US presidents

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Timeline: US presidents

Years: 1775 - 2011	Subject: Social sciences, Politics
Publisher: HistoryWorld	Online Publication Date: 2012
Current online version: 2012	eISBN: 9780191737718

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BCE CE

Year	Event
1775	Delegates in Philadelphia select George Washington as commander-in-chief of the colonial army Go to Washington, George (1732–99) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century American Revolution American Revolutionary War Politics Protest and rebellion War British colonial America European empires from 1415 Europe Empires Rulers and politicians Wars and Revolutions North America United States
1776	George Washington raises on Prospect Hill a new American flag, the British red ensign on a ground of thirteen stripes – one for each colony Go to Washington, George (1732–99) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century American Revolution American Revolutionary War Politics Protest and rebellion War British colonial America European empires from 1415 Europe Empires Rulers and politicians Wars and Revolutions North America United States Thomas Jefferson's text for the Declaration of Independence is accepted by the Congress in Philadelphia Go to Declaration of Independence in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century American Revolution American Revolutionary War Politics Democracy and dissent Protest and rebellion War British colonial America European empires from 1415 Europe Empires Rulers and politicians Wars and Revolutions North America United States
1785	French sculptor Jean Antoine Houdon crosses the Atlantic to sculpt a statue of George Washington from the life at Mount Vernon Go to Houdon, Jean-Antoine (25 Mar. 1741) in The Oxford Dictionary of Art and Artists (4 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Arts Sculpture American art French art Europe France Rulers and politicians North America United States
1787	Delegates meeting in Philadelphia agree a final draft for a US constitution, to be submitted to the states for ratification Go to Constitution of the United States in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century American Revolution Politics Democracy and dissent Rulers and politicians Wars and Revolutions North America United States
1788	The constitution of the United States is ratified by the states, but it is immediately agreed that amendments will be desirable Go to Constitution of the United States in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century American Revolution Politics Democracy and dissent Rulers and politicians Wars and Revolutions North America United States
1789	George Washington, unanimously elected first president of the United States, is inaugurated on Wall Street in New York Go to Washington, George (1732–99) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century American Revolution Politics Rulers and politicians Wars and Revolutions North America United States
1790	The Potomac is chosen as the navigable river on which the new US capital city will be sited Go to Potomac in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Politics Rulers and politicians North America United States
1791	The first ten amendments to the US Constitution, collectively known as the Bill of Rights, are ratified by the states Go to Bill of Rights in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Politics Democracy and dissent Rulers and politicians North America United States
1792	George Washington is unanimously elected for a second term as president of the USA Go to Washington, George in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Politics Rulers and politicians North America United States The first political parties, Hamilton's Federalists and Jefferson's Republicans, emerge in the USA Go to Democratic Republican Party in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Politics Democracy and dissent Rulers and politicians North America United States
1793	George Washington lays the cornerstone for the Congress building on Capitol Hill See this event in other timelines: 18th century Politics Rulers and politicians North America United States
1794	George Washington uses military force to assert government authority on rebels in Pennsylvania refusing to pay a federal tax on whisky Go to Whiskey Rebellion in The Oxford Essential Dictionary of the U.S. Military (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Politics Protest and rebellion Rulers and politicians North America United States
1796	George Washington selects the Cherokee Indians for an experiment in adaptation to 'civilization' Go to Cherokee in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Politics Conquest and colonization American Indians Rulers and politicians North America United States George Washington, resisting pressure for him to accept a third presidential term, delivers a farewell address to guide the nation's future Go to Washington's Farewell Address in The Oxford Guide to the United States Government (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Politics Rulers and politicians North America United States The election in the USA brings in a Federalist president (John Adams) and a Republican vice-president (Thomas Jefferson) Go to Adams, John (1735–1826) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Politics Rulers and politicians North America United States
1800	US president John Adams moves into the newly completed White House, named for its light grey limestone Go to White House in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century 19th century Architecture American architecture Rulers and politicians North America United States Republican Thomas Jefferson and Federalist Aaron Burr have an identical number of Electoral College votes in the US presidential election Go to Burr, Aaron (1756–1836) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century 19th century Politics Democracy and dissent Rulers and politicians North America United States
1801	The US House of Representatives votes for Jefferson as president, after a dead heat between him and Burr in the Electoral College Go to Jefferson, Thomas in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Rulers and politicians North America United States
1803	In the Louisiana Purchase, Jefferson buys from Napoleon nearly a million square miles at a knock-down price, doubling the size of the USA Go to Louisiana Purchase (1803) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Napoleonic era Politics Rulers and politicians North America United States
1807	Thomas Jefferson puts an embargo on US exports, hoping to damage the economy of France and Britain Go to Embargo Act (1807) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Commerce and industry Society Rulers and politicians North America United States
1808	Republican candidate James Madison wins the US presidential election, defeating Federalist Charles Cotesworth Pinckney Go to Madison, James (1751–1836) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Rulers and politicians North America United States
1812	Damage to US trade by British orders in council prompts war (the War of 1812) between the two nations Go to War of 1812 in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Britain 1750-1900 Politics Commerce and industry War Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Society Rulers and politicians Britain North America United States
1813	American forces push north into Canada and enter York (the modern Toronto), burning the parliament buildings and archives Go to War of 1812 in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century War Rulers and politicians North America Canada
1814	British forces enter Washington, burning the Capitol and the president's new house Go to War of 1812 in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century War Rulers and politicians North America United States Britain and the United States sign the Treaty of Ghent, ending the War of 1812 Go to Ghent, treaty of (1815) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Britain 1750-1900 Politics War Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Rulers and politicians Britain North America United States
1815	American volunteers under Andrew Jackson defeat British regulars near New Orleans, two weeks after peace has been agreed at Ghent Go to Jackson, Andrew (1767–1845) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century War Battles Rulers and politicians North America United States
1816	Republican candidate James Monroe wins the US presidential election by a wide margin Go to Monroe, James (1758–1831) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Rulers and politicians North America United States
1817	Andrew Jackson, attacking settlements in Spanish Florida, launches the first of three wars against the Seminole Indians See this event in other timelines: 19th century War American Indians Rulers and politicians North America United States
1818	The 49th parallel is agreed as the frontier between the USA and Canada Go to Oregon Boundary dispute (1843–46) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Rulers and politicians North America Canada United States
1819	Spain sells Florida to the USA for $5 million, in return for the waiving of any American claim to Texas Go to Florida in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics European empires from 1415 Europe Empires Rulers and politicians North America United States McCulloch v. Maryland defines the tax relationship between the US government and the states Go to Bank of the United States in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Rulers and politicians North America United States
1820	The Missouri Compromise, admitting Maine and Missouri to the union, keeps the balance between 'free' and 'slave' states in the US senate Go to Missouri Compromise (1820–21) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Slavery Society Rulers and politicians North America United States
