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Timeline: Social and domestic

Years: c. 15,000 years ago - 2011	Subject: Society and culture
Publisher: HistoryWorld	Online Publication Date: 2012
Current online version: 2012	eISBN: 9780191737411

Jump to a year:

BCE CE

Year	Event
c. 15,000 years ago	Needles of bone or ivory are now fine enough to take a thread as thin as horse hair Go to Magdalenian in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Prehistory Science Technology Inventions and discoveries Society
c. 8000 BCE	Sun-dried bricks are used in the construction of buildings in Jericho Go to mud brick in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Prehistory Neolithic Architecture Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel Society The spindle develops naturally in the process of twisting fibres into thread by hand Go to spindle whorl in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Prehistory Neolithic Science Technology Inventions and discoveries Society
c. 7000 BCE	Neolithic communities in eastern Anatolia make implements of hammered copper - the first tentative step out of the Stone Age Go to copper in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Prehistory Neolithic Science Technology Inventions and discoveries Asia West Asia Turkey Society Barley is cultivated in the Middle East Go to Ali Kosh, Iran in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Prehistory Neolithic Mesopotamia Asia West Asia Iraq Society
c. 6500 BCE	Catal Huyuk, in Anatolia, is the most extensive surviving example of a neolithic town Go to Neolithic in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Prehistory Neolithic Science Asia West Asia Turkey Society
c. 5000 BCE	Squash and chili are the first plants to be cultivated in America, in the Tehuácan valley in modern Mexico Go to Tehuacán Valley, Mexico in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Prehistory Neolithic Science Society Latin America Central America Mexico
c. 4000 BCE	Oxen are the first draught animals, in use at this time in the Middle East and in Europe Go to Land Transportation in The Oxford Companion to Archaeology (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Prehistory Neolithic Asia West Asia Society Beer is brewed in Mesopotamia, where barley is an indigenous crop Go to Beer and Brewing in The Oxford Companion to Archaeology (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Prehistory Neolithic Mesopotamia Asia West Asia Iraq Society
c. 3500 BCE	Olives are cultivated in Crete and will provide, in the form of olive oil, one of the main staples of Mediterranean trade Go to olive in Oxford Dictionary of the Classical World (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Prehistory Neolithic Europe Greece Society
c. 3250 BCE	A neolithic herdsman dies near the Brenner Pass and is perfectly preserved in ice - to become, in 1991, by far the earliest human to be glimpsed in his everyday life, clothed and with implements Go to Similaun Man in The Oxford Companion to Archaeology (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Prehistory Neolithic Europe Austria Italy Society
c. 3000 BCE	The llama and the alpaca, two south American members of the camel family, are domesticated Go to llama in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Neolithic 3100-1000 BCE Andean Civilizations Society Latin America Peru South America Wheels are in use on carts, particularly where wood is easily available and the ground rough - as in the forests of Europe Go to wheel in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Neolithic 3100-1000 BCE Technology Inventions and discoveries Society On the steppes of central Asia tribesmen tame, breed and eventually ride horses Go to horses in The Oxford Classical Dictionary (3 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Neolithic 3100-1000 BCE Asia Central Asia Society Oxen are given the heavy work of pulling the plough, previously done by men Go to plough in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Neolithic 3100-1000 BCE Africa North Africa Asia West Asia Society The language of a single tribe in eastern Europe, as recently as 3000 BC, is the ancestor of all modern Indo-European languages Go to Indo-European languages in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3100-1000 BCE Europe Society The ass, until now roaming wild from northeast Africa to Mesopotamia, is domesticated in Egypt Go to ass in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Neolithic 3100-1000 BCE Africa North Africa Egypt Society
c. 2800 BCE	Byblos (modern Jbeil) evolves to become the most important seaport and city of Phoenicia Go to Byblos in The Oxford Companion to Classical Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3100-1000 BCE The Phoenicians Lebanon and Syria Society
c. 2500 BCE	At Huaca Prieta, the earliest known farming community in South America, squash, gourds and chili are cultivated Go to Saladoid Culture in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Neolithic 3100-1000 BCE Andean Civilizations Society Latin America Peru South America Yarns of spun cotton survive at Mohenjo-daro, one of the two great cities of the Indus civilization Go to Mohenjo-Daro in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3100-1000 BCE Science Technology Inventions and discoveries Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) Pakistan Society Some ninety royal servants, including soldiers, grooms and female musicians, are buried alive in the tomb of a royal couple at Ur Go to Ur, Iraq in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3100-1000 BCE Religion Mesopotamia Asia West Asia Iraq Society
c. 2000 BCE	The water buffalo, domesticated somewhere in southeast Asia, features on the seals of the Indus civilization Go to Indus civilization in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3100-1000 BCE Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) Pakistan Society The elephant is tamed in the Indus civilization Go to Indus Valley civilization in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3100-1000 BCE Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) Pakistan Society The red jungle fowl is domesticated as poultry in southeast Asia Go to junglefowl noun in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3100-1000 BCE Asia East Asia Southeast Asia Society
c. 1500 BCE	The Jews adopt a long-established Egyptian ritual - the circumcision of boys Go to Circumcision in Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3100-1000 BCE Religion Judaism Africa North Africa Egypt Society The camel, in both its single-humped and double-humped varieties, is domesticated in north Africa and Asia Go to Camels in The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3100-1000 BCE Society
c. 1450 BCE	Rich Egyptian households have the latest luxury items, small bottles of coloured glass to hold cosmetics Go to glass in Oxford Dictionary of the Classical World (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3100-1000 BCE Arts Decorative arts Africa North Africa Egypt Society
c. 1400 BCE	Chopsticks are in use in China, with bronze versions featuring in Shang tombs Go to Shang in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3100-1000 BCE Asia East Asia China Society
399 BCE	Socrates, convicted in Athens of impiety, is sentenced to death and drinks the hemlock Go to Socrates (469–399 bc) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century BCE Greek literature Ancient Athens Literature Philosophy Europe Greece Society
c. 350 BCE	Tea, now well established as a drink, features in a Chinese dictionary Go to tea in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century BCE Asia East Asia China Society
c. 343 BCE	Hephaestion, Alexander's closest lifelong friend, may have been among the small group taught by Aristotle Go to Hephaestion (324 bc) in Who's Who in the Classical World (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century BCE Greece Society
324 BCE	When the army reaches Ecbatana, Hephaestion dies of a fever and the grief-stricken Alexander erects shrines in his memory Go to Hephaestion (324 bc) in Who's Who in the Classical World (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century BCE Iran (Persia) Society
188 BCE	Sparta's ancient political system comes to an end, but the ordeal by flogging lingers on as a tourist attraction in the temple of Artemis Go to Spartan cults in Oxford Dictionary of the Classical World (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 2nd century BCE Europe Greece Society
41 BCE	Keeping her appointment with Mark Antony in Tarsus, Cleopatra arrives in a golden barge, dressed as the goddess of love – and he proves susceptible Go to Cleopa'tra VII (69–30 bc) in The Oxford Companion to Classical Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century BCE Asia West Asia Turkey Society
37 BCE	Antony and Cleopatra, accompanied by their three-year-old twins, marry in Antioch Go to Mark Antony (83–30 bc) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century BCE Asia West Asia Lebanon and Syria Society
c. 50	A working week of seven days is adopted in Rome, based on the seven known planets (whose names provide the days) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Roman empire Europe Greece Italy Society Empires
64	A great fire in Rome is popularly believed to have been started by Nero, whom legend also accuses of fiddling while the city burns Go to Nero (54–68 ce) in A Dictionary of the Bible (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Roman empire Politics Dynasties and royalty Rome Europe Greece Italy Society Empires
