Napoleonic era

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Timeline: Napoleonic era

Years: 1797 - 1847	Subject: History, modern history (1700 to 1945)
Publisher: HistoryWorld	Online Publication Date: 2012
Current online version: 2012	eISBN: 9780191737985

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BCE CE

Year	Event
1797	On 18 Fructidor (September 4) Napoleon organizes, from a distance, a coup d'étât in Paris on behalf of three of the Directors Go to Napoleon I (1769–1821) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century French Revolution Europe France Wars and Revolutions Napoleon achieves the peace of Campo Formio, by which Austria cedes the Austrian Netherlands and northern Italy to France Go to French Revolutionary Wars (1792–1802) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century French Revolutionary Wars Austrian empire Habsburgs Politics Conquest and colonization War Europe Austria Empires Wars and Revolutions By the Treaty of Campo Formio the free republic of Venice, created by Napoleon, is handed over to Austrian rule Go to French Revolutionary Wars (1792–1802) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century French Revolutionary Wars Austrian empire Habsburgs Politics Conquest and colonization War Venice Europe Austria Italy Empires Wars and Revolutions
1798	Napoleon's campaign in Egypt begins well with the Battle of the Pyramids, a victory over an Egyptian army Go to Pyramids, Battle of the (21 July 1798) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century French Revolutionary Wars War Battles Africa North Africa Egypt Wars and Revolutions
1799	Napoleon's soldiers discover a black basalt slab, the Rosetta Stone, near the village of Rashid in Egypt Go to Rosetta stone in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Science Africa North Africa Egypt Napoleon leads a costly, unsuccessful and plague-ridden expedition against the Turkish garrisons in Syria Go to French Revolutionary Wars (1792–1802) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century War Turks Lebanon and Syria Napoleon, in Syria, orders 3000 captured defenders of Jaffa to be killed by bayonet or drowning to save ammunition Go to French Revolutionary Wars (1792–1802) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century French Revolutionary Wars War Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel Wars and Revolutions In a famous moment of calculated courage Napoleon visits and touches the sick in a plague hospital in Jaffa Go to French Revolutionary Wars (1792–1802) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Social and domestic Palestine and Israel Society Napoleon abandons his army in Egypt and returns hastily to Paris at a time of great political opportunity Go to Napoleon I (1769–1821) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century French Revolution French Revolutionary Wars Politics Dynasties and royalty War Africa North Africa Egypt Europe France Wars and Revolutions Napoleon contrives a military coup that ends the Directory and gives him sweeping powers as First Consul Go to Napoleon I (1769–1821) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century French Revolution French Revolutionary Wars Napoleonic Wars Politics Dynasties and royalty War Europe France Wars and Revolutions
1800	Napoleon appoints a commission to prepare a code of civil law, which becomes known as the Code Napoléon Go to Code Napoléon in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century 19th century Europe France Napoleon takes a French army through the Alps before the snows have cleared, and defeats the Austrians at Marengo Go to Marengo, Battle of in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century French Revolutionary Wars Napoleonic Wars 19th century War Battles Europe France Italy Wars and Revolutions
1801	Horatio Nelson puts his telescope to his blind eye when the signal is given to withdraw from Copenhagen harbour Go to Nelson, Admiral Horatio (1758–1805) [Hist.] in The Oxford Dictionary of Reference and Allusion (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: French Revolutionary Wars 19th century War Battles Europe Denmark Wars and Revolutions Napoleon mends France's fences with Roman Catholicism by agreeing a Concordat with Pope Pius VII Go to Pius VII (1742–1823) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Religion Christianity Papacy Europe France Italy Both France and Britain, engaged against each other in the Napoleonic Wars, take the first census of their populations Go to Census Act (1800) in The Oxford Companion to British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Britain 1750-1900 Social and domestic Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe France Society Britain Bonaparte Crossing the Alps (in 1800) is the first of several paintings by Jacques-Louis David celebrating the future emperor Go to David, Jacques Louis (1748–1825) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Arts Painting French painting French art Europe France
1802	The treaty agreed at Amiens between France and Britain brings a welcome lull after ten years of warfare in Europe Go to Amiens, treaty of (1802) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: French Revolutionary Wars Napoleonic Wars 19th century Britain 1750-1900 Politics War Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe France Wars and Revolutions Britain Josephine's daughter, Hortense de Beauharnais, marries Napoleon's brother Louis Bonaparte Go to Beauharnais, Hortense Eugénie de (10 April 1783) in The Oxford Companion to Music (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Europe France The Constitution of the Year XII (the twelfth year of the French Revolutionary Calendar) makes Napoleon First Consul for life Go to First Consul in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Europe France