1823	US president James Monroe warns European nations against interfering in America, in the policy which becomes known as the Monroe Doctrine Go to Monroe Doctrine in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Rulers and politicians North America United States
1824	The Republican party in the USA splits into National Republicans and Democratic Republicans Go to Republican Party (USA) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Democracy and dissent Rulers and politicians North America United States Leading only one half of the ruling Republican party, John Quincy Adams wins the US presidential election Go to Adams, John Quincy (1767–1848) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Rulers and politicians North America United States
1828	Adult white males now have the vote in almost all the states of the USA Go to suffrage in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Democracy and dissent Rulers and politicians North America United States Andrew Jackson, elected president of the USA, introduces the era known as Jacksonian democracy Go to Jackson, Andrew (1767–1845) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Democracy and dissent Rulers and politicians North America United States
1834	The opponents of US president Andrew Jackson, mockingly called King Andrew, become known as the Whig party Go to Whig Party in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Democracy and dissent Rulers and politicians North America United States
1836	The inhabitants of the Mexican province of Texas declare their independence as a new republic Go to Texas in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Protest and rebellion Rulers and politicians North America United States Martin van Buren, previously vice-president to Andrew Jackson, wins the US presidential election on the Democratic ticket Go to Van Buren, Martin (1782–1862) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Rulers and politicians North America United States
1840	William Henry Harrison wins the US presidential election as the Whig candidate, but dies 30 days after taking office Go to Harrison, William Henry (1773–1841) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Rulers and politicians North America United States
1841	On the sudden death of US president William Henry Harrison, from pneumonia, he is succeeded in the office by his vice-president John Tyler Go to Tyler, John (1790–1862) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Rulers and politicians North America United States
1844	James Polk pledges in his presidential campaign to include the self-proclaimed republic of Texas in the USA Go to Polk, James Knox in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Conquest and colonization Rulers and politicians North America United States Democratic candidate James Polk is elected president of the USA, defeating the Whig Henry Clay Go to Polk, James Knox in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Rulers and politicians North America United States
1846	The Oregon Treaty establishes the border between Canada and the USA along the 49th parallel to the Pacific Go to Oregon treaty (1846) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Rulers and politicians North America Canada United States
1848	In a three-cornered US presidential election Whig candidate Zachary Taylor defeats Democrat Lewis Cass and the Free-Soil party's Martin van Buren Go to Taylor, Zachary (1784–1850) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Rulers and politicians North America United States
1850	US president Zachary Taylor dies after a short illness and is succeeded by his vice-president, Millard Fillmore Go to Fillmore, Millard (1800–74) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Rulers and politicians North America United States
1852	Democratic candidate Franklin Pierce wins the US presidential election, defeating his Whig opponent Winfield Scott Go to Pierce, Franklin (1804–69) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Rulers and politicians North America United States
1854	An anti-slavery movement, formed in the USA to oppose the Kansas-Nebraska Act, adopts a resonant name, calling itself the Republican party Go to Kansas–Nebraska Act (1854) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Slavery Society Rulers and politicians North America United States US minister to Mexico James Gadsden secures a treaty by which the USA purchases from Mexico much of southern Arizona Go to Gadsden Purchase (1853–54) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Rulers and politicians Mexico North America United States
1856	Democrat candidate James Buchanan wins the US presidential election, defeating Republican John C Frémont Go to Buchanan, James (1791–1868) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Rulers and politicians North America United States
1860	Lincoln becomes the Republican presidential candidate, benefiting from a Democratic party split on the issue of slavery Go to Lincoln, Abraham (1809–65) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Democracy and dissent Slavery War American civil war Society Rulers and politicians Wars and Revolutions North America United States Republican contender Abraham Lincoln is elected US president with only 39% of the popular vote and no electoral votes in eleven southern states Go to Lincoln, Abraham (1809–65) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics War American civil war Rulers and politicians Wars and Revolutions North America United States South Carolina becomes the first southern state to secede from the Union in response to Lincoln's election Go to South Carolina in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Protest and rebellion War American civil war Rulers and politicians Wars and Revolutions North America United States
1861	Seven southern states, meeting in Montgomery, Alabama, agree to form the Confederate States of America Go to Confederate States of America in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Protest and rebellion War American civil war Rulers and politicians Wars and Revolutions North America United States Shots are fired against the Federal military garrison in Fort Sumter, in Charleston harbour, launching the American Civil War Go to Fort Sumter in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Protest and rebellion War American civil war Rulers and politicians Wars and Revolutions North America United States
1862	Lincoln declares in his Emancipation Proclamation that all slaves in any state opposing the Union government 'are and henceforward shall be free' Go to Emancipation Proclamation in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Slavery Society Rulers and politicians North America United States
1863	After a six-week siege the city of Vicksburg surrenders to Ulysses S. Grant, bringing the entire Mississippi under Union control Go to Vicksburg Campaign (November 1862–July 1863) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century War American civil war Rulers and politicians Wars and Revolutions North America United States Four days of riots in New York greet Lincoln's new conscription or draft laws, with exemptions for the rich Go to Draft Riots, Civil War. in The Oxford Companion to United States History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Protest and rebellion War American civil war Rulers and politicians Wars and Revolutions North America United States President Lincoln, in honouring the Union dead at Gettysburg, captures in three minutes the essence of American democracy Go to Gettysburg Address in The Concise Oxford Companion to American Literature (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Democracy and dissent War American civil war Rulers and politicians Wars and Revolutions North America United States
1864	Ulysses S. Grant and William Tecumseh Sherman become Lincoln's two leading generals in the final thrust of the Civil War Go to Sherman, William Tecumseh (1820–91) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century War American civil war Rulers and politicians Wars and Revolutions North America United States President Lincoln is re-elected for a second term, thanks largely to recent Union successes on the Civil War battlefields Go to Lincoln, Abraham (1809–65) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics War American civil war Rulers and politicians Wars and Revolutions North America United States
1865	Lincoln visits the Confederate capital at Richmond and is greeted by a jubilant crowd of freed black slaves Go to Lincoln, Abraham (1809–65) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Slavery War American civil war Society Rulers and politicians Wars and Revolutions North America United States Lee surrenders to Grant at the Appomattox Court House, and is offered conciliatory terms Go to Appomattox Court House in The Oxford Essential Dictionary of the U.S. Military (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics War American civil war Rulers and politicians Wars and Revolutions North America United States On a visit to a Washington theatre, Lincoln is assassinated in his box by John Wilkes Booth Go to Booth, John Wilkes in The Oxford Essential Dictionary of the U.S. Military (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Terrorism and assassination War American civil war Rulers and politicians Wars and Revolutions North America United States Vice-president Andrew Johnson, a Democrat, becomes president on the death of Republican Abraham Lincoln Go to Johnson, Andrew (1808–75) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics War American civil war Rulers and politicians Wars and Revolutions North America United States