79	A sudden eruption of Vesuvius buries the town of Pompeii in volcanic ash, in places twelve feet deep Go to Vesuvius in The Oxford Classical Dictionary (3 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Roman empire Europe Greece Italy Society Empires
c. 100	The Celtic chieftains of Britain adapt willingly to Roman customs and comforts Go to Roman Britain (43–410 ad) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE 2nd century Roman empire Roman Britain Celts Europe Society Empires Britain
c. 200	The potato is cultivated in the Peruvian Andes Go to potato in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 2nd century 3rd century Civilizations of Peru Andean Civilizations Society Latin America Peru South America
c. 300	The Chinese transform the toe loop of nomadic horsemen into the metal stirrup Go to stirrups in The Oxford Companion to Military History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3rd century 4th century Asia East Asia China Society
c. 400	The Chinese solve the difficult problem of harnessing a horse without strangling it Go to harness in The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century 5th century Asia East Asia China Society
c. 500	Beans are gathered by the Maya from wild cocoa trees and are probably used in a chocolate drink Go to Maya in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 5th century 6th century Mesoamerican civilization Society Latin America Central America Mexico Mayan priests feature in stone carvings smoking pipes and puffing the smoke towards the sacred sun Go to Tobacco in The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 5th century 6th century Mesoamerican civilization Society Latin America Central America Mexico
c. 800	The luxury of Baghdad, under the caliph Harun al-Rashid, is evident in the Thousand and One Nights Go to Arabian Nights Entertainments, or The Thousand and One Nights in The Concise Oxford Companion to English Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 8th century 9th century Caliphs Mesopotamia Asia West Asia Iraq Society The Jews prosper in the Muslim and Carolingian empires, forming strong communities in Spain and in Germany Go to Jews in The Oxford Companion to Chaucer (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 8th century 9th century Religion Judaism Europe Germany Spain Society
c. 850	Strip-farming gives each member of the village a stake in the communal crop, while also sharing out the good land Go to strips in The Oxford Dictionary of Local and Family History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 9th century Society The three-field system, introduced by the Franks, increases agricultural yield by 33%. Go to field systems in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 9th century Europe France Society
c. 995	Sei Shonagon, a lady-in-waiting to the Japanese empress, records her thoughts and impressions in her Pillow Book Go to pillow book noun in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 10th century Asia East Asia Japan Society
c. 1300	The formalities of the Tea Ceremony demand equivalently exquisite wares from the Japanese potters Go to tea ceremony in A Dictionary of Buddhism (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century 14th century Arts Decorative arts Asia East Asia Japan Society
1346	The plague which later becomes known as the Black Death makes its first appearance in China Go to Black Death (1347–50) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 14th century Asia East Asia China Society
c. 1347	Edward III establishes a new kind of knighthood with the Order of the Garter, conferred purely as an honour Go to Garter, Order of the in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 14th century British Isles Europe Society Britain Turkish tribes, besieging Genoese merchants in Caffa, lob the corpses of plague victims over the town walls and thus spread the Black Death Go to Black Death (1347–50) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 14th century Turks Asia West Asia Turkey Society
1348	The Black Death, making its way through Europe, is described in vivid detail by Boccaccio who sees its devastating effect in Florence Go to Black Death: The Great Killers in The Oxford Companion to Medicine (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 14th century Florence Society
c. 1450	Coffee, derived from wild plants in Ethiopia, is cultivated in Arabia Go to coffee in A Dictionary of Food and Nutrition (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Africa East Africa Ethiopia Asia West Asia Society
c. 1480	The name of Constantinople changes to Istanbul, a word based on the everyday Greek name for the city Go to Istanbul (Turkey) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Byzantine empire 15th century Muslim empires Ottoman empire Turkey Europe Society Empires
1497	Savonarola, in the carnival before Lent, urges the people of Florence to throw playing cards and lewd images on a great bonfire of vanities Go to Savonarola, Girolamo (1452–98) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Renaissance 15th century Italian Renaissance Religion Christianity Florence Europe Italy Society
1498	The Florentine mob, weary of puritanism, attacks the convent of San Marco and drags Savonarola away to be hanged and burnt Go to Savonarola, Girolamo (1452–98) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Renaissance 15th century Italian Renaissance Religion Christianity Florence Europe Italy Society
1525	Luther, a former friar, marries Catherine von Bora, a former nun who has just emerged from her convent Go to Luther, Martin (1483–1546) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Reformation Religion Christianity Monasticism Germany Society
c. 1585	The English artist John White paints the everyday life of the Secotan Indians of America Go to White, John (1585–93) in The Oxford Companion to American Literature (6 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Arts Painting American painting British painting Politics Conquest and colonization American art American Indians British colonial America European empires from 1415 Europe Society Empires Britain North America United States
c. 1590	Serfdom is introduced in Russia by Boris Godunov, whose measures tie the peasants to the land Go to serfdom in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Europe Russia Society
1596	A flush toilet is illustrated in an English pamphlet, The Metamorphosis of Ajax by John Harrington Go to Harington, Sir John (1561–1612) in The Oxford Dictionary of the Renaissance (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Britain 1500-1750 British Isles Europe Society Britain
1604	The British king James I launches a blistering attack on the smoking of tobacco, which he considers a loathsome custom Go to James VI (1566–1625) in The Oxford Dictionary of the Renaissance (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Britain 1500-1750 Scotland British Isles Europe Society Britain
1616	Pocahontas fascinates Londoners when she arrives with her husband to publicize Jamestown Go to Pocahontas (c. 1595–1617) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Britain 1500-1750 British Isles American Indians British colonial America European empires from 1415 Europe Society Empires Britain North America United States
1621 autumn	The Mayflower settlers in Plymouth offer thanksgiving for their first harvest, eating turkeys in a celebration shared by local Indians Go to Pilgrims in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics Conquest and colonization American Indians British colonial America British empire European empires from 1415 Europe Society Empires North America United States
1635	Charles I establishes Britain's Royal Mail, employing Thomas Witherings to set it up Go to Charles I (1600–49) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Britain 1500-1750 British Isles Europe Society Britain
1639	Richard Fairbanks, given responsibility for delivering mail in Massachusetts, is allowed to charge a penny per letter Go to Massachusetts (USA) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Society North America United States
c. 1650	The pleasure districts of Edo and Kyoto provide the delights of ukiyo-e, the 'floating world' Go to Ukiyo-e in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Art Terms (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Printing Arts Prints Asia East Asia Japan Society
1652	The first coffee house opens In London and Londoners soon find such places useful to meet in and do business Go to coffee houses in The Concise Oxford Companion to English Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Britain 1500-1750 British Isles Europe Society Britain
c. 1656	Jews return to England after Cromwell repeals the law of 1290 forbidding their residence in the country Go to Cromwell, Oliver (1599–1658) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Britain 1500-1750 Religion Judaism British Isles Europe Society Britain
c. 1660	The berlin, developed in Berlin, becomes the most successful carriage of the seventeenth century Go to Berlin in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Commerce and industry Travel and transport Technology Engineering Germany Society
1665	The Great Plague of London causes as many as 7000 deaths in a week and perhaps a total of 100,000 by the end of the year Go to Great Plague (1664–65) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Britain 1500-1750 British Isles Europe Society Britain