1803	The peace of Amiens comes to an abrupt end when Britain declares war again on France Go to Amiens, treaty of (1802) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Napoleonic Wars 19th century Britain 1750-1900 Politics War Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe France Wars and Revolutions Britain Napoleon assembles an invasion fleet against Britain, where Martello towers are hastily built in preparation Go to Martello towers in The Oxford Companion to Family and Local History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Napoleonic Wars 19th century War Europe France Wars and Revolutions In the Louisiana Purchase, Jefferson buys from Napoleon nearly a million square miles at a knock-down price, doubling the size of the USA Go to Louisiana Purchase (1803) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics US presidents Rulers and politicians North America United States
1804	Napoleon sends an ill-judged message to royalist opponents when he orders the seizure and execution of the young duke of Enghien Go to Enghien, Louis‐Antoine‐Henri de Bourbon, ducd' (1772–1804) in The New Oxford Companion to Literature in French (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Europe France Napoleon has himself proclaimed emperor of France by the Senate Go to Napoleon I (1769–1821) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Dynasties and royalty Europe France Beethoven changes the dedication of his third symphony on hearing that his hero, Napoleon, has made himself an emperor Go to Eroica Symphony in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Music (5 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Performing arts Music Germany Napoleon crowns himself emperor of the French in a magnificent ceremony in Notre Dame Go to Napoleon I (1769–1821) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Napoleonic Wars 19th century Politics Dynasties and royalty War Europe France Wars and Revolutions
1805	Napoleon has himself crowned king of Italy in the cathedral in Milan Go to Napoleon I (1769–1821) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Napoleonic Wars 19th century Politics Dynasties and royalty War Europe Italy Wars and Revolutions Horatio Nelson dies on the deck of the Victory after winning the battle of Trafalgar Go to Nelson, Horatio, Viscount Nelson, Duke of Bronte (1758–1805) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Napoleonic Wars 19th century War Battles Europe Spain Wars and Revolutions Napoleon enters Vienna and then defeats an Austrian and Russian army at Austerlitz Go to Austerlitz, Battle of (1805) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Napoleonic Wars 19th century Austrian empire Habsburgs War Battles Austria Empires Wars and Revolutions
1806	Francis II formally brings to an end the 1000-year-old Holy Roman Empire, to keep it from the clutches of Napoleon Go to Francis II (1768–1835) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Holy Roman empire 19th century Austrian empire Habsburgs Politics Dynasties and royalty Austria Empires Napoleon announces that Holland is to be a kingdom, with his 28-year-old brother Louis Bonaparte on the throne Go to Bonaparte, Louis (1778–1846) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Dynasties and royalty Europe France Netherlands The Carbonari, an Italian group of revolutionaries, make their first appearance in Naples in opposition to French rule Go to Carbonari in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Protest and rebellion Europe Italy Napoleon merges the majority of the German states into a Confederation of the Rhine with himself as its protector Go to Confederation of the Rhine (1806–13) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Germany Napoleon imposes his Continental System, designed to strangle Britain's trade Go to Continental System in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Napoleonic Wars 19th century Britain 1750-1900 Commerce and industry War Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe France Society Wars and Revolutions Britain
1807	To counteract Napoleon's Continental System, Britain passes orders in council penalizing any vessel trading into French-held ports Go to Continental System in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Napoleonic Wars 19th century Britain 1750-1900 Commerce and industry War Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe France Society Wars and Revolutions Britain Napoleon and the Russian tsar Alexander I meet on a raft at Tilsit and set about carving up Europe Go to Tilsit, Treaties of (7) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Napoleonic Wars 19th century Politics Conquest and colonization War European empires from 1415 Europe France Russia Empires Wars and Revolutions Part of Poland is recovered from Prussia to become the grand duchy of Warsaw, a small state dependent upon Napoleon Go to Tilsit, Treaties of (7) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Europe Germany Poland Napoleon launches an invasion of Portugal, increasing the likelihood of a Peninsular War Go to Peninsular War (1808–14) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Napoleonic Wars 19th century War Europe Portugal Wars and Revolutions The Portuguese royal family flees to Brazil on the approach of a French army led by Jean-Andoche Junot Go to John VI (1769–1826) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Napoleonic Wars 19th century Politics Dynasties and royalty War Europe Portugal Wars and Revolutions Latin America Brazil South America