1866	Walt Whitman laments the assassinated President Lincoln in his poem 'O Captain! My Captain!', published in Sequel to Drum-Taps Go to O Captain! My Captain! in The Concise Oxford Companion to American Literature (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Literature American literature Literature in English Poetry Rulers and politicians North America United States
1867	Secretary of state William Seward negotiates a price of $7.2 million for the purchase of Alaska from Russia, in a deal that some consider 'Seward's Folly' Go to Seward's Folly in A New Dictionary of Eponyms (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Rulers and politicians North America United States The US Congress passes Reconstruction Acts, dividing the defeated South into military districts and insisting on elections by universal male suffrage Go to Reconstruction Acts (1867–68) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Democracy and dissent Rulers and politicians North America United States
1868	US president Andrew Johnson escapes impeachment (for dismissing his secretary of war) by a single vote Go to Johnson, Andrew, impeachment trial of in The Oxford Companion to American Law (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Rulers and politicians North America United States Civil War hero Ulysses S. Grant wins the US presidential election, as the Republican candidate against Democrat Horatio Seymour Go to Grant, Ulysses S. (1822–85) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Rulers and politicians North America United States
1869	The Fifteenth Amendment to the US Constitution (ratified in 1870) makes it illegal to deny the right to vote on racial grounds Go to Fifteenth Amendment (1870) in The Oxford Companion to United States History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Democracy and dissent Rulers and politicians North America United States
1871	US president Ulysses S. Grant uses the new Civil Rights Act to suppress the violent Ku Klux Klan in southern states Go to Enforcement Acts in The Oxford Essential Dictionary of the U.S. Military (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Protest and rebellion Rulers and politicians North America United States
1876	Republican candidate Rutherford B. Hayes defeats Democrat Samuel J. Tilden in a US presidential election of which the result is strongly disputed Go to Hayes, Rutherford Birchard in The Oxford Essential Dictionary of the U.S. Military (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Rulers and politicians North America United States
1877	The Compromise of 1877 settles the disputed US presidential election but ends active Republican commitment to the cause of Reconstruction in the southern states Go to Compromise of 1877. in The Oxford Companion to United States History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Democracy and dissent Rulers and politicians North America United States
1880	Republican candidate James Abram Garfield defeats Democrat Winfield Scott Hancock in the US presidential election Go to Garfield, James Abram (1831–81) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Rulers and politicians North America United States
1881	US president James Garfield is shot by Charles J. Guiteau at a Washington railway station, and dies two months later Go to Garfield, James Abram (1831–81) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Terrorism and assassination Rulers and politicians North America United States On the death of James Garfield, he is succeeded as US president by vice-president Chester A. Arthur Go to Arthur, Chester Alan (1830–86) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Rulers and politicians North America United States
1884	Democratic candidate Grover Cleveland wins the US presidential election, defeating Republican James G. Blaine Go to Cleveland, Grover (1837–1908) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Rulers and politicians North America United States
1888	Republican candidate Benjamin Harrison wins the US presidential election, defeating the incumbent president Grover Cleveland Go to Harrison, Benjamin (1833–1901) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Rulers and politicians North America United States
1892	Former president Grover Cleveland defeats incumbent president Benjamin Harrison, becoming the only US president to serve non-consecutive terms Go to Cleveland, Grover (1837–1908) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Rulers and politicians North America United States
1896	Republican candidate William McKinley wins the US presidential election, defeating Democrat William Jennings Bryan Go to McKinley, William (b. 29 Jan. 1843) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Rulers and politicians North America United States
1898	The US battleship Maine is blown up in Havana harbour, sparking off the Spanish-American War Go to Spanish–American War (1898) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era War European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Rulers and politicians Latin America Caribbean Cuba Theodore Roosevelt fights against the Spanish in Cuba with a volunteer regiment of cavalry, the Rough Riders Go to Rough Riders in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era War European empires from 1415 Europe Empires Rulers and politicians Latin America Caribbean Cuba In the Treaty of Paris, ending the Spanish-American War, Spain cedes Puerto Rico and Cuba to the USA Go to Paris, Treaty of (1898) in The Oxford Companion to American Military History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Politics War European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Spain Empires Rulers and politicians Latin America Caribbean Cuba North America United States The agreement ending the Spanish-American War includes Spain selling the Philippines to the USA for a payment of $20 million Go to Paris, Treaty of (1898) in The Oxford Companion to American Military History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Politics War European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Asia East Asia Southeast Asia Europe Empires Rulers and politicians North America United States
1900	In the US presidential election William McKinley wins a second term on a simple platform, promising 'the full dinner pail' Go to McKinley, William (b. 29 Jan. 1843) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century 1900s 20th century Politics Rulers and politicians North America United States
1901	President McKinley is assassinated by an anarchist when visiting the Pan-American exhibition in Buffalo Go to McKinley, William (b. 29 Jan. 1843) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1900s 20th century Politics Terrorism and assassination Rulers and politicians North America United States Vice President Theodore Roosevelt becomes US president on McKinley's death Go to Roosevelt, Theodore (b. 27 Oct. 1858) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1900s 20th century Politics Rulers and politicians North America United States
1903	Cuba is forced to accept a permanent US military presence in Guantanamo Bay Go to Guantanamo Bay in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1900s 20th century Politics Conquest and colonization Rulers and politicians Latin America Caribbean Cuba North America United States The USA is granted exclusive control in perpetuity of a ten-mile corridor across Panama, suitable for a canal Go to Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty in The Oxford Essential Dictionary of the U.S. Military (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1900s Canals 20th century Politics Conquest and colonization Commerce and industry Society Rulers and politicians Latin America Central America North America United States
1904	Theodore Roosevelt wins the US presidential election in his own right Go to Roosevelt, Theodore (b. 27 Oct. 1858) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1900s 20th century Politics Rulers and politicians North America United States US president Theodore Roosevelt announces the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, in response to crises in Latin America Go to Roosevelt Corollary (1904) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1900s 20th century Politics Rulers and politicians North America United States
1905	President Theodore Roosevelt mediates a peace treaty in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, between Russia and Japan Go to Portsmouth, Treaty of (1905) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1900s 20th century War Rulers and politicians North America United States
1906	President Roosevelt wins a Nobel Peace Prize for his mediation between Russia and Japan Go to Portsmouth, Treaty of (1905) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1900s 20th century War Rulers and politicians North America United States
1907	President Roosevelt sends marines to protect US property during political unrest in Honduras Go to Roosevelt Corollary (1904) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1900s 20th century Politics Rulers and politicians North America United States President Roosevelt sends a fleet of warships on a goodwill tour of the world that also demonstrates US power Go to Great White Fleet in The Oxford Essential Dictionary of the U.S. Military (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1900s 20th century Politics Weapons Rulers and politicians North America United States
1908	William Howard Taft, the Republican candidate, is elected to follow Roosevelt as president Go to Taft, William Howard (b. 15 Sept. 1857) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1900s 20th century Politics Rulers and politicians North America United States
1909	President Taft builds the first Oval Office, in the new west wing of the White House Go to Oval Office in The Oxford Guide to the United States Government (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1900s 20th century Politics Rulers and politicians North America United States President Taft sends marines to Nicaragua after the government there executes two US citizens Go to Taft, William Howard (15 Sept. 1857) in A Dictionary of Political Biography (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1900s 20th century Politics Rulers and politicians Latin America Central America North America United States