1666	The Great Fire of London rages for four days, destroying 13,200 houses and 81 churches Go to London, fire of (1666) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Britain 1500-1750 British Isles Europe Society Britain
c. 1670	The Dutch develop a new pattern of middle-class urban life and architecture, later copied in England Go to United Provinces of the Netherlands in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Architecture Europe Netherlands Society
1674	Samuel Sewall begins a diary of daily life in Boston, Massachusetts, that will span a period of more than fifty years Go to Sewall, Samuel (1652–1730) in The Oxford Companion to United States History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Literature American literature Literature in English Politics Conquest and colonization Society North America United States
1680	Feudal labour laws demanding corvée (compulsory unpaid labour) are imposed by the Habsburgs on the Czech peasants of Bohemia Go to Bohemia in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Habsburgs Politics Austria Society Empires Ireland becomes the first European region in which the potato is an important food crop Go to Ireland in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century British Isles Europe Ireland Society Britain
1683	The Qing emperor orders all Chinese men to shave their heads, leaving only a long pigtail Go to Qing in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics Asia East Asia China Society
1692	The Massachusetts town of Salem is gripped by witch-hunting hysteria Go to Salem witch trials (1692) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics Persecution and repression Society North America United States Twenty people convicted of witchcraft are hanged in Salem, and one is pressed to death Go to Salem witch trials (1692) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics Persecution and repression Society North America United States
c. 1720	The postchaise, introduced in France, provides the first chance of reasonably comfortable travel by land Go to post-chaise noun in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Commerce and industry Travel and transport Technology Engineering Europe France Society
1746	An earthquake destroys much of Lima, and an ensuing tidal wave engulfs its port at Callao Go to Lima in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Society Latin America Peru South America
1752	Britain is one of the last nations to adjust to the more accurate Gregorian calendar, causing a suspicious public to fear they have been robbed of eleven days Go to Gregorian calendar in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Britain 1750-1900 Great Britain - from 1707 British Isles Europe Society Britain
1761	George Washington, the future president, inherits Mount Vernon from his half-brother Lawrence Go to Washington, George (1732–99) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Society North America United States
1784	The first mail coach leaves Bristol for London, introducing a new era of faster transport Go to Bristol in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Britain 1750-1900 Commerce and industry Travel and transport Technology Engineering Great Britain - from 1707 British Isles Europe Society Britain
1790	The USA becomes the first nation to establish a regular census as a systematic check on the size of the population Go to census in A Dictionary of Public Health (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Society North America United States
1793	Horatio Nelson, with his ship docked in Naples, meets Lady Hamilton, wife of the British envoy See this event in other timelines: 18th century Europe Italy Society The French Convention adopts imaginative names for the months in their new republican calendar See this event in other timelines: 18th century French Revolution Europe France Society Wars and Revolutions
c. 1795	Dutch Boers begin calling themselves Afrikaners, to emphasize that Africa is their native land Go to Afrikaner in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Dutch empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa South Africa Europe Society Empires
1799	In a famous moment of calculated courage Napoleon visits and touches the sick in a plague hospital in Jaffa Go to French Revolutionary Wars (1792–1802) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Napoleonic era Palestine and Israel Society British prime minister William Pitt introduces income tax at 10% to pay for the war against France Go to income tax in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Britain 1750-1900 Great Britain - from 1707 British Isles Europe Society Britain
1800	Nelson and the Hamiltons visit Haydn, who composes a cantata on the Battle of the Nile for Emma Hamilton to sing Go to Hamilton, Emma (1765–1815) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century 19th century Performing arts Music Austria Society
1801	Both France and Britain, engaged against each other in the Napoleonic Wars, take the first census of their populations Go to Census Act (1800) in The Oxford Companion to British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Napoleonic era Britain 1750-1900 Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe France Society Britain The first census of the United Kingdom reveals that the population numbers approximately 9 million Go to Census Act (1800) in The Oxford Companion to British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Britain 1750-1900 Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Society Britain
1804	George Rapp and his followers establish a utopian community in Pennsylvania and call it Harmony Go to Harmony Society in The Oxford Companion to American Literature (6 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Communism Society North America United States
1807	US engineer Robert Fulton launches a steamboat, the Clermont, on New York's Hudson river Go to Fulton, Robert (1765–1815) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Steam Commerce and industry Travel and transport Technology Engineering Society North America United States
1814	A cold February freezes the Thames and makes possible the last of London's famous frost fairs Go to frost fairs in Brewer's Dictionary of London Phrase & Fable (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Britain 1750-1900 Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Society Britain The Rappists establish a second American community, this time in Indiana, calling it New Harmony Go to Owen, Robert (1771–1858) in The Concise Oxford Companion to American Literature (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Society North America United States
1815	Scottish engineer John McAdam builds the first macadamized road, in the Bristol region of southwest England Go to McAdam, John Loudon (1756–1836) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Britain 1750-1900 Commerce and industry Travel and transport Technology Engineering Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 Scotland British Isles Europe Society Britain Napoleon, held on a British warship off Torquay and hoping now to live in Britain, becomes an instant tourist attraction Go to Bellerophon, HMS in The Oxford Companion to Ships and the Sea (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Napoleonic era Britain 1750-1900 Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe France Society Britain
1821	English radical William Cobbett begins his journeys round England, published in 1830 as Rural Rides Go to Cobbett, William (1763–1835) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Britain 1750-1900 Literature English literature Literature in English Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Society Britain
1822	George IV wears a tartan kilt when visiting Edinburgh, and launches a new craze for Highland dress Go to Highland dress noun in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Britain 1750-1900 Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 Scotland British Isles Europe Society Britain
1824	The Combination Acts of 1799 and 1800, outlawing trade unions in Britain, are repealed Go to Combination Acts in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Britain 1750-1900 Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Society Britain
1825	Active (later called Locomotion) is the engine on the first passenger railway, between Stockton and Darlington Go to Stephenson, George in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Britain 1750-1900 Commerce and industry Travel and transport Technology Engineering Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Society Britain The English socialist Robert Owen purchases New Harmony from the Rappists, to test his utopian theories in a new context Go to Owen, Robert (1771–1858) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Communism Society North America United States
1828	After little more than two years of quarrelsome existence, Robert Owen's community at New Harmony comes to an end Go to New Harmony (Indiana/USA) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Society North America United States
1831	Old London Bridge is demolished after more than six centuries, ending the chance of frost fairs on the Thames Go to London in Brewer's Dictionary of London Phrase & Fable (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Britain 1750-1900 Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Society Britain
