Archaeology in the Ancient Near East Reference library
Oxford Bible Atlas (4 ed.)
...which were stone‐lined hearths. There were also many burial pits. These dwellings are dated to the Natufian period which ended in about 8500 bce . The earliest remains from Jericho also belong to the Natufian culture. The Natufian period gave way to the Neolithic, more specifically the Pre‐Pottery Neolithic era, and at Jericho a settlement of round houses developed and was surrounded by a wall—the earliest The Near East: Principal Archaeological Sites ...
In the Beginning: The Earliest History Reference library
Michael D. Coogan
Oxford History of the Biblical World
...At its greatest extent Ain Ghazal covered over 12 hectares (30 acres), making it three times as large as its contemporary, Neolithic Jericho. The earliest settlement was relatively small, covering 2 hectares (5 acres), and half of the faunal remains recovered were of wild animals. Forty-five species are represented, reflecting the area's rich ecosystem, with gazelle the most frequently occurring. The Neolithic revolution had already begun at Ain Ghazal in the village's earliest years. Domesticated goats constituted half of the entire faunal...
Agricultural Origins and Their Consequences in Southwestern Asia Reference library
Alan Simmons
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Agriculture and the Environment
...revolution was in fact a relatively slow process, with its roots in the preceding cultural period. In particular, one of the last phases of the Epipaleolithic period, the Natufian, is important since it set much of the framework for the Neolithic period. The Natufian is divided into early and late phases. It is followed by two broad periods, the Pre-Pottery Neolithic (or PPN), and the Pottery Neolithic (or the PN, also sometimes called the Late Neolithic). These broad periods are subdivided, with the PPN divided into the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A, B, and C...
Prehistoric mythology of the Neolithic Reference library
The Oxford Companion to World Mythology
...it was one of the many examples of what has come to be known as the “Neolithic revolution.” “Revolution” is perhaps not the best word to attach to a process that was gradual rather than immediate. Still, the changes that occurred during the period in question ( 8000–3000 b.c.e. ) are comparable to other periods of radical change, such as the Industrial Revolution of the nineteenth century or the current technological revolution. What had happened in the Middle East by the end of the Neolithic was a radical change from a life based on hunting and gathering to...
Agricultural Dispersals in Mediterranean and Temperate Europe Reference library
Aurélie Salavert
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Agriculture and the Environment
...is one of the main components of Neolithic economy, associated with animal husbandry, potterymaking, and sedentary habitats in western Europe ( Price & Bar-Yosef, 2011 ). Often described as a revolution ( Childe, 1925 ), the Neolithic period appears today like a transitional phenomenon in the Near East, as well as in the diffusion of its economy to Europe. Agriculture did not arrive suddenly. It took around 3,000 years for domesticates to spread from the Aegean to Great Britain and Ireland. But even if it was not a revolution, the invention of agriculture and...
῾Ain Ghazal Reference library
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East
...London, 1986. Köhler-Rollefson, Ilse. “The Aftermath of the Levantine Neolithic Revolution in the Light of Ecological and Ethnographic Evidence.” Paléorient 14.1 (1988): 87–93. Köhler-Rollefson, Ilse , and Gary O. Rollefson . “The Impact of Neolithic Subsistence Strategies on the Environment: The Case of ῾Ain Ghazal, Jordan.” In Man's Role in the Shaping of the Eastern Mediterranean Landscape , edited by Sytze Bottema et al., pp. 3–14. Rotterdam, 1990. Mellaart, James . The Neolithic of the Near East . New York, 1975. Perrot, Jean. “ Les deux premières...