1911	President Taft sends US marines to Honduras to protect American banana interests during a spell of political turmoil Go to Honduras in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Politics Conquest and colonization Rulers and politicians Latin America Central America
1912	Former president Theodore Roosevelt campaigns against President Taft for the Republican nomination Go to Roosevelt, Theodore (27 Oct. 1858) in A Dictionary of Political Biography (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Politics Democracy and dissent Rulers and politicians North America United States President Taft sends US marines to Cuba because of political unrest in the island Go to Cuba in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Politics Rulers and politicians Latin America Caribbean Cuba North America United States President Taft sends US marines into Nicaragua during a period of disorder Go to Nicaragua in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Politics Conquest and colonization Rulers and politicians Latin America Central America William Howard Taft defeats Theodore Roosevelt at the Republican convention to win the nomination Go to Taft, William Howard (15 Sept. 1857) in A Dictionary of Political Biography (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Politics Democracy and dissent Rulers and politicians North America United States Theodore Roosevelt's followers form a rival party to the Republicans, soon to be known as the Bull Moose party Go to Progressive Party of 1912–1924. in The Oxford Companion to United States History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Politics Democracy and dissent Rulers and politicians North America United States Democrat Woodrow Wilson defeats Republicans Taft and Roosevelt to become the 28th president of the USA Go to Wilson, Thomas Woodrow (28 Dec. 1856) in A Dictionary of Political Biography (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Politics Rulers and politicians North America United States
1914	August 4 - President Woodrow Wilson proclaims US neutrality in the European war Go to Wilson, Thomas Woodrow (28 Dec. 1856) in A Dictionary of Political Biography (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: First World War 1910s 20th century War Rulers and politicians Wars since 1900 North America United States
1915	Woodrow Wilson sends US marines to take control in Haiti after a spate of political assassinations Go to Wilson, Woodrow (1856–1924) in The Oxford Companion to United States History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Politics Conquest and colonization Rulers and politicians Latin America Caribbean
1916	Woodrow Wilson sends the marines to maintain order when the Dominican Republic slips towards civil war Go to Dominican Republic in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Politics War Rulers and politicians Latin America Caribbean November 7 - Woodrow Wilson wins re-election as US president after campaigning on the slogan 'He kept us out of war' Go to Wilson, Thomas Woodrow (28 Dec. 1856) in A Dictionary of Political Biography (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: First World War 1910s 20th century Politics War Rulers and politicians Wars since 1900 North America United States
1917	The US Congress passes the Eighteenth Amendment, legislating for the introduction of Prohibition Go to Prohibition in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Politics Social and domestic Society Rulers and politicians North America United States April 6 - Woodrow Wilson, president of the USA, declares war on Germany Go to Wilson, Thomas Woodrow (28 Dec. 1856) in A Dictionary of Political Biography (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: First World War 1910s 20th century War Rulers and politicians Wars since 1900 North America United States
1918	January 8 - President Woodrow Wilson formulates fourteen detailed proposals as a basis for world peace once the conflict has ended Go to Fourteen Points in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: First World War 1910s 20th century Politics War Rulers and politicians Wars since 1900 North America United States October 5 - the new German chancellor, Prince Max of Baden, sends a message to President Wilson requesting an immediate armistice Go to Max von Baden, Prinz (1867–1929) in The Oxford Companion to German Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: First World War 1910s 20th century War Germany Rulers and politicians Wars since 1900 November 11 - the Allies and the Germans finally agree the terms of an armistice at 5 a.m. Go to World War I (1914–18) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: First World War 1910s 20th century War British prime ministers - from 1830 Europe France Germany Rulers and politicians Wars since 1900 November 11 - the war ends with the official cessation of hostilities at 11 a.m., the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month Go to Armistice, 1918 in The Oxford Companion to Military History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: First World War 1910s 20th century War British prime ministers - from 1830 Rulers and politicians Wars since 1900
1919	President Woodrow Wilson suffers a severe stroke that renders him largely incapable during the final seventeen months of his presidency Go to Wilson, Thomas Woodrow (28 Dec. 1856) in A Dictionary of Political Biography (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Politics Rulers and politicians North America United States To President Wilson's profound disappointment the US Congress, by failing to ratify the treaty of Versailles, opts out of the League of Nations Go to Treaty of Versailles in The Oxford Guide to the United States Government (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: First World War 1910s 20th century Politics War Rulers and politicians Wars since 1900 North America United States
1920	Prohibition comes into effect in the USA, three months after the Volstead Act has provided guidelines for enforcement Go to Volstead Act (1919) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Social and domestic Society Rulers and politicians North America United States The Nineteenth Amendment to the US Constitution guarantees women the right to vote Go to Nineteenth Amendment. (1920) in The Oxford Companion to United States History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Democracy and dissent Rulers and politicians North America United States Warren Harding wins the US presidential election for the Republicans Go to Harding, Warren Gamaliel (2 Nov. 1865) in A Dictionary of Political Biography (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Rulers and politicians North America United States
1921	Franklin Delano Roosevelt is paralyzed from the waist down by polio Go to Roosevelt, Franklin Delano (30 Jan. 1882) in A Dictionary of Political Biography (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Rulers and politicians North America United States
1922	The Teapot Dome scandal reveals corruption in the administration of US president Warren Harding Go to Teapot Dome Scandal in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1920s 20th century Politics Rulers and politicians North America United States
1923	Warren Harding dies little more than half way through his term of office as US president Go to Harding, Warren Gamaliel (2 Nov. 1865) in A Dictionary of Political Biography (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1920s 20th century Politics Rulers and politicians North America United States Warren Harding is succeeded as US president by his vice-president, Calvin Coolidge Go to Coolidge, John Calvin (4 July 1872) in A Dictionary of Political Biography (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1920s 20th century Politics Rulers and politicians North America United States
1924	Calvin Coolidge is elected US president in his own right, winning by a wide margin over Democrat John W. Davis Go to Coolidge, John Calvin (4 July 1872) in A Dictionary of Political Biography (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1920s 20th century Politics Rulers and politicians North America United States
1927	President Coolidge issues a famously terse statement: 'I do not choose to run for President in 1928' Go to Coolidge, (John) Calvin (1872–1933) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1920s 20th century Politics Rulers and politicians North America United States
1928	Republican candidate Herbert Hoover wins the US presidential election with the slogan 'a chicken in every pot' Go to Hoover, Herbert Clark (b. 10 Aug. 1874) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1920s 20th century Politics Rulers and politicians North America United States
1930	The Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act introduces a US protectionist policy Go to Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act in A Dictionary of Economics (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1930s 20th century Politics Commerce and industry Society Rulers and politicians North America United States
1931	President Hoover switches on the lights to inaugurate the world's new tallest skyscraper, the Empire State Building in New York Go to Empire State Building. (1931) in The Oxford Companion to United States History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1930s 20th century Architecture American architecture Rulers and politicians North America United States