1832	English author Frances Trollope ruffles transatlantic feathers with her Domestic Manners of the Americans, based on a 3-year stay Go to Trollope, Frances (1780–1863) in The Concise Oxford Companion to American Literature (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Britain 1750-1900 Literature American literature English literature Literature in English Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Society Britain North America United States
1833	The first long-distance US railway, in South Carolina, carries its first passengers Go to railway in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Commerce and industry Travel and transport Technology Engineering Society North America United States
1837	The first trains run between London and Birmingham on the railway designed by Robert Stephenson Go to Stephenson, Robert (1803–59) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Britain 1750-1900 Commerce and industry Travel and transport Technology Engineering Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Society Britain
1840	Queen Victoria gives Kew Gardens to the nation, as a botanic garden of scientific importance Go to Kew Gardens in The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Britain 1750-1900 Politics Dynasties and royalty Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Society Britain Rowland Hill introduces in Britain the world's first postage stamps - the Penny Black and Two Pence Blue Go to Hill, Sir Rowland (1795–1879) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Britain 1750-1900 Technology Communication Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Society Britain
1841	Brook Farm, the most famous of the Charles Fourier phalanxes, is established at Dedham near Boston Go to Brook Farm in The Concise Oxford Companion to American Literature (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Society North America United States
1843	Henry Cole commissions 1000 copies of the world's first Christmas card, designed for him by John Calcott Horsley Go to Cole, Henry (1808–82) in A Dictionary of Modern Design (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Britain 1750-1900 Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Society Britain
1844	In his novel Coningsby Benjamin Disraeli develops the theme of Conservatism uniting 'two nations', the rich and the poor Go to Disraeli, Benjamin, 1st Earl of Beaconsfield (1804–81) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Britain 1750-1900 Literature English literature Literature in English Fiction Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles British prime ministers - from 1830 Europe Society Rulers and politicians Britain Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels meet in Paris and become life-long friends Go to Engels, Friedrich (1820–95) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Communism Europe France Society
1845	A blight destroys the potato crop in Ireland and causes what becomes known as the Great Famine Go to Famine, Irish (1845–51) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Britain 1750-1900 Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Ireland Society Britain Queen Victoria and Prince Albert follow the German custom of a family Christmas tree, immediately making it popular in Britain Go to Christmas tree in A Dictionary of English Folklore (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Britain 1750-1900 Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Society Britain
1846	Landlords in Scotland begin to clear crofters from Highland estates so as to provide pasture for sheep Go to Highland clearances in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Britain 1750-1900 Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 Scotland British Isles Europe Society Britain Members of the Donner Party, on the trail to California, survive by eating human flesh when trapped by snow in the mountains of the Sierra Nevada Go to Donner Pass in The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Society North America United States
1848	A utopian community dedicated to the sharing of both property and sexual favours is established by John Humphrey Noyes near Oneida, New York Go to Noyes, John Humphrey (1811–86) in The Biographical Dictionary of American Economists (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Communism Society North America United States
c. 1849	Prince Albert is the driving force behind the plans for a Great Exhibition in London Go to Great Exhibition (1851) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Britain 1750-1900 Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Society Britain
1851	The Great Exhibition attracts six million visitors to London's new Crystal Palace in a period of only six months Go to Great Exhibition (1851) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Britain 1750-1900 Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Society Britain
1858	The stench in central London, rising from the polluted Thames in a hot summer, creates what becomes known as the Great Stink Go to great in Brewer's Dictionary of London Phrase & Fable (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Britain 1750-1900 Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Society Britain
1859	Samuel Smiles provides an inspiring ideal of Victorian enterprise in Self-Help, a manual for ambitious young men Go to Smiles, Samuel (1812–1904) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Britain 1750-1900 Literature English literature Literature in English Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Society Britain
1863	St Mary's hospital opens in Rochester, Minnesota, soon to be known as the Mayo Clinic from the three Drs Mayo who run it Go to Mayo Clinic in The Oxford Companion to United States History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Society North America United States The Metropolitan Railway, the world's first to go underground, opens in London using steam trains between Paddington and Farringdon Street Go to London Underground in The Oxford Companion to Family and Local History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Britain 1750-1900 Steam Commerce and industry Travel and transport Technology Engineering Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Society Britain
1864	The Federal government confiscates the Arlington estate of Confederate general Robert E. Lee and turns it into a war cemetery Go to Arlington National Cemetery in The Oxford Essential Dictionary of the U.S. Military (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century War American civil war Society Wars and Revolutions North America United States
1867	Oliver Hudson Kelley founds the Grange as a social organization to benefit US farmers Go to Granger Movement in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Society North America United States William Cody earns his nickname Buffalo Bill by killing thousands of the animals to feed construction workers on the Union Pacific Railroad Go to Cody, William (“Buffalo Bill”) (1846–1917) in The Oxford Companion to United States History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Society North America United States
1869	English author Matthew Arnold publishes Culture and Anarchy, an influential collection of essays about contemporary society Go to Culture and Anarchy in The Concise Oxford Companion to English Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Britain 1750-1900 Literature English literature Literature in English Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Society Britain Thousands of distinguished guests assemble at Port Said for the opening of the Suez Canal Go to Suez Canal in The Oxford Companion to Ships and the Sea (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Canals Technology Engineering Africa North Africa Egypt Society
1871	A fire in Chicago destroys a third of the city, to be followed by an extremely rapid and successful period of reconstruction Go to Chicago Fire. in The Oxford Companion to United States History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Society North America United States
1872	The US Congress establishes Yellowstone, with its famous geysers, as the world's first national park Go to Yellowstone National Park. in The Oxford Companion to United States History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Society North America United States
1873	San Francisco merchant Levi Strauss receives a patent for denim jeans, soon to be known as Levi's Go to Levi's in A New Dictionary of Eponyms (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Society North America United States
1878	A disagreement between families on the West Virginia and Kentucky border flares up and eventually claims a dozen lives Go to Hatfield-McCoy Feud. in The Oxford Companion to United States History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Society North America United States
1879	An entire train, full of passengers, falls into the river Tay in Scotland when a bridge collapses in a winter gale Go to Tay bridge in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Britain 1750-1900 Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 Scotland British Isles Europe Society Britain
1881	The Aesthetic Movement and 'art for art's sake', attitudes personified above all by Whistler and Wilde, are widely mocked and satirized in Britain Go to Aesthetic movement in The Concise Oxford Companion to English Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Britain 1750-1900 Arts Literature English literature Literature in English Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Society Britain