Early History of Animal Domestication in Southwest Asia Reference library
Benjamin S. Arbuckle
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Agriculture and the Environment
...Science , 72 , 1–9. Atici, A. L. (2011). Before the revolution: Epipaleolithic subsistence in the western Taurus Mountains, Turkey . BAR International Monograph Series 2251. Oxford, U.K.: Archaeopress. Atici, A. L. , Birch, S. E. P. , & Erdoğu, B. (2017). Spread of domestic animals across Neolithic western Anatolia: New zooarchaeological evidence from Uğurlu Höyük, the island of Gökçeada, Turkey. PLOS One , 12 , e0186519. Baird, D. (2012). The late Epipaleolithic, Neolithic and Chalcolithic of the Anatolian Plateau, 13,000–4000 BC. In D....
earthenware pottery Reference library
Peter Tomkins
The Oxford Companion to Cheese
...of the Neolithic (ca. 9–11,000 b.c.e. ). Unfortunately, however, the fact that these earliest farming groups only used organic containers means that we cannot use pottery to test this hypothesis. It is nevertheless suggestive that as soon as pottery first appears in the farming societies of the Near East and southeastern Europe (ca. 7300–6000 b.c.e. ) it provides direct evidence, in the form of milk residues, for dairying practices, which in all probability means cheesemaking. In addition the presence of milk lipids in early Neolithic pottery from...
The Agriculture of Early India Reference library
Charlene Murphy and Dorian Q. Fuller
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Agriculture and the Environment
...origins on the Indian subcontinent. (EH) Eastern Early Harappan, (GN) Ganges Neolithic, (ON) Orissa Neolithic, (SC) Sorath Chalcolithic and Banas Culture, (NDC) North Deccan Chalcolithic, (SN) Southern Neolithic and (KGM) Kili Ghul Mohammad. Sites. Regions of plausible crop domestication: (1) South Deccan, (2) Middle Ganges and/or Vindhyas, (3) Upper Mahanadi, (4) Foothills of the Indo-Gangetic Divide, (5) Saurashtra or Southern Aravallis. Zones of early farming Neolithic/Chalcolithic culture areas: 1. Lahuradewa 2. Mehrgarh 3. Kunal 4. Tigrana 5. Senuwar...
Agriculture Reference library
Encyclopedia of Evolution
...the growth of a suite of preferred plants. Gradually, they began to clear land of competing plants, plant seeds, and weed, and, importantly, began to select which seeds would produce the next generations of plants. V. Gordon Childe ( 1953 ) labeled this change the “Neolithic Revolution.” Over the succeeding 8,000 years, an instant in human evolutionary history, the process would be repeated independently in Southeast Asia, Mesoamerica, Africa, South America, and North America. The adoption of agriculture has been one of the dominant subjects in...
Ukraine Quick reference
A Dictionary of World History (3 ed.)
...crops. As the coal mining and much of the heavy industry are currently controlled by separatists, further strain has been placed on what was already a poorly performing economy. In January 2016, a free trade area was established with the EU. History Originally inhabited by Neolithic settlers in the Dnieper and Dniester valleys, Ukraine was overrun by numerous invaders before Varangian adventurers founded a powerful Slav kingdom based on Kiev in the 9th century. Mongol conquest in the 13th century was followed in the 14th century by Lithuanian overlordship...
Barley in Archaeology and Early History Reference library
Simone Riehl
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Agriculture and the Environment
... Watkins, T. (2008). Supra-regional networks in the Neolithic of Southwest Asia . Journal of World Prehistory, 21 (2), 139–171. Watkins, T. (2010). New light on Neolithic revolution in south-west Asia. Antiquity, 84 , 621–634. Watkins, T. (2013). Neolithisation needs evolution, as evolution needs neolithisation. Neolithics , 2 , 5–10. Weide, A. , Riehl, S. , Zeidi, M. , & Conard, N. J. (2015). Using new morphological criteria to identify domesticated emmer wheat at the aceramic Neolithic site of Chogha Golan (Iran) . Journal of...
Granaries and Silos Reference library
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East
...and proper ventilation. Examples can be found throughout the former Roman Empire in cities, at harbors, and at military installations ( Rickman , 1980 ). Subterranean facilities were publicly and privately owned. This type of storage facility dates back to the time of the Neolithic revolution. Some of the earliest grain-storage pits have been discovered at Maghzaliyeh (Iraq) dating to the seventh millennium bce (Huot, 1992 , p. 189). Plastered subterranean granaries have been found at Gezer in Iron Age I and Middle Bronze IIA levels. The stone-lined,...