1932	Presidential candidate F.D. Roosevelt pledges himself at the Democratic convention to deliver 'a new deal for the American people' Go to New Deal in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1930s 20th century Politics Commerce and industry Society Rulers and politicians North America United States Troops using bayonets and tear gas drive out of Washington the Bonus Army, a group of protesting unemployed war veterans Go to Bonus Army (1932) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1930s 20th century Politics Democracy and dissent Social and domestic Society Rulers and politicians North America United States The incumbent president, Republican Herbert Hoover, suffers a heavy defeat by Democrat F.D. Roosevelt in the US election Go to Roosevelt, Franklin D. (1882–1945) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1930s 20th century Politics Rulers and politicians North America United States
1933	Prohibition is lifted in the USA when the Twenty-First Amendment repeals the Eighteenth, which has been in force for 13 years Go to Prohibition era (1920–33) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1930s 20th century Politics Social and domestic Society Rulers and politicians North America United States President Roosevelt gives the first of his many 'fireside chats' to the US nation on radio Go to fireside chat in The Oxford Guide to the United States Government (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1930s 20th century Politics Rulers and politicians North America United States The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) is the largest project launched in the first hundred days of Roosevelt's New Deal Go to Tennessee Valley Authority in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1930s 20th century Politics Commerce and industry Society Rulers and politicians North America United States
1936	F.D. Roosevelt is elected for a second US presidential term with an increased share of the vote Go to Roosevelt, Franklin Delano (1882–1945) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1930s 20th century Politics Rulers and politicians North America United States
1937	Congress passes a Neutrality Act, to prevent US aid being given to belligerent nations Go to Neutrality Acts in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1930s 20th century Politics War Rulers and politicians North America United States Congress rejects President Roosevelt's proposed reform of the US Supreme Court, amid furious accusations that he is trying to pack the Court with his nominees Go to court-packing plan in The Oxford Guide to the United States Government (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1930s 20th century Politics Rulers and politicians North America United States
1940	October - President Roosevelt, campaigning for a third term, assures Americans that he will not send their sons to fight in Europe's war Go to Roosevelt, Franklin Delano (1882–1945) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s Second World War 20th century Politics Democracy and dissent War Rulers and politicians Wars since 1900 North America United States October - the US government provides 50 destroyers to boost the British escort of convoys in the Atlantic Go to convoy system in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s Second World War 20th century War Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Rulers and politicians Wars since 1900 Britain North America United States November 5 - F.D. Roosevelt wins an unprecedented third US presidential term, albeit it with a considerably reduced share of the vote Go to Roosevelt, Franklin D. (1882–1945) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s Second World War 20th century Politics Democracy and dissent War Rulers and politicians Wars since 1900 North America United States
1941	The US Congress declares war on Japan and President Roosevelt endorses the order Go to Pearl Harbor in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s 20th century War Asia East Asia Japan Rulers and politicians North America United States January 6 - President Roosevelt defines to Congress his concept of Four Freedoms – of speech, of worship, from want, from fear Go to Four Freedoms in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s Second World War 20th century Politics War Rulers and politicians Wars since 1900 North America United States March 11 - Congress passes the Lend-lease Act, enabling President Roosevelt to provide much needed help to US allies Go to Lend-Lease Act (Mar. 1941) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s Second World War 20th century Politics War Rulers and politicians Wars since 1900 North America United States August 14 - Roosevelt and Churchill publish a joint Atlantic Charter, foreseeing a future free from 'Nazi tyranny' Go to Atlantic Charter in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s Second World War 20th century Politics War Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles British prime ministers - from 1830 Europe Rulers and politicians Wars since 1900 Britain North America United States December 7 - without warning, 400 Japanese planes attack and destroy US warships at anchor in Pearl Harbor Go to Pearl Harbor in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s Second World War 20th century War Australia and Oceania Pacific Islands Rulers and politicians Wars since 1900
1942	June 7 - US planes sink four Japanese aircraft carriers in the battle of Midway, halting for the first time Japan's aggressive expansion Go to Midway Island, Battle of (4 June 1942) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s Second World War 20th century War Battles Australia and Oceania Pacific Islands Rulers and politicians Wars since 1900 August - US general Dwight Eisenhower is appointed to command Allied landings in north Africa Go to North African Campaigns (June 1940–May 1943) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s Second World War 20th century War Africa North Africa Rulers and politicians Wars since 1900 North America United States August 7 - US and Japanese forces begin a violent six-month struggle for Guadalcanal, one of the Solomon Islands Go to Guadalcanal, battle for (1942–3) in The Oxford Companion to Military History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s Second World War 20th century War Battles Australia and Oceania Pacific Islands Rulers and politicians Wars since 1900 November 8 - American and British forces, under Dwight Eisenhower, land in Morocco and Algeria Go to Torch, Operation in The Oxford Essential Dictionary of the U.S. Military (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s Second World War 20th century War Africa North Africa Rulers and politicians Wars since 1900
1943	January 12 - Roosevelt and Churchill meet in Casablanca for a strategic conference Go to Casablanca Conference in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s Second World War 20th century War British prime ministers - from 1830 Africa North Africa Rulers and politicians Wars since 1900 February 9 - after a six-month battle, US troops win the Pacific base of Guadalcanal from the Japanese Go to Guadalcanal, battle for (1942–3) in The Oxford Companion to Military History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s Second World War 20th century War Battles Australia and Oceania Pacific Islands Rulers and politicians Wars since 1900
1944	January - US general Dwight Eisenhower is appointed to command the Allied invasion of Normandy Go to Eisenhower, Dwight David (1890–1969) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s Second World War 20th century War Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 Europe Rulers and politicians Wars since 1900 Britain North America United States October 25 - victory over Japan in a massive 2-day battle at Leyte Gulf assures US recovery of Philippines Go to Leyte Gulf, Battle of (Oct. 1944) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s Second World War 20th century War Battles Asia East Asia Southeast Asia Rulers and politicians Wars since 1900 November 7 - President Roosevelt, although seriously ill, is elected for a fourth term with Harry S. Truman as his vice-president Go to Roosevelt, Franklin Delano (1882–1945) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s Second World War 20th century Politics Democracy and dissent War Rulers and politicians Wars since 1900 North America United States
1945	February 4 - Roosevelt, Stalin and Churchill meet at Yalta to discuss Allied post-war plans Go to Yalta Conference (February 1945) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s Second World War 20th century Communism War British prime ministers - from 1830 Cold war Europe Russia Rulers and politicians Wars since 1900 March 24 - at a cost of 20,000 dead, US marines win full control of the small strategic island of Iwo Jima Go to Iwo Jima, Battle of in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s Second World War 20th century War Australia and Oceania Pacific Islands Rulers and politicians Wars since 1900 April 12 - President Franklin D. Roosevelt dies and is succeeded by his vice-president, Harry S. Truman Go to Truman, Harry S. (1884–1972) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s Second World War 20th century Politics War Rulers and politicians Wars since 1900 North America United States May 7 - the unconditional surrender of all German forces is accepted at Eisenhower's headquarters Go to unconditional surrender in The Oxford Essential Dictionary of the U.S. Military (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s Second World War 20th century War British prime ministers - from 1830 Germany Rulers and politicians Wars since 1900 July 16 - US scientists succeed in exploding an atom bomb at Alamogordo, a test site in the New Mexican desert Go to Nuclear Weapons. in The Oxford Companion to United States History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s Second World War 20th century Science Physics War Weapons Cold war Rulers and politicians Wars since 1900 North America United States July 17 - Truman, Stalin and Churchill meet for a summit conference in Potsdam Go to Potsdam Conference (July–August 1945) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s Second World War 20th century Politics War British prime ministers - from 1830 Cold war Germany Rulers and politicians Wars since 1900 August 6 - an atom bomb is dropped on Hiroshima, destroying four square miles of the city and killing 80,000 people Go to Hiroshima in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s Second World War 20th century Science Physics War Weapons Asia East Asia Japan Rulers and politicians Wars since 1900 September 2 - World War II ends officially with the surrender of Japan, formally accepted by Douglas MacArthur Go to Japan, surrender of in The Oxford Essential Dictionary of the U.S. Military (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s Second World War 20th century War British prime ministers - from 1830 Asia East Asia Japan Rulers and politicians Wars since 1900