1883	Lord Napier heads a Royal Commission to look into the condition of crofters after the Battle of the Braes in Skye Go to Highland Clearances in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Britain 1750-1900 Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Society Britain Eruption of the volcano on the Indonesian island of Krakatoa sends six cubic miles of debris into the atmosphere and causes a huge tsunami Go to Krakatoa in A Dictionary of Environment and Conservation (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Asia East Asia Southeast Asia Society
1885	German engineer Karl Friedrich Benz builds the Tri-Star, a three-wheeled vehicle with an internal combustion that is considered the first commercial automobile Go to Benz, Karl (1844–1929) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Commerce and industry Travel and transport Technology Engineering Germany Society Bismarck pioneers in Germany state welfare policies such as sickness benefits and old-age pensions Go to welfare state in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Germany Society
1886	The Crofters' Holdings Act provides security of tenure and other safeguards for Highland crofters in Scotland Go to crofter in The Oxford Companion to Family and Local History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Britain 1750-1900 Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 Scotland British Isles Europe Society Britain German engineer Gottlied Wilhelm Daimler builds the first successful 4-wheel vehicle with an internal combustion engine Go to Daimler, Gottlieb (1834–1900) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Commerce and industry Travel and transport Technology Engineering Germany Society
1889	A collapsing dam sends 40 feet of water through Johnstown, Pennsylvania, killing more than 2000 people Go to Johnstown Flood (1889) in The Oxford Companion to United States History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Society North America United States US reformer Jane Addams sets up Hull House as a neighbourhood social centre in a deprived area of Chicago Go to Addams, Jane (1860–1935) in Dictionary of the Social Sciences (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Society North America United States
1890	The world's first electric underground railway passes under the Thames, linking the City of London and Stockwell Go to London Underground in The Oxford Companion to Family and Local History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Britain 1750-1900 Commerce and industry Travel and transport Technology Engineering Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Society Britain
c. 1892	The French chef Auguste Escoffier creates and names a dessert in honour of the Australian soprano Nellie Melba Go to Melba in An A-Z of Food and Drink (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Performing arts Music Opera Australia and Oceania Europe France Society Australia
1893	The Gaelic League is founded to restore the use of Gaelic as Ireland's spoken language Go to Gaelic League in Brewer's Dictionary of Irish Phrase & Fable (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Britain 1750-1900 Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Ireland Society Britain
1896	US engineer Henry Ford test drives his first four-wheel internal-combustion vehicle, the Quadricycle, built in a coal shed behind his home Go to Ford, Henry (1863–1947) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Commerce and industry Travel and transport Technology Engineering Society North America United States
1900	Harvey Firestone sets up the Firestone Tire and Rubber Company in Akron, Ohio Go to Firestone, Harvey (1868–1938) in The Oxford Companion to United States History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century 1900s 20th century Society North America United States The Bayer company in Germany sells aspirin in the form of water-soluble tablets, the first medication of its kind Go to aspirin n. in A Dictionary of Psychology (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century 1900s 20th century Science Medicine Germany Society More than 8000 people die when a hurricane demolishes the seaside resort of Galveston in Texas Go to Galveston Hurricane and Flood (1900) in The Oxford Companion to United States History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century 1900s 20th century Society North America United States
1901	The concept of instant coffee is developed in Chicago by the Japanese American chemist Satori Kato Go to coffee in A Dictionary of Food and Nutrition (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1900s 20th century Society North America United States The 1901 census reveals that the population of the United Kingdom has almost doubled in 50 years, to 38 million Go to census in A Dictionary of Sociology (3 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Edwardian era 1900s 20th century War Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Society Britain Frank Hornby begins to market in Britain his immensely successful Meccano kits Go to Meccano (1901) in A Dictionary of Modern Design (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Edwardian era 1900s 20th century War Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Society Britain
1902	North Carolina pharmacist Caleb Bradham launches the Pepsi-Cola company in a back room of his shop Go to Pepsi-cola in The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1900s 20th century Society North America United States The US Congress makes the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 permanent, without the need for ten-year renewals Go to Chinese Exclusion Acts in Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1900s 20th century Society North America United States Brooklyn shopkeepers Morris and Rose Michtom have a huge success with their presidential 'Teddy's Bear' Go to teddy bear in A New Dictionary of Eponyms (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1900s 20th century Society North America United States
1903	William Harley and three Davidson brothers begin the commercial production in Milwaukee of motorcycles, but complete only three by the end of the year Go to Harley‐Davidson (1902) in A Dictionary of Modern Design (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1900s 20th century Commerce and industry Travel and transport Technology Engineering Society North America United States Britain's first national motor show is organized at the Crystal Palace, moving two years later to Olympia Go to Crystal Palace in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Edwardian era 1900s 20th century Commerce and industry Travel and transport Technology Engineering War Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Society Britain
1904	US inventor King C. Gillette receives a patent for a disposable safety razor Go to safety razor noun in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1900s 20th century Technology Inventions and discoveries Society North America United States
1905	A complaint about maggoty meat on the Russian battleship Potemkin leads to thousands of deaths after troops fire on a demonstration Go to Potemkin in The Oxford Companion to Ships and the Sea (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1900s 20th century Europe Russia Society
1906	More than 1200 French miners die in an underground explosion in the district of Calais Go to mine safety in A Dictionary of Public Health (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1900s 20th century Europe France Society Fire destroys much of San Francisco following the most violent earthquake in the city's history Go to San Francisco Earthquake and Fire. in The Oxford Companion to United States History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1900s 20th century Society North America United States The Naturalization Act provides definitive requirements for naturalization as a US citizen Go to Immigration and Naturalization Service in The Oxford Guide to the United States Government (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1900s 20th century Politics Society North America United States The Pure Food and Drug Act, a landmark initiative in consumer protection, becomes law in the US Go to Pure Food and Drug Act. in The Oxford Companion to United States History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1900s 20th century Politics Society North America United States Alfred Dreyfus is reinstated in the army after the French supreme court overturns his conviction for treason Go to Dreyfus case in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1900s 20th century Europe France Society Alfred Dreyfus is awarded the Légion d'Honneur ten days after his conviction has been annulled Go to Dreyfus Affair in Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1900s 20th century Europe France Society The Great Valparaiso Earthquake damages much of central Chile and is felt from Peru to Buenos Aires Go to Valparaíso in The Oxford Encyclopedia of Maritime History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1900s 20th century China Society Latin America Brazil Central America Chile Peru South America