1808	A French army under Joachim Murat advances on Madrid, causing the Spanish royal family to flee Go to Murat, Joachim (c. 1767–1815) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Napoleonic Wars 19th century Politics Dynasties and royalty War Europe Spain Wars and Revolutions Napoleon transfers his brother Joseph Bonaparte from the throne of Naples to that of Spain Go to Bonaparte, Joseph (1768–1844) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Napoleonic Wars 19th century Politics Dynasties and royalty War Europe Spain Wars and Revolutions Napoleon gives the throne of Naples, vacated by his brother Joseph, to Joachim Murat Go to Murat, Joachim (c. 1767–1815) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Napoleonic Wars 19th century Politics Dynasties and royalty War Europe Italy Wars and Revolutions Louis-Napoleon, the future Napoleon III, is born in Paris, the son of Napoleon's brother Louis and of Josephine's daughter Hortense Go to Napoleon III (1808–73) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Europe France The French capture of Madrid provokes a British response and the resulting Peninsular War Go to Peninsular War (1808–14) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Napoleonic Wars 19th century Britain 1750-1900 War Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 Europe Spain Wars and Revolutions Britain A British army under Arthur Wellesley (later duke of Wellington) defeats the French at Vimeiro, near Lisbon Go to Vimeiro, battle of (1808) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Napoleonic Wars 19th century War Battles Europe Portugal Wars and Revolutions
1809	British commander Arthur Wellesley builds the lines of Torres Vedras, to defend the promontory leading south to Lisbon Go to Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of (1769–1852) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Napoleonic Wars 19th century War Europe Portugal Wars and Revolutions Napoleon annexes the Papal States and is excommunicated by the pope, Pius VII Go to Pius VII (1742–1823) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Napoleonic Wars 19th century Politics Conquest and colonization Religion Christianity Papacy War Europe Italy Wars and Revolutions Napoleon, in response to his excommunication, has pope Pius VII arrested and kept in captivity in northern Italy and then France Go to Pius VII (1742–1823) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Napoleonic Wars 19th century Politics Religion Christianity War Europe Italy Wars and Revolutions Napoleon enters Vienna and defeats the Austrians in a battle at nearby Wagram Go to Wagram, Battle of (1809) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Napoleonic Wars 19th century War Battles Austria Wars and Revolutions Napoleon arranges to have his marriage to Josephine annulled so that he can marry the daughter of an emperor Go to Joséphine (1763–1814) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Dynasties and royalty Europe France John Moore dies at Corunna but his army escapes from Spain and gets back to England Go to Corunna, battle of (1809) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Napoleonic Wars 19th century War Europe Spain Wars and Revolutions
1810	Napoleon marries the Austrian archduchess Marie Louise, daughter of the emperor Francis I Go to Marie Louise (1791–1847) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Austrian empire Habsburgs Politics Dynasties and royalty Europe Austria France Empires The Spanish Cortes flees from the renewed French invasion and establishes itself in Cadiz Go to Spanish–South American Wars of Independence (1810–25) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Napoleonic Wars 19th century Politics War Europe Spain Wars and Revolutions A French marshal, Jean Bernadotte, is offered the position of crown prince and heir to the Swedish throne Go to Charles XIV (1763–1844) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Napoleonic Wars 19th century Politics Dynasties and royalty War Europe France Sweden Wars and Revolutions
1811	Marie Louise gives birth to a boy, Napoleon's longed-for heir, to be known as the King of Rome Go to Marie Louise (1791–1847) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Europe France
1812	Napoleon launches an attack on his ally, the Russian tsar Alexander I, with an army of more than 600,000 men Go to Alexander I (1777–1825) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Napoleonic Wars 19th century War Europe France Russia Wars and Revolutions The French author Stendhal serves in the French army during the invasion of Russia Go to Stendhal (1783–1842) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Europe France The Russian army under Marshal Kutuzov confronts the advancing French at Borodino, and though defeated makes a successful withdrawal Go to Kutuzov, Mikhail Ilarionovich, Prince of Smolensk (1745–1813) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Napoleonic Wars 19th century War Battles Europe Russia Wars and Revolutions After victory at Borodino, Napoleon enters Moscow to find the city abandoned and burning Go to Borodino, Battle of (7 September 1812) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Napoleonic Wars 19th century War Battles Europe Russia Wars and Revolutions Napoleon begins the retreat from Moscow, in arctic conditions and harried by guerrilla attacks Go to Napoleonic Wars (1803–15) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Napoleonic Wars 19th century War Europe Russia Wars and Revolutions Napoleon arrives back in Paris ahead of the remains of his army, after losing half a million men in the Russian campaign Go to Napoleonic Wars (1803–15) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Napoleonic Wars 19th century War Europe France Wars and Revolutions