Hasanlu Reference library
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East
...Archaeological remains show an Urartian occupation of Hasanlu in the late eighth to seventh century bce . Archaeologically, the best-known period of occupation at Hasanlu is the Iron Age (periods V–III), but earlier periods have also been documented, extending back to the Late Neolithic (Hasanlu X, or the Hajji Firuz period; see Dyson, 1983 ). Hasanlu V begins in the second half of the second millennium bce ; period IV, dating from the end of the second millennium to the end of the ninth century bce is richly documented because it was destroyed by fire...
Prehistory Reference library
Marcia‐Anne Dobres
The Oxford Encyclopedia Women in World History
...of gendered divisions of labor were probably practiced across the Old World, there is no reason to assume that such divisions were based on a binary (heterosexual) model. In all likelihood at least some such cultures enjoyed third and fourth genders. Nor can we Neolithic Burial. Remains of a Neolithic woman discovered at Cys-la-Commune, Aisne, accompanied by ornaments attesting to her wealth, including sandstone and limestone bracelets and a necklace of small limestone disks and large cylindrical beads made from shell, c. 4500 b.c.e. Musée des Antiquités...
Central Asia Reference library
Jeannine David‐Kimball and Shoshana Keller
The Oxford Encyclopedia Women in World History
...increased grain consumption. It can be deduced from this information that women milked the sheep, making cheeses for consumption immediately and later in the year, and that those not giving birth or caring for infants gathered wild edibles. Neolithic Period in Central Asia. During the Neolithic Revolution, in addition to pastoralism, agriculture developed c. 6000 b.c.e . as a second economic base in the southern Turkmenistan Djeitun culture. Houses were constructed of daubed and painted clay brick and averaged 20 to 30 square meters (215 to 323...
Nile Reference library
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt
...than habitation sites, it is still uncertain whether, in addition to residual fisher and gathering groups, there may also have been distinct groups favoring farming activities or pastoralism. In both the Faiyum and Nile Valley, therefore, it is plausible that there was no “Neolithic Revolution.” Instead, it is possible that several groups of people with different ecological adaptations utilized the larger system represented by the Egyptian Nile, emphasizing complementary or only partially overlapping econiches. Alternatively, their economies may have been...
Agriculture Reference library
Cornelia Butler Flora, Pam J. Crabtree, Carolyn E. Sachs, and Christine D. Worobec
The Oxford Encyclopedia Women in World History
...demanding, aspects of maize cultivation and distribution. Similar studies are also being carried out in the Old World. For example, in her 2002 volume Sexual Revolutions: Gender and Labor at the Dawn of Agriculture , Jane Peterson discusses the evidence of human skeletal remains from Natufian and Neolithic sites in the southern Levant and how this may help us understand the pre‐Neolithic sexual division of labor and the ways in which it may have changed with the adoption of agriculture. Her data suggest some sexual division of labor during the...
Consequences of Agriculture in Mesopotamia, Anatolia, and the Levant Reference library
John M. Marston
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Agriculture and the Environment
...centuries bc ). Irrigation and Drainage Systems, 14 (4), 301–324. Bandy, M. S. (2005). New World settlement evidence for a two-stage Neolithic Demographic Transition. Current Anthropology, 46 (S5), S109–S115. Barker, G. W. (2002). A tale of two deserts: Contrasting desertification histories on Rome’s desert frontiers . World Archaeology, 33 (3), 488–507. Barker, G. W. (2009). The agricultural revolution in prehistory: Why did foragers become farmers? Oxford: Oxford University Press. Barker, G. W. , Adams, R. , Creighton, O. H. , Gilbertson...
Agriculture Reference library
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East
...Braidwood's expedition to Jarmo in Iraq began a systematic gathering of botanical evidence for plant domestication (Braidwood, 1960 ). [See Jarmo .] The transition from the foraging cultures of the late Epipaleolithic ( c. 11,000–9000 bce ) to the farming cultures of the Neolithic ( c. 9000–5000 bce ) is documented by vegetal and animal remains recovered in excavations, by artifacts—prehistoric tools and facilities—and by human skeletal remains. Village life preceded farming. At sites such as Hayonim, Mureybet, and Abu Hureyra in the southern Levant and...