1907	Maria Montessori establishes her first Casa dei Bambini in the deprived San Lorenzo district of Rome Go to Montessori schools in A Dictionary of Education (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1900s 20th century Europe Italy Society Henkel & Cie launches in Düsseldorf the first domestic washing powder, Persil Go to detergent in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1900s 20th century Germany Society The Harvester Judgement establishes a minimum wage in Australia Go to Harvester judgment (1907) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Edwardian era 1900s 20th century Politics War Australia and Oceania Society Australia
c. 1908	Robert Baden-Powell publishes Scouting for Boys, the success of which leads to the establishment of the Scouts Go to Scouting for Boys in The Oxford Companion to the Book (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Edwardian era 1900s 20th century War Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Society Britain The FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation) is set up in Washington Go to Federal Bureau of Investigation in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1900s 20th century Society North America United States The Liberal government in Britain introduces an old-age pension, albeit only five shillings a week. Go to old-age pensions in The Oxford Companion to British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Edwardian era 1900s 20th century Politics War Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Society Britain After first being discussed at the Berlin Radiotelegraphic Conference in 1906, SOS is formally ratified as the international distress signal Go to ‘SOS’ in The Oxford Companion to Ships and the Sea (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1900s 20th century Germany Society Swiss chemist Jacques Brandenberger patents cellophane, a flexible transparent film made from cellulose Go to Cellophane in A Dictionary of Food and Nutrition (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1900s 20th century Technology Inventions and discoveries Switzerland Society The first Model T Ford rolls off the production line at the Piquette Avenue Plant in Detroit Go to Ford, Henry (1863–1947) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1900s 20th century Commerce and industry Travel and transport Technology Engineering Society North America United States Gideons International place their first bible in a hotel bedroom, in Montana, USA Go to Gideon in The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1900s 20th century Religion Christianity Society North America United States Europe's worst earthquake, centred on the Strait of Messina, kills up to 200,000 people in Sicily and southern Italy. Go to earthquake in A Dictionary of Environment and Conservation (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1900s 20th century Sicily Europe Italy Society
1909	Italian educational pioneer Maria Montessori publishes The Montessori Method Go to Montessori, Maria (1870–1952) in A Dictionary of Education (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1900s 20th century Europe Italy Society Leo Baekeland announces his discovery of Bakelite, calling it 'the material of a thousand uses' Go to Baekeland,Leo Hendrik (1863–1944) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1900s 20th century Technology Society North America United States
1910	The wife of Harvey Crippen, an American doctor working in north London, vanishes mysteriously Go to Crippen, Hawley Harvey (1862–1910) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Edwardian era 1910s 20th century Technology War Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Society Britain Agnes Baden-Powell establishes the Girl Guides, an organization for girls equivalent to the Scouts Go to Girl Guides in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Edwardian era 1910s 20th century War Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Society Britain The US Congress passes the Mann White Slave Traffic Act, an attempt to control prostitution Go to Mann Act in The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Politics Society North America United States Charles Stewart Rolls dies in a flying accident shortly after his record cross-Channel flight Go to Rolls, Charles Stewart (1877–1910) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Society Britain Telegraph messages lead to the arrest of Dr Crippen and his mistress Ethel Le Neve in mid-Atlantic Go to Crippen, Hawley Harvey (1862–1910) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Technology Communication Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Society Britain Elizabeth Arden opens her first beauty salon on Fifth Avenue in Manhattan Go to Arden, Elizabeth (1878–1966) in The Encyclopedia of the History of American Management (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Commerce and industry Society North America United States Ten men and two women establish the first kibbutz, at Degania in Palestine Go to kibbutz in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel Society Ferdinand Zeppelin's dirigible Deutschland provides the first commercial air service for passengers Go to Zeppelin, Ferdinand, Count von (1838–1917) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Commerce and industry Travel and transport Technology Engineering Germany Society
1911	Nearly 150 New York garment workers die in a factory fire at the Triangle Shirtwaist Company Go to Triangle Shirtwaist Company Fire. (25 March 1911) in The Oxford Companion to United States History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Society North America United States The British chancellor, David Lloyd George, introduces the National Insurance Bill, providing workers with insurance in a few selected industries Go to National Insurance in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles British prime ministers - from 1830 Europe Society Rulers and politicians Britain Rudolph Wurlitzer's company in the USA produces the first of its famous movie theatre organs Go to Wurlitzer in A Dictionary of Modern Design (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Performing arts Music Society North America United States The Italian premier, Giovanni Giolitti, introduces reformist legislation including a national insurance act Go to Giolitti, Giovanni (22 Oct. 1842) in A Dictionary of Political Biography (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Politics Europe Italy Society
1912	The 'Workers' Newspaper' Pravda (meaning 'Truth') publishes its first issue in St Petersburg Go to Pravda in The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Europe Russia Society
1913	The Morris company launches the Morris Oxford, later known as the Bullnose Morris from the shape of its radiator Go to Nuffield, William Richard Morris, Viscount (1877–1963) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Commerce and industry Travel and transport Technology Engineering Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Society Britain The foxtrot, possibly introduced by US performer Harry Fox, becomes an immensely popular ballroom dance Go to foxtrot in The Oxford Dictionary of Dance (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Performing arts Dance Society North America United States An underground railway opens in Buenos Aires, the first subway in Latin America Go to Buenos Aires in Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Commerce and industry Travel and transport Technology Engineering Society Latin America Argentina Brazil South America The New York World publishes the first crossword puzzle, devised by English-born journalist Arthur Wynne Go to crossword in The Oxford Dictionary of Word Origins (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Society North America United States
1914	The Times Literary Supplement is published in London as an independent paper, separate from The Times Go to Times Literary Supplement (1902– ) in The Concise Oxford Companion to English Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Literature English literature Literature in English Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Society Britain Benito Mussolini founds a newspaper, Il Popolo d'Italia' ('The People of Italy'), to argue the case for Italy joining the war Go to Mussolini, Benito (b. 29 July 1883) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Europe Italy Society
1915	An employee of the Metropolitan Railway coins the term Metro-land when promoting the company's services in London's suburbs Go to Metroland in The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Travel and transport Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Society Britain The Corning Glass Company launches Pyrex, a new range of heat-resistant kitchen ware made from borosilicate glass Go to Corning Glass (1851) in A Dictionary of Modern Design (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Technology Inventions and discoveries Society North America United States Pack Up Your Troubles in Your Old Kit Bag, by George Asaf and Felix Powell, rapidly becomes one of the most popular songs of the day See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Performing arts Music War Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Society Britain American campaigner for birth control Margaret Sanger publishes a controversial pamphlet, Family Limitation Go to Sanger, Margaret (1879–1966) in The Oxford Companion to United States History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Society North America United States Typhoid-carrier Mary Mallon is detained in New York after leaving a trail of destruction Go to Typhoid Mary in A Dictionary of Public Health (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Science Medicine Society North America United States William Joseph Simmons, a suspended Methodist preacher in Georgia, wins a big racist following in the south with his revival of the defunct Ku Klux Klan Go to Ku Klux Klan in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Society North America United States