1947	The US Congress passes a National Security Act, setting up the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Go to CIA in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s 20th century Politics Rulers and politicians North America United States President Truman defines postwar US policy by pledging support for any nation defending itself against Communism Go to Truman Doctrine in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s 20th century Politics Communism War Cold war Rulers and politicians Wars since 1900 North America United States
1948	US president Harry S. Truman wins election to the office in his own right Go to Truman, Harry S (8 May 1884) in A Dictionary of Political Biography (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s 20th century Politics Rulers and politicians North America United States
1951	The Twenty-Second Amendment to the US Constitution prevents anyone being elected for more than two presidential terms Go to Twenty‐second Amendment in The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1950s 20th century Politics Democracy and dissent Rulers and politicians North America United States
1952	Republican Dwight D. Eisenhower wins the US presidential election with Richard Nixon as his vice-president Go to Eisenhower, Dwight David (1890–1969) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1950s 20th century Politics Rulers and politicians North America United States
1954	The term Domino Theory is coined to reflect President Eisenhower's view of how states might fall to Communism Go to domino theory in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1950s 20th century Politics Communism War Cold war Rulers and politicians Wars since 1900 North America United States
1956	Dwight D. Eisenhower is elected for a second US presidential term, again with Richard Nixon as his vice-president Go to Eisenhower, Dwight David (1890–1969) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1950s 20th century Politics Rulers and politicians North America United States
1957	US paratroops enforce desegregation in Little Rock, the capital of Arkansas Go to Little Rock in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1950s 20th century Politics Social and domestic Society Rulers and politicians North America United States
1959	Vice-president Richard Nixon engages in a 'kitchen debate' with Soviet leader Nikita Khruschev at a US exhibition in Moscow Go to Nixon, Richard M. (1913–1994) in The Oxford Companion to United States History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1950s 20th century Politics Communism War Cold war Europe Russia Rulers and politicians Wars since 1900 North America United States
1960	Democrat candidate John F. Kennedy defeats Republican Richard Nixon in the US presidential election Go to Kennedy, John Fitzgerald (b. 29 May 1917) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics Rulers and politicians North America United States The Vietcong, or NLF, is formed as a guerrilla force to liberate South Vietnam from the US-backed government Go to Vietcong in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Communism War Cold war Asia East Asia Southeast Asia Vietnam Rulers and politicians Wars since 1900
1961	President Kennedy appoints his younger brother Robert to the position of US attorney-general Go to Kennedy, Robert Francis (b. 20 Nov) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics Rulers and politicians North America United States President Kennedy establishes the Peace Corps, enabling US volunteers to work abroad Go to Peace Corps in The Oxford Guide to the United States Government (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics Social and domestic Society Rulers and politicians North America United States President Kennedy commits the US to placing a man on the moon and bringing him back safely by 1970 Go to Kennedy, John F. (1917–63) in A Dictionary of Space Exploration (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Science Astronomy and space Rulers and politicians North America United States
1962	US intelligence reveals nuclear missile bases under construction in Cuba, causing an international crisis Go to Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics Communism War Weapons Cold war Rulers and politicians Wars since 1900 Latin America Caribbean Cuba North America United States President Kennedy sends the US navy to prevent delivery of Soviet missiles to Cuba Go to Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics Communism War Cold war Rulers and politicians Wars since 1900 Latin America Caribbean Cuba North America United States A deal between President Kennedy and Soviet premier Khrushchev defuses the Cuban missile crisis Go to Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics Communism War Weapons Cold war Europe Russia Rulers and politicians Wars since 1900 Latin America Caribbean Cuba North America United States
1963	President Kennedy, in divided Berlin, makes the dramatic declaration: Ich bin ein Berliner ('I am a Berliner') See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics War Cold war Germany Rulers and politicians Wars since 1900 North America United States The Partial Test Ban Treaty, signed by the USA, USSR and UK, is the first of many international attempts to limit the threat of nuclear war Go to Limited Test Ban Treaty in The Oxford Essential Dictionary of the U.S. Military (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics War Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Cold war Europe Russia Rulers and politicians Wars since 1900 Britain North America United States A massive civil rights march in Washington 'for Jobs and Freedom' wins the support of President Kennedy Go to March on Washington in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics Protest and rebellion Rulers and politicians North America United States President Kennedy is shot in a motorcade driving through downtown Dallas, in Texas Go to Kennedy, John F. (1917–63) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics Terrorism and assassination Rulers and politicians North America United States On the death of John F. Kennedy, Vice-president Lyndon Johnson succeeds him as president of the USA Go to Johnson, Lyndon B(aines) (1908–1973) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics Rulers and politicians North America United States Chief suspect Lee Harvey Oswald is shot by night-club owner Jack Ruby just two days after the assassination of President Kennedy Go to Oswald, Lee Harvey (1939–1963) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics Terrorism and assassination Rulers and politicians North America United States
1964	President Johnson pushes through a Civil Rights Act against strong Senate opposition Go to Civil Rights Acts in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics Rulers and politicians North America United States A reported incident in the Gulf of Tonkin triggers US intervention against North Vietnam, in a significant step towards the Vietnam War Go to Gulf of Tonkin incident (1964) in The Oxford Companion to Military History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century War Cold war Asia East Asia Southeast Asia Vietnam Rulers and politicians Wars since 1900 North America United States Lyndon B. Johnson is elected US president in his own right, winning decisively against Republican Barry Goldwater Go to Johnson, Lyndon B. (1908–1973) in The Oxford Companion to United States History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics Rulers and politicians North America United States
1965	US President Lyndon Johnson launches a regular bombing campaign against North Vietnam Go to Vietnam War in The Oxford Companion to the Politics of the World (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century War Asia East Asia Southeast Asia Vietnam Rulers and politicians North America United States The Vietnam War enters a new dimension with the deployment of US ground troops in the country Go to Vietnam War in The Oxford Companion to the Politics of the World (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century War Asia East Asia Southeast Asia Vietnam Rulers and politicians North America United States President Johnson introduces affirmative action as a legislative policy to redress social inequalities Go to affirmative action in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics Social and domestic Society Rulers and politicians North America United States
1968	Lyndon Johnson announces that he will not stand for re-election as US president Go to Johnson, Lyndon B(aines) (1908–1973) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics Rulers and politicians North America United States Robert Kennedy enters the race for the Democratic presidential nomination Go to Kennedy, Robert F. (1925–68) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics Democracy and dissent Rulers and politicians North America United States Robert Kennedy is assassinated by Sirhan Sirhan, a Palestinian, in the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles Go to Kennedy, Robert (1925–1968) in The Oxford Companion to United States History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics Terrorism and assassination Rulers and politicians North America United States Republican candidate Richard Nixon defeats Hubert Humphrey in the US presidential election Go to Nixon, Richard Milhous (1913–1994) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics Rulers and politicians North America United States
