Values of phonetic symbols used in the Companion
Values of phonetic symbols used in the Companion
a | a as in ScoE pat and Parisian French patte |
aɪ | y and i-e as in RP and AmE try, write |
aʊ | ou and ow as in RP and AmE noun, now |
ɑ | a as in RP fɑther; a and o as in AmE fɑther, bother |
ɒ | a and o as in RP wash, odd |
æ | a as in traditional RP and in AmE cat, trap |
b | b as in back; bb as in rubber |
ç | ch as in German ich; h as in Japanese hito; occasionally, h as in hue |
d | d as in day; dd as in rudder |
dʒ | j and dge as in judge, and ge as in George; j as in Hindi raj |
ð | th as in this, other; d as in Spanish nada |
e | ay as in ScoE day; é as in French thé; e as in Italian pesca (fishing) |
eɪ | ay, a-e, and ea as in RP and AmE day, face, steak |
ə | [the schwa or neutral vowel] a as in about, sofa, e as in hyphen, o as in reckon (ect.) |
əʊ | o and oa as in RP go, goat |
ɛ | e as in get, German Bett, and Italian pesca (peach) |
ɛə | ai and a-e as in RP fair, square |
ʔ | e, i, o, u as in RP and AmE her, stir, word, nurse |
f | f as in few; ff as in puff |
g | g as in got; gg as in bigger |
h | h as in hot |
i | e as in he, ee as in see; i as in Spanish and French si; ie as in German sie |
ɪ | i as in ship and in German Schiff |
ɪə | ea and e-e as in RP hear, here |
j | y as in yet; j as in German ja |
k | c as in car; k as in key; ck as in clock; kk as in trekked; qu as in quay |
l | [clear l] l as in RP lip |
ḻ | [dark l] l as in RP all; as commonly in ScoE all, lip, hilly |
ɬ | ll as in Welsh Llanelli |
m | m as in much; mm as in hammer |
n | n as in now; nn as in runner |
ŋ | ng as in RP and AmE sing; n as in Spanish cinco |
o | o as in ScoE no, in advanced RP force, and in Italian dove; eau as in French beau; oh as in German wohl |
oʊ | o and oa as in AmE go, goat |
ø | eu as in French peu; ö as in German schön |
œ | eu as in French veuve; ö as in German zwölf |
ɔ | o as in north and in German Sonne; a as in war |
ɔɪ | oi and oy as in noise, toy |
p | p as in pen; pp as in pepper |
r | generally, r as in round and rr as in sorry (however pronounced); strictly, the rolled r of traditional ScoE, and of Spanish and Italian |
ˈR | uvular r as in Parisian French rue and the Northumbrian burr |
s | s as in see; ss as in missed |
ʃ | sh as in ship; ssi as in mission; ti as in motion; ch as in French chose; sch as in German Schiff |
t | t as in ten; tt as in RP written |
tʃ | ch as in church; tch as in latch; c as in Italian cello, ciao; tsch as in German Deutsch |
θ | th as in three, heath, and Greek thésis; c and z as in Castilian Spanish cerveza |
υ | u as in lunar and oo as in RP pool; u as in Italian subito and German gut; ou as in French tout |
ūī | ui, ou (etc.) in Scots puir (poor) and doun/doon (down), and as in Norwegian hus |
ʊ | oo and u as in RP and AmE foot and put |
ʊə | u and u-e as in RP pure |
v | v as in very and in French vrai; w as in German wohl |
ʌ | u, oo, and o-e as in RP and ScoE bud, blood, love |
w | w as in will; ou as in French oui |
hw | wh as in ScoE and IrE when, white |
x | ch as in ScoE and German ach; j and g as in Spanish jabón and gente |
y | u-e as in French lune; ü as in German über |
γ | g as in Spanish luego |
z | z as in zeal and French zèle; s as in position; ss as in scissors |
ʒ | s as in decision and measure; j and g as in French Jacques and rouge |
? | [glottal stop] tt as in Cockney and Glasgow pronunciations of better butter, and as a phoneme in Arabic and Hawaiian |
ː | [the length mark] used to indicate a long vowel, as in /uː/, in RP loose, truce |
˜ | [the tilde] set over a symbol to indicate nasality |