1916	The National Parks Service is set up within the US Department of the Interior Go to National Park System. (1872) in The Oxford Companion to United States History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Politics Society North America United States The US National Defense Act establishes the Reserve Officers Training Corps (ROTC) Go to Reserve Officers Training Corps in The Oxford Companion to Military History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Politics Society North America United States Three members of the Russian imperial family assassinate the influential charlatan Grigory Rasputin Go to Rasputin, Grigori Yefimovich (1871–1916) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Politics Dynasties and royalty Terrorism and assassination Europe Russia Society Margaret Sanger opens the first US birth control clinic, in a poor district of Brooklyn, and is gaoled for thirty days Go to Sanger, Margaret (1879–1966) in The Oxford Companion to United States History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Society North America United States Dogs are trained in Germany, by Dr Gerhard Stalling, to guide soldiers blinded in the war Go to World War I (1914–18) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Germany Society March 2 - conscription is introduced in Britain for men aged between 18 and 40 Go to conscription in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: First World War 1910s 20th century War Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Society Wars since 1900 Britain
1917	Race riots against migrant southern blacks in East St Louis, Missouri, leave forty-eight dead Go to East Saint Louis Riot in Encyclopedia of African American History 1896 to the Present (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Society North America United States The US Congress passes the Eighteenth Amendment, legislating for the introduction of Prohibition Go to Prohibition in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Politics US presidents Society Rulers and politicians North America United States Anti-German feeling causes the British royal family to adopt the name Windsor instead of Saxe-Coburg & Gotha Go to Windsor, house of in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: First World War 1910s 20th century War Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Society Wars since 1900 Britain March 1 - a deciphered telegram, from the German foreign minister Arthur Zimmermann, inflames US public opinion by promising Texas and more to Mexico Go to Zimmermann Note (19 Jan. 1917) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: First World War 1910s 20th century War Society Wars since 1900 North America United States October 15 - the dancer Mata Hari is executed in France as a German spy Go to Mata Hari (b. 7 Aug. 1876) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: First World War 1910s 20th century War Europe France Society Wars since 1900 November - women are enlisted into Britain's army (Women's Auxiliary Corps) and navy (Women's Royal Naval Service) Go to women in the military in The Oxford Companion to Military History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: First World War 1910s 20th century War Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Society Wars since 1900 Britain December - wartime scarcity causes sugar rationing to be imposed in Britain, to be followed soon by meat and butter and related products Go to food rationing in A Dictionary of Public Health (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: First World War 1910s 20th century War Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Society Wars since 1900 Britain
1918	Marie Stopes, a committed advocate of birth control, publishes Married Love, a frank discussion of sexual relations Go to Stopes, Marie Charlotte Carmichael (1880–1958) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Society Britain May - women are enlisted in Britain's air force, in the newly formed WRAF (Women's Royal Air Force) Go to women in the military in The Oxford Companion to Military History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: First World War 1910s 20th century War Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Society Wars since 1900 Britain Russia's peasants, victims of White and Red Terror, suffer atrocities from both sides in the civil war Go to Russian Revolution (1917) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century War Europe Russia Society August - a world-wide pandemic of influenza breaks out, and within the space of a year kills 30 million people Go to Influenza in Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: First World War 1910s 20th century Science Medicine War Society Wars since 1900
1914-1918	Approximately 7 million civilians are calculated to have died as a direct result of the four years of war Go to World War I (1914–18) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: First World War 1910s 20th century War Society Wars since 1900
1919	Employers' refusal to allow collective bargaining prompts a general strike in Winnipeg, the largest dispute of its kind in Canada's history Go to Winnipeg General Strike in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Commerce and industry Society North America Canada At least thirty-eight people are killed in a race riot in Chicago Go to Chicago Riot in Encyclopedia of African American History 1896 to the Present (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Society North America United States Steelworkers go on strike in the US, attempting a major confrontation with industrial management Go to Steel Strike of 1919. in The Oxford Companion to United States History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Commerce and industry Society North America United States
1920	Prohibition comes into effect in the USA, three months after the Volstead Act has provided guidelines for enforcement Go to Volstead Act (1919) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics US presidents Society Rulers and politicians North America United States The US steel strike collapses after four months, with nothing achieved Go to Steel Strike of 1919. in The Oxford Companion to United States History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Commerce and industry Society North America United States November 11 - the body of an Unknown Warrior, selected at random from British war graves, is buried at the entrance to Westminster Abbey Go to Unknown Warrior in Brewer's Dictionary of London Phrase & Fable (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: First World War 20th century War Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Society Wars since 1900 Britain November 11 - the body of an unknown French soldier is laid to rest in a chapel within the Arc de Triomphe in Paris, and a few weeks later is buried at ground level beneath the arch Go to Arc de Triomphe in The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: First World War 20th century War Europe France Society Wars since 1900
1921	Marie Stopes and her husband set up in London a Mothers' Clinic for Birth Control, the first of its kind in Britain Go to Stopes, Marie Charlotte Carmichael (1880–1958) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Society Britain
1922	French fashion designer Gabrielle 'Coco' Chanel introduces a very successful perfume, calling it Chanel No. 5 Go to Chanel, Coco (1883–1971) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1920s 20th century Europe France Society British manufacturer Herbert Austin launches Britain's first car for the popular market, the Austin Seven or 'Baby Austin' Go to Austin, Herbert, 1st Baron (1866–1941) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1920s 20th century Commerce and industry Travel and transport Technology Engineering Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Society Britain
1923	German inflation reaches fantasy levels, at 242 million marks to the dollar Go to Germany in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1920s 20th century Commerce and industry Germany Society Vegemite is launched in Melbourne as Australia's answer to Marmite Go to Vegemite in The Oxford Companion to Australian History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1920s 20th century Australia and Oceania Society Australia Rudolf Hess suggests to Hitler the policy of Lebensraum or 'living space' for the German people Go to Lebensraum in The Oxford Companion to World War II (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1920s 20th century Politics Germany Society
1924	Clarence Birdseye, having eaten frozen fish in the Arctic, launches Birdseye Seafoods in New York Go to Birdseye, Clarence in The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1920s 20th century Society North America United States A new German currency, the Reichsmark, is launched with the value of a trillion old marks Go to Germany in The Oxford Encyclopedia of Economic History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1920s 20th century Commerce and industry Germany Society
