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Archaeology Reference library
Kevin Greene
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World
...human populations are bound up with effective exploitation of the biosphere. Studies of pollen, plant remains, and the bones of animals and humans reflect significant shifts in food sources, notably the transition from hunting and gathering to farming (sometimes called the Neolithic Revolution). Biomolecular analysis of bones and other organic remains is providing new knowledge about diet and health, and ancient DNA is shedding new light on the domestication of plants and animals and on human migrations. Scientific analysis has also stimulated experimental...
Malaria Reference library
James L. A. Webb
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World
...Other hemoglobin mutations, such as thalassemia and sickle cell, offered protection against falciparum, but they exacted a heavy cost. Following the expansion of Homo sapiens from Africa into Eurasia, malaria became more broadly distributed. In the aftermath of the Neolithic agricultural revolutions, malarial infections became more prevalent, as human population densities increased. Across the Eurasian landmass, vivax was probably the most common and was particularly dominant to the north of the subtropics, owing to the warmer temperatures required by the...
Hunter-Gatherers Reference library
Thomas Widlok and Thomas Widlok
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World
... I, the Aboriginal by Douglas Lockwood (London: Cassell, 1963 ). Social Change. Given the diversity of social relations within the category of hunter-gatherer society it is likely that a number of fundamental social transformations were not triggered by the so-called neolithic revolution—the introduction of animal husbandry and agriculture—but occur within the forager spectrum. This applies to socioeconomic changes from a system based on what are called “immediate returns” (as in daily gathering or hunting trips) to a system that provides the social...
Drugs and Narcotics Reference library
Patricia Barton, Patricia Barton, Monica Rankin, Kathryn Meyer, Patricia Barton, Patricia Barton, Monica Rankin, and Joseph J. Hobbs
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World
...uses in Anatolia. His Bronze Age culture anthropomorphized the poppy, dedicating it to the god of dreams, Morpheus. The earliest geographic range of cannabis ( Cannabis indica , C. sativa ) is uncertain, but the plant's euphoric properties were apparently known as early as the Neolithic Age in Europe, and cannabis usage is documented in the ancient civilizations of Mesopotamia and the Indus River Valley. Some authorities believe cannabis was the divine soma plant of the Aryan culture in India and Central Asia. The stimulant khat ( Catha edulis ) is widely...
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