1970	President Nixon sends US troops into Cambodia to destroy Vietminh bases Go to Cambodia, invasion of in The Oxford Essential Dictionary of the U.S. Military (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1970s 20th century War Asia East Asia Southeast Asia Rulers and politicians North America United States
1972	Five burglars are arrested breaking into the Democratic National Committee HQ at the Watergate office building in Washington Go to Watergate Scandal in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1970s 20th century Politics Democracy and dissent Rulers and politicians North America United States The Washington Post publishes the first report that the Watergate break-in was linked to Richard Nixon's re-election campaign Go to Watergate Scandal in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1970s 20th century Politics Democracy and dissent Rulers and politicians North America United States Richard Nixon is re-elected US president with a landslide victory over Democrat George McGovern Go to Nixon, Richard Milhous (1913–1994) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1970s 20th century Politics Rulers and politicians North America United States
1973	The Paris Peace Accords end the US combat role in Vietnam, with nothing achieved and millions dead Go to Paris Peace Accords (27 Jan. 1973) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1970s 20th century War Asia East Asia Southeast Asia Vietnam Rulers and politicians North America United States The last US troops leave Vietnam, ending American involvement in a continuing war between the north and south of the country Go to Vietnam War (1964–75) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1970s 20th century War Asia East Asia Southeast Asia Vietnam Rulers and politicians The Watergate scandal claims its first senior victims with the resignation of two of Nixon's closest advisers, Bob Haldeman and John Ehrlichman Go to Watergate affair (1972–74) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1970s 20th century Politics Democracy and dissent Rulers and politicians North America United States US vice-president Spiro Agnew resigns when convicted on charges of bribery Go to Agnew, Spiro (9 Nov. 1918) in A Dictionary of Political Biography (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1970s 20th century Politics Rulers and politicians North America United States Richard Nixon appoints Gerald Ford as his vice-president in place of the disgraced Spiro Agnew Go to Ford, Gerald R(udolph) (1913–2006) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1970s 20th century Politics Rulers and politicians North America United States
1974	The US Supreme Court orders President Nixon to hand over White House tapes of conversations relevant to Watergate Go to Watergate Scandal in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1970s 20th century Politics Democracy and dissent Rulers and politicians North America United States The House Judiciary Committee takes the first steps in the process of impeaching President Nixon, citing obstruction of justice Go to Nixon, Richard Milhous (1913–1994) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1970s 20th century Politics Democracy and dissent Rulers and politicians North America United States Faced by the prospect of impeachment over Watergate, President Nixon resigns Go to Nixon, Richard Milhous (1913–1994) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1970s 20th century Politics Democracy and dissent Rulers and politicians North America United States Richard Nixon is succeeded as US president by his vice-president, Gerald Ford Go to Ford, Gerald Rudolph (14 July 1913) in A Dictionary of Political Biography (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1970s 20th century Politics Rulers and politicians North America United States President Ford pardons ex-president Nixon for his part in the Watergate affair, thus removing the possibility of criminal charges Go to Nixon, Richard Milhous (1913–1994) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1970s 20th century Politics Democracy and dissent Rulers and politicians North America United States
1975	The South Vietnamese capital, Saigon, is taken by North Vietnamese forces Go to Saigon, fall of (30 Apr. 1975) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1970s 20th century War Asia East Asia Southeast Asia Vietnam Rulers and politicians
1976	The incumbent president Gerald Ford is defeated by Democrat Jimmy Carter in the US election Go to Carter, Jimmy (1924– ) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1970s 20th century Politics Rulers and politicians North America United States
1977	A treaty provides for the gradual transfer of the Canal Zone from US to Panamanian control Go to Panama Canal in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1970s 20th century Politics Rulers and politicians Latin America Central America North America United States
1978	Anwar el-Sadat and Menachem Begin sign an Egyptian-Israeli peace treaty at Camp David in the USA Go to Camp David Accords (Sept. 1978) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1970s 20th century Politics Africa North Africa Egypt Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel Rulers and politicians North America United States
1979	Supporters of Ayatollah Khomeini seize the US embassy in Tehran, taking hostage 66 US citizens Go to Iran hostage crisis (4 Nov. 1979–20 Jan. 1980) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1970s 20th century Politics Protest and rebellion Terrorism and assassination Religion Islam Asia Central Asia Iran (Persia) Rulers and politicians
1980	A US helicopter mission fails disastrously in its attempt to rescue the embassy hostages in Tehran Go to Iran hostage crisis (4 Nov. 1979–20 Jan. 1980) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1980s 20th century Politics Asia Central Asia Iran (Persia) Rulers and politicians North America United States Republican Ronald Reagan wins the US presidential election against the incumbent Jimmy Carter Go to Reagan, Ronald (6 Feb. 1911) in A Dictionary of Political Biography (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1980s 20th century Politics Rulers and politicians North America United States
1981	Iran releases the US embassy hostages immediately after the end of Jimmy Carter's presidency Go to Iran hostage crisis (4 Nov. 1979–20 Jan. 1980) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1980s 20th century Politics Asia Central Asia Iran (Persia) Rulers and politicians North America United States Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Reagan share a common economic viewpoint, following the policy known as monetarism Go to Reagan, Ronald W(ilson) (1911–2004) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1980s 20th century Politics Commerce and industry Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles British prime ministers - from 1830 Europe Society Rulers and politicians Britain North America United States President Reagan is shot outside a hotel in Washington by John W. Hinckley Jr, but survives Go to Reagan, Ronald Wilson (b. 6 Feb. 1911) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1980s 20th century Politics Terrorism and assassination Rulers and politicians North America United States
1982	Congress in Washington passes the Boland Amendment, banning US military aid to the Contras Go to Iran–Contra Affair in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1980s 20th century Politics Rulers and politicians Latin America Central America North America United States
1983	President Reagan proposes a Strategic Defence Initiative (SDI) against nuclear attack Go to Strategic Defense Initiative in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1980s 20th century Politics Weapons Rulers and politicians North America United States President Reagan sends US marines to Grenada after the execution of the island's prime minister, Maurice Bishop Go to Grenada in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1980s 20th century Politics Conquest and colonization Rulers and politicians Latin America Caribbean North America United States
1984	Ronald Reagan is elected for a second presidential term, defeating the Democrat Walter Mondale Go to Reagan, Ronald (6 Feb. 1911) in A Dictionary of Political Biography (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1980s 20th century Politics Rulers and politicians North America United States
1985	President Reagan's administration breaks a US embargo with secret arms sales to Iran in return for assistance in the release of US hostages in Lebanon Go to Reagan, Ronald (6 Feb. 1911) in A Dictionary of Political Biography (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1980s 20th century Politics Mesopotamia Asia Central Asia Iran (Persia) West Asia Iraq Rulers and politicians North America United States Oliver North arranges for clandestine money from Iran to provide illegal support for the Nicaraguan Contras Go to Iran–Contra Affair in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1980s 20th century Politics Rulers and politicians Latin America Central America North America United States
