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confusion worse confounded
Complete confusion, deriving from a usage by Milton in Paradise Lost (1667).

Nature and Nurture as an Enduring Tension in the History of Psychology Reference library
Hunter Honeycutt
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the History of Modern Psychology
...is neither a legitimate nor a constructive way of thinking about development. Instead, developmental analysis reveals that the terms commonly associated with nature (e.g., innate, genetic, hereditary, or instinctual) and nurture (environmental or learned) are so entwined and confounded (and often arbitrary) that their independent effects cannot be meaningfully discussed. The nature–nurture division oversimplifies developmental processes, takes too much for granted, and ultimately hinders scientific progress. Thus not only is there a lingering tension about...

Empire and Imperialism Reference library
Heather Streets, John E. Kicza, John P. Cann, Wim van den Doel, Aaron D. Whelchel, Patricia M. E. Lorcin, G. N. Uzoigwe, Erik Grimmer-Solem, Kirk W. Larsen, and Christopher A. Conte
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World
...related to “empire,” “imperialism” refers to the ideologies held within the dominant polity that support and encourage the creation of empires. It is, in other words, the force behind empire that translates expansionist sentiment into action. “Imperialism” is frequently confounded with “colonialism,” but in fact the two terms are not synonymous. Rather, “colonialism” refers not to the driving ideology behind empire, but to the policies and practices set in motion within imperial territories in order to maintain order and to realize economic and social...

United States of America Reference library
The Continuum Complete International Encyclopedia of Sexuality
...into which people could neatly be sorted. However, many scholars now consider gender and race as social constructions, based on social and political influences, rather than on biological characteristics (Irvine 1995 ; Simon 1996 ). Additionally, many research studies have confounded socioeconomic status with race. Shortcomings often encountered in sexuality research include the lack of historical context, cultural in-sensitivity, and generalizations or assumptions about gender (Burgess 1994 ). Various aspects of African-American women's sexuality are...
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