Ancient Trade Routes Reference library
Oxford Bible Atlas (4 ed.)
...important was his establishment of a fleet of ships at Ezion‐geber at the northern end of the Gulf of Aqaba, with access to the Red Sea. This was achieved in partnership with Hiram of Tyre ( 1 Kgs. 9: 26–8 ). The significance of this must be seen in conjunction with the much misrepresented story of the visit of the Queen of Sheba from south Arabia. For all her apparent interest in Solomon's wisdom, it is perhaps his commercial wisdom which was particularly attractive and the primary purpose of the relationship was probably trade. She came bearing gold and...
Psalms Reference library
C. S. Rodd and C. S. Rodd
The Oxford Bible Commentary
...Psalter ( e. 14) is an indication that some, perhaps all, of the psalms are self-conscious poetic creations. Certainly an awareness of the skill of the poet will add to our appreciation of the psalms. There is, nevertheless, a danger that modern conventions and fashions will misrepresent the intentions and art of the poet. Once again we are faced with the ‘then’ and the ‘now’, and every literary approach needs to be tempered with a sense of the historical. 14. It will be seen that the demands made upon the commentary writer are immense. Certainly it is quite...
Signaling in Foreign Policy Reference library
Erik A. Gartzke, Shannon Carcelli, J Andres Gannon, and Jiakun Jack Zhang
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Foreign Policy Analysis
...interest and academic study. Because most foreign policy outcomes depend on the strategic interaction of multiple actors, the behavior of one actor depends on their expectations about the intent and capabilities of others. But in both zero-sum interactions, such as bargaining over territory, or nonzero-sum interactions, such as negotiating a trade agreement, actors face problems of incomplete information and credible commitment because they each have incentives to misrepresent their own capabilities and resolve while communicating with other players to get a...
The Empirical Promise of Game Theory Reference library
Alexandre Debs
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Empirical International Relations Theory
...dimensions of proliferation by placing it in its strategic context, that is, by looking not only at the incentives of would-be proliferators, but at the interaction of the potential proliferator, its enemies and allies. Game theory is especially well suited to analyze such scenarios. 26 Methodologically, we may also want to combine such a strategic analysis with qualitative evidence. Few states seriously considered a nuclear-weapons option. It would be particularly helpful to understand the strategic situation of actual proliferators, and compare them...
Negotiation in Foreign Policy Reference library
Kristopher W. Ramsay
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Foreign Policy Analysis
...share of the territory by misrepresenting itself as the high-demanding type and say country 1 can take no more than x for itself. Moreover, since war never happened, country 1 would never know if country 2 would fight had it made the larger demand. As a result of this incentive to misrepresent , the two (or possibly more) countries cannot easily resolve their uncertainty without some costly actions or without accounting for some larger part of the bargaining context. Therefore, in this basic framework, the incentive to misrepresent ensures that the...
Empirical Evidence for Empirical International Relations Theorizing: Tests of Epistemological Assumptions With Data Reference library
Brian C. Rathbun
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Empirical International Relations Theory
...against costs in a utilitarian fashion. In this way, Lake and Powell’s ( 1999 ) “strategic choice” approach fits hand and glove with Bueno de Mesquita’s ( 2014 ) “selectorate” theory of politics. The latter’s framework draws heavily on Fearon’s ( 1994 ) insights about how domestic institutions affect the ability of states to signal their interests and Fearon’s ( 1995 ) argument that war results from commitment and uncertainty problems given state incentives to misrepresent their true preferences. Economic libertarians have a particular set of prescriptive...
Theories of Civil War Onset: Promises and Pitfalls Reference library
Adrian Florea
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Empirical International Relations Theory
...Information asymmetries occur because opponents have rational incentives to misrepresent information about capabilities and resolve. Walter ( 2009 , p. 246) held that information asymmetries are particularly acute in civil war situations for at least two reasons: (a) Because rebels operate clandestinely, governments often have trouble monitoring their capabilities and strategies; (b) Because insurgents are generally weaker than the government, they have strong incentives to misrepresent their military prowess and determination to fight in order to bolster their...
Vietnam War Reference library
The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History (2 ed.)
...War The Vietnam War was the longest and arguably the most divisive Australian military involvement in our history. It is also the least understood, and the most misrepresented. Australia had recognised the French-created government of Bao Dai in February 1950 , on the same day as the United States, and in the later 1950s had declared support for the regime of Ngo Dinh Diem , at American behest. Support for South Vietnam, and involvement in the Laotian crisis of 1961 , were part of Australia's broader commitment to the policy of containment of...
Spatial and Temporal Interdependence Reference library
Michael Colaresi and Jude C. Hays
The International Studies Encyclopedia
...advantages, and make war-of-attrition (strategic delay or inaction) dynamics likely. Conversely, negative externalities create strategic complementarity, with policies moving in the same direction, yielding early-mover advantages and competitive races. Diffusion and other forms of interdependence are substantively central to the study of international relations. In international political economy, economic globalization implies both strategic and nonstrategic interdependence of domestic politics, policy makers, and policies. In conflict studies,...
Managerial Supervision Reference library
John E. Tropman
Encyclopedia of Macro Social Work
...ahead of time. Good supervisors typically have the interests of their supervisees at heart. They have learned about the staircase of competence, and they provide encouragement to supervisees to keep moving, in what is called strategic supervision: expanding competence now with an eye toward moving to the next level. Strategic supervision is like the strategy in eight-ball pool. An easy shot is OK, but the better shot is to sink a target ball so that the cue ball is positioned for the next shot. There is always a here-and-now goal and a then-and-there...
