006 )? This problem may be further confounded by the alleged replication crisis in psychology, in which researchers have debated the prevalence of problematic research practices that bring the reliability of a range of findings into question ( Pashler & Wagenmakers, 2012 ; Simmons, Nelson, & Simonsohn, 2011 ). In some...
United States of America Reference library
The Continuum Complete International Encyclopedia of Sexuality
...into which people could neatly be sorted. However, many scholars now consider gender and race as social constructions, based on social and political influences, rather than on biological characteristics (Irvine 1995 ; Simon 1996 ). Additionally, many research studies have confounded socioeconomic status with race. Shortcomings often encountered in sexuality research include the lack of historical context, cultural in-sensitivity, and generalizations or assumptions about gender (Burgess 1994 ). Various aspects of African-American women's sexuality are...
Strategy Reference library
Joshua Rovner
The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Military and Diplomatic History
...Their adaptations may be wise or foolish, but in either case they are likely to change the trajectory of war, making it difficult to sustain a coherent strategy throughout. A fundamental problem for strategists is that logical plans for linking means and ends are often confounded by interaction effects. Strategists need to think about the sequence of military actions needed to achieve some political goal, but enemy adaptation may throw that sequence completely out of whack. The situation is even more complicated when coalitions are involved. Unexpected...
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