1813	The king of Prussia, Frederick William III, changes sides and declares war on France Go to Frederick William III (1770–1840) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Napoleonic Wars 19th century War Europe France Germany Wars and Revolutions Wellington defeats Napoleon's brother Joseph at Vitoria, and captures his valuable baggage train Go to Vitoria, Battle of (21 June 1813) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Napoleonic Wars 19th century War Battles Europe Spain Wars and Revolutions In a treaty with Russia and Prussia at Reichenbach, Austria agrees to declare war on France Go to Napoleonic Wars (1803–15) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Napoleonic Wars 19th century Politics War Europe Wars and Revolutions Wellington crosses the Bidassoa river in the north of Spain, bringing an enemy army on to French soil for the first time in twenty years Go to Wellington, 1st Duke of in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Napoleonic Wars 19th century War Europe France Wars and Revolutions The allies inflict a heavy defeat on Napoleon at Leipzig, in the so-called Battle of the Nations Go to Leipzig, Battle of in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Napoleonic Wars 19th century War Battles Germany Wars and Revolutions
1814	The Russian emperor and the Prussian king take a salute in the Champs Elysées after the allies capture Paris Go to Napoleonic Wars (1803–15) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Napoleonic Wars 19th century War Europe France Wars and Revolutions Napoleon abdicates at Fontainebleau and the French senate invites Louis XVIII to return to reclaim his throne Go to Louis XVIII (1755–1824) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Napoleonic Wars 19th century Politics Dynasties and royalty War Europe France Wars and Revolutions Napoleon's first empress, Josephine, dies near Paris Go to Joséphine (1763–1814) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Europe France Napoleon goes into exile on the island of Elba, which he immediately treats as a miniature state in need of improvement Go to Elba in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Napoleonic Wars 19th century Politics Dynasties and royalty War Europe France Italy Wars and Revolutions The crowned heads of Europe and their representatives gather in Vienna to tidy up the post-Napoleonic continent Go to Vienna, Congress of in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Napoleonic Wars 19th century Politics War Austria Wars and Revolutions
1815	Napoleon slips away from Elba with a fleet of small vessels and lands on the coast of France Go to Napoleonic Wars (1803–15) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Napoleonic Wars 19th century Politics Dynasties and royalty War Europe France Wars and Revolutions Napoleon reaches Paris, already accompanied by an enthusiastic regiment that has joined him on his journey north Go to Hundred Days (1815) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Napoleonic Wars 19th century War Europe France Wars and Revolutions The English and Prussian generals Wellington and Blücher defeat Napoleon in a closely fought battle at Waterloo Go to Waterloo, Battle of (1815) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Napoleonic Wars 19th century War Battles Europe Belgium Netherlands Wars and Revolutions The first news of the victory at Waterloo is given to the British government by a private citizen, Nathan Mayer Rothschild Go to Rothschild in Brewer's Dictionary of London Phrase & Fable (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Napoleonic Wars 19th century Britain 1750-1900 War Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Wars and Revolutions Britain The rulers of Russia, Prussia and Austria form a Holy Alliance to preserve their concept of a Christian Europe Go to Holy Alliance (1815) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Napoleonic Wars 19th century Politics Religion Christianity War Europe Austria Germany Russia Wars and Revolutions Napoleon, held on a British warship off Torquay and hoping now to live in Britain, becomes an instant tourist attraction Go to Bellerophon, HMS in The Oxford Companion to Ships and the Sea (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Britain 1750-1900 Social and domestic Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe France Society Britain Wellington is presented with a twice-life-size nude marble statue, by Canova, of his vanquished enemy Napoleon Go to Canova, Antonio (1757–1822) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Britain 1750-1900 Arts Sculpture British art Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Britain Jacques-Louis David, unmistakably identified as Napoleon's painter, is banished from France after the fall of the emperor and moves to Brussels Go to David, Jacques Louis (1748–1825) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Arts Painting Flemish and Dutch painting French painting French art Europe Belgium France Napoleon is sent to a more secure place of exile, the rocky Atlantic island of St Helena Go to St Helena in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Napoleonic Wars 19th century Politics Dynasties and royalty War Africa South Africa Wars and Revolutions
1821	Napoleon dies on St Helena, after six years of captivity Go to Napoleon I (1769–1821) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Dynasties and royalty Africa South Africa
1832	Napoleon's son, known now as the Duke of Reichstadt, dies of tuberculosis in Vienna Go to Napoleon II (1811–32) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Europe France
1840	Napoleon's remains are brought to Paris for burial in Les Invalides, as the Napoleonic legend grows Go to Invalides, Les in The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Dynasties and royalty Europe France
1847	Napoleon's widow, the empress Marie Louise, now the duchess of Parma, dies in Parma Go to Marie Louise (1791–1847) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Italy

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date: 02 December 2023

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