Prospective Memory and Cognitive Aging Reference library
Simon J. Haines, Jill Talley Shelton, Julie D. Henry, Gill Terrett, Thomas Vorwerk, and Peter G. Rendell
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Psychology and Aging
...opportunity in a similar manner as healthy older adults—but not implementing the intention as effectively. It is also possible traditional measures of strategic monitoring (i.e., ongoing task cost) could be tapping into other, unspecified processes, thus misrepresenting potential AD-related changes in monitoring behavior. Future research could explore alternative, more direct measures of strategic monitoring (e.g., eye-tracking methods; Shelton & Christopher, 2016 ). Parkinson’s Disease. Prospective memory deficits have also been found with individuals...
Aging and Cognitive Skill Learning Reference library
Jack Kuhns and Dayna R. Touron
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Psychology and Aging
... Touron, D. R. , & Hertzog, C. (2004a). Distinguishing age differences in knowledge, strategy use, and confidence during strategic skill acquisition . Psychology and Aging , 19 (3), 452–466. Touron, D. R. , & Hertzog, C. (2004b). Strategy shift affordance and strategy choice in young and older adults . Memory & Cognition , 32 (2), 298–310. Touron, D. R. , & Hertzog, C. (2009). Age differences in strategic behavior during a computation-based skill acquisition task . Psychology and Aging , 24 (3), 574–585. Touron, D. R. , Hoyer, W...
Terrorism Reference library
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World
...a prominent feature of Islamic literature on jihād (religiously sanctioned warfare). In warfare, necessity might justify putting noncombatants at risk, but harm to innocents should neither be intentional nor excessive. Thus, phrases such as “Islamic terrorism” significantly misrepresent the religious roots of violence committed by Muslims. Nationalist Rationales for Terrorist Acts. Since World War II, the Middle East has become infamous as a cockpit for terrorism, although many of the perpetrators have not purported to act in the name of Islam. Arguably, the...
Foreign Policy and the Social Construction of State Identity Reference library
Paul A. Kowert
The International Studies Encyclopedia
...and global leadership. Other constructivists have examined the effects of identity on the state’s general diplomatic and strategic orientation. Johnston’s ( 1995 ) careful cultural history of Ming-era China shows, for example, that although China embraced a broadly realist strategic orientation, it did so for its own distinctive reasons, and in its own distinctive fashion. Germany and Japan embraced radically different strategic orientations after World War II (different both from their prewar orientations and from each other), and are also the object of...
Empirical Analyses of Deterrence Reference library
Stephen L. Quackenbush
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Empirical International Relations Theory
...predictions. A very different approach to bridging the formal-quantitative divide is taken by Signorino and Tarar ( 2006 ) , who utilize a strategic probit model to produce a unified theory and test of extended immediate deterrence. Strategic probit provides a method for integrating the theoretical and empirical models, while accounting for nonmonotonic influences of independent variables resulting from strategic interaction. This is a promising avenue for future studies of deterrence. Collectively, these efforts have gone a long way toward bridging the divide...
Christianity and Islam Reference library
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World
...or not, the colonial and imperial designs of their home countries. How far this generalization is true is a moot point. The question is whether study of a culture and religion by an external observer should be entirely rejected because of a certain inevitable degree of misrepresentation. Christian scholars, on the other hand, have regretted that few Muslims have attempted to create an Islamic “occidentalism” (Watt, p. 116). Of course, these Christian scholars intend that such work follow methods of modern—that is, Western—critical scholarship to balance the...
Nigeria Reference library
Encyclopedia of Africa
...merchants acting in that de facto capacity) and local rulers, or conquest. Violence and trickery were essential to both approaches, since many customary rulers were assured of tragic consequences if they refused to sign. Evidence abounds, too, that the British officials often misrepresented the letter and import of the treaties, while exaggerating reports about impending threats from neighboring communities. Trading concerns played an extensive role in the formal colonial subjugation of Nigeria. Faced with strong French competition in the North in the 1870s, a...
Conceptual Art Reference library
Jacob Stewart-Halevy, Michael Baldwin, Charles Harrison, Mel Ramsden, Mary Kelly, and Yair Guttmann
Encyclopedia of Aesthetics (2 ed.)
...in which a direct lineage is traced from Marcel Duchamp, through Jasper Johns, with Ad Reinhardt as an optional supplement. In such accounts, conceptual art needs to be made to be that which is derivable from Duchamp, Johns, or whomever. This historicizing process necessarily misrepresents both conceptual art’s actual historical and cultural contingency and the diffuseness of reasons according to which conceptual art was produced. We turn to the question of what is it that the category “conceptual art” serves usefully to distinguish? Our answer is that it serves...
Designing Research for Meaningful Results in Educational Leadership Reference library
Karen Moran Jackson and Ric Brown
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Educational Administration
...In another example, the new hypothesis may be presented in tandem with the old hypothesis, as if the new was included a priori as well. While both are seen as problematic, the former is considered a more extreme form of HARKing as it hides a nonsignificant finding and misrepresents the original intent of the data collection and analysis. Whether a hypothesis was generated before or after data analysis influences its interpretation and goes against the premise of null hypothesis significance testing. This is because of the basic principle that data used...
Global Community Practice Reference library
Manohar Pawar and Marie Weil
Encyclopedia of Macro Social Work
...world: Towards culturally relevant education and practice . Ashgate. Gray, M. , & Webb, S. A. (2007). Ethics and value perspectives in social work . Palgrave Macmillan. Gray, M. , & Webb, S. A. (2014). The making of civil society politics in social work: Myth and misrepresentation in the Global Agenda. International Social Work , 57 (4), 346–359. Haug, E. (2005). Critical reflections on the emerging discourse of international social work. International Social Work , 48 (2), 126–135. Hayes, M. , & Nardulli, P. F. (2011). SPEED’s Societal Stability...