1986	President Reagan launches an air strike against Libya, accusing Gaddafi of involvement in international terrorism Go to Libya in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1980s 20th century Politics War Africa North Africa Rulers and politicians North America United States Details of the Iran-Contra affair spark a Washington scandal and the criminal prosecution of Oliver North Go to Iran–Contra Affair in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1980s 20th century Politics Rulers and politicians North America United States
1987	The US Congress begins an investigation of the Iran-Contra affair, eventually clearing President Reagan of direct involvement Go to Iran–Contra Affair in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1980s 20th century Politics Rulers and politicians North America United States
1988	Republican George Bush ('read my lips, no new taxes') wins the US presidential election Go to Bush, George Herbert Walker (12 June 1924) in A Dictionary of Political Biography (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1980s 20th century Politics Rulers and politicians North America United States
1989	President Bush sends 24,000 US troops to occupy Panama City and seize Manuel Noriega Go to Noriega Morena, Manuel Antonio (b. 1934) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1980s 20th century Politics Conquest and colonization Rulers and politicians Latin America Central America North America United States
1990	Panama's dictator, Manuel Noriega, is captured by US troops and taken to Miami on drug trafficking charges Go to Noriega Morena, Manuel Antonio (b. 1934) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1990s 20th century Politics Rulers and politicians Latin America Central America North America United States
1991	With all Iraqi troops expelled from Kuwait by Allied tanks, President Bush declares a ceasefire in the Gulf War Go to Gulf War (1991) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1990s 20th century War Mesopotamia Asia West Asia Iraq Rulers and politicians
1992	Democrat Bill Clinton beats incumbent George Bush and independent candidate Ross Perot in a three-cornered US presidential election Go to Clinton, William (Bill) Jefferson (19 Aug. 1946) in A Dictionary of Political Biography (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1990s 20th century Politics Rulers and politicians North America United States
1993	Meeting in Washington, Yitzhak Rabin and Yasser Arafat accept the Oslo Accords, promising autonomy for Palestine within five years Go to Oslo Accords in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1990s 20th century Politics Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel Rulers and politicians North America United States
1994	President Clinton's bill to provide health insurance for all US citizens is defeated in Congress Go to Clinton, Bill (1946– ) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1990s 20th century Politics Democracy and dissent Rulers and politicians North America United States
1998	President Clinton is emphatic: 'I did not have sexual relations with that woman, Ms Lewinsky.' Go to Lewinsky Affair in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1990s 20th century Politics Rulers and politicians North America United States President Clinton admits to having had an inappropriate relationship with Monica Lewinsky Go to Lewinsky Affair in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1990s 20th century Politics Rulers and politicians North America United States US cruise missiles attack al-Qaeda bases in Afghanistan and a suspected chemical factory in Khartoum Go to al-Qaeda in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1990s 20th century Politics Terrorism and assassination War Africa Central Africa East Africa Asia Central Asia Afghanistan Rulers and politicians North America United States
1999	The US Senate begins an impeachment trial of President Clinton for perjury and obstruction Go to Clinton, Bill (1946) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1990s 20th century Politics Rulers and politicians North America United States President Clinton escapes impeachment when the Senate divides 55-45 and 50-50 on the two charges, well short of the required two thirds majority Go to Clinton, Bill (1946) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1990s 20th century Politics Rulers and politicians North America United States The US relinquishes sovereignty over the canal zone to Panama on the last day of the century, as agreed in the 1977 treaty Go to Panama Canal in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1990s 20th century Politics Conquest and colonization Rulers and politicians Latin America Central America North America United States
2000	The US Supreme Court gives victory to Republican George W. Bush rather than Democrat Al Gore after electoral irregularities in Florida Go to Bush v. Gore in The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Rulers and politicians North America United States
2001	Four hijacked planes are used in a massive September 11 terrorist attack on the World Trade Center in New York and the Pentagon in Washington Go to September 11 (2001) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Terrorism and assassination Rulers and politicians North America United States Anthrax attacks, in the form of letters carrying the bacteria posted to journalists and politicians, begin in the USA Go to anthrax in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Terrorism and assassination Rulers and politicians North America United States Describing September 11 as an act of war, President Bush retaliates with a 'War on Terrorism' Go to Bush, George W. (1946– ) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Terrorism and assassination Rulers and politicians North America United States
2002	The US holds suspected al-Qaeda terrorists indefinitely, and without legal rights, in Guantanamo Bay, an American enclave in Cuba Go to Guantanamo Bay in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Rulers and politicians Latin America Caribbean Cuba North America United States
2003	President Bush prematurely celebrates his Iraq achievement with a speech on a US aircraft carrier in front of a banner declaring 'Mission Accomplished' Go to Iraq War in Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century War Mesopotamia Asia West Asia Iraq Rulers and politicians
2004	George W. Bush wins a second term, defeating Democrat John Kerry in the US presidential election Go to Bush, George W. (1946) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Rulers and politicians North America United States
2006	The US Supreme Court rules that the military courts set up to try detainees in Guantanamo Bay are illegal Go to House of Representatives in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Rulers and politicians Latin America Caribbean North America United States The Republicans lose control of both houses of the US Congress in an electoral backlash against the Iraq War Go to Republican Party in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Democracy and dissent War Rulers and politicians North America United States
2007	Democratic US Senator Barrack Obama announces to a cheering crowd in Illinois that he is joining the 2008 presidential race Go to Obama, Barack (b. 4 Aug. 1961) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Rulers and politicians United States
2008	After a long drawn out contest, Barack Obama defeats Hillary Clinton to win the nomination as presidential candidate for the Democratic party Go to Obama, Barack (b. 4 Aug. 1961) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Rulers and politicians North America United States Democratic candidate Barack Obama defeats John McCain to become the first African-American to be elected President of the USA Go to Obama, Barack (b. 4 Aug. 1961) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Rulers and politicians North America United States
2009	Amid unprecedented international enthusiasm Barack Obama is inaugurated as the fourteenth President of the USA Go to Obama, Barack (b. 4 Aug. 1961) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Rulers and politicians North America United States One of President Obama's first acts in office is to sign an order that the Guantanamo Bay detention camp is to be closed within a year (a promise that fails to be fulfilled) Go to House of Representatives in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Rulers and politicians Latin America Caribbean Cuba North America United States President Obama, applying Keynesian economics, announces a massive stimulus package for the US economy (its eventual cost turns out to be $862 bn) Go to Keynesian economics in A Dictionary of Sociology (3 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Rulers and politicians North America United States
2010	President Obama's radical bill of health care reform is passed by a margin of seven votes in the House of Representatives and is signed into law two days later Go to House of Representatives in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Rulers and politicians President Obama signs into law a sweeping and radical package of reforms in the control of the US financial sector Go to financial sector in A Dictionary of Economics (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Rulers and politicians North America United States
2011	With no sign of a deal between Obama and Republicans on raising the debt limit, fears grow that the USA might default on its debts on August 2 Go to default in A Dictionary of Economics (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Commerce and industry Society Rulers and politicians North America United States President Obama announces a last-minute deal with congressional leaders on the debt limit, temporarily calming the fears of the financial markets Go to financial markets in A Dictionary of Economics (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Commerce and industry Society Rulers and politicians North America United States

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date: 20 April 2025

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