1925	26-year-old Al Capone takes over the Johnny Torrio gangster organization in Chicago Go to Capone, Al(phonse) (1899–1947) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1920s 20th century Society North America United States Biology teacher John Scopes is prosecuted for breaking state law by teaching evolution to his class of children in Dayton, Tennessee Go to Evolution and Creation Science in The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1920s 20th century Science Life sciences Society North America United States A.J. Cook, leader of Britain's miners, insists 'Not a penny off the pay, not a minute on the day' Go to General Strike, British in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1920s 20th century Politics Democracy and dissent Commerce and industry Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Society Britain
1926	Miners go on strike in Britain in protest against employers' attempts to reduce wages Go to General Strike, British in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1920s 20th century Commerce and industry Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles British prime ministers - from 1830 Europe Society Rulers and politicians Britain A general strike begins in Britain in support of the striking miners Go to General Strike, British in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1920s 20th century Commerce and industry Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles British prime ministers - from 1830 Europe Society Rulers and politicians Britain The Trades Union Congress calls off Britain's general strike after nine days Go to General Strike, British in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1920s 20th century Commerce and industry Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles British prime ministers - from 1830 Europe Society Rulers and politicians Britain The Hitler Youth (Hitlerjugend) is established by the Nazi party for teenage boys Go to Hitler Youth in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1920s 20th century Politics Germany Society
1927	Mae West is sentenced to eight days in gaol when Sex, written, produced and starred in by herself on Broadway, is judged to be obscene Go to Mae West in A New Dictionary of Eponyms (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1920s 20th century Performing arts Literature American literature Drama Society North America United States
1929	On St Valentine's Day six members of the Bugs Moran gang in Chicago are lined up against a wall and machine-gunned by rival gangsters Go to St Valentine's Day Massacre (1929) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1920s 20th century Society North America United States Arabs in the Palestinian town of Hebron turn on their Jewish neighbours and murder sixty-seven Go to Palestine in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1920s 20th century Religion Islam Judaism Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel Society
c. 1930	A pregnant female hamster, captured in Syria, becomes the ancestor of every pet hamster in the world Go to hamster in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1930s 20th century Asia West Asia Lebanon and Syria Society
c. 1931	Sectarian hostilities increase in Kashmir, with the Muslim majority resenting the favours shown by the British to the Sikh and Hindu elite Go to Abdullah, Sheikh Muhammad (1905–82) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1930s 20th century Religion Islam British empire Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) India (republic) Pakistan Society Empires
1932	Troops using bayonets and tear gas drive out of Washington the Bonus Army, a group of protesting unemployed war veterans Go to Bonus Army (1932) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1930s 20th century Politics Democracy and dissent US presidents Society Rulers and politicians North America United States Unemployment in Britain reaches three million, or more than 25% of the work force Go to Depression, the Great (1929–33) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1930s 20th century Commerce and industry Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Society Britain
1933	Prohibition is lifted in the USA when the Twenty-First Amendment repeals the Eighteenth, which has been in force for 13 years Go to Prohibition era (1920–33) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1930s 20th century Politics US presidents Society Rulers and politicians North America United States The first Dinky Toys cars go on sale in Britain, originally under the name Modelled Miniatures Go to Hornby, Frank (1863–1936) in A Dictionary of Modern Design (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1930s 20th century Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Society Britain
1934	The Indian Reorganization Act restores tribal ownership of land in the US reservations Go to Indian Reorganization Act in The Oxford Companion to United States History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1930s 20th century Politics Society North America United States Five girls are born as quintuplets in the Dionne family of French Catholic farmers in Corbeil, Ontario Go to Dionne Quintuplets in The Oxford Companion to Canadian History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1930s 20th century Society North America Canada
1935	Adolf Hitler gets away with a calculated international risk when he reintroduces conscription in Germany Go to Reichswehr in The Oxford Companion to German Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1930s Second World War 20th century Politics War Germany Society Wars since 1900 George Gallup founds the American Institute of Public Opinion and becomes the pioneer of modern polling techniques Go to Gallup, George Horace (1901–1984) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1930s 20th century Politics Democracy and dissent Society North America United States New Nazi laws announced at Nuremberg strip Jews of their German citizenship Go to Nuremberg Laws (15 Sept. 1935) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1930s 20th century Politics Religion Judaism Germany Society
1936	Stalin stages the first of the Moscow show trials, designed to eliminate any surviving high-level opponents Go to Great Purge (1936–8) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1930s 20th century Politics Communism Europe Russia Society In response to the gang violence of Oswald Mosley's black-shirted thugs, a Public Order Act in the UK bans political uniforms Go to British Union of Fascists in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1930s 20th century Politics Protest and rebellion Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Society Britain Unemployed English workers march for 26 days from Jarrow, in Tyne and Wear, to demonstrate at Westminster Go to Jarrow March in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1930s 20th century Commerce and industry Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Society Britain US publisher Henry Luce launches a new picture magazine, calling it simply Life Go to Luce, Henry R. (1898–1967) in The Oxford Companion to United States History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1930s 20th century Society North America United States
1937	The first can of Spam goes on sale, produced by the Hormel company of Austin, Minnesota Go to spam in An A-Z of Food and Drink (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1930s 20th century Society North America United States George Orwell reveals the harsh realities of contemporary British life in The Road to Wigan Pier Go to Road to Wigan Pier, The in The Oxford Companion to Twentieth-Century Literature in English (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1930s 20th century Literature English literature Literature in English Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Society Britain
1939	Two million Anderson air-raid shelters are distributed to British homes, to be constructed in the garden from corrugated steel panels Go to Anderson, John (8 July 1882) in A Dictionary of Political Biography (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1930s Second World War 20th century War Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Society Wars since 1900 Britain
1940	Civilian heroism is rewarded in Britain with a new medal, the George Cross Go to George Cross and Medal in The Oxford Companion to British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s 20th century Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Society Britain January 8 - the ration book is introduced in Britain, at first just for bacon, butter and sugar, but soon also for meat, eggs, tea, milk, cheese, jam, and clothing Go to food rationing in A Dictionary of Public Health (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s Second World War 20th century War Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Society Wars since 1900 Britain May 14 - the Local Defence Volunteers are formed in Britain and are soon given, on Winston Churchill's suggestion, the name Home Guard Go to Home Guard in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s Second World War 20th century War Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Society Wars since 1900 Britain
1941	British aviator Amy Johnson is reported missing over the Thames estuary when flying on a mission for the Air Ministry Go to Johnson, Amy (1903–1941) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s 20th century Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Society Britain Agee and Evans give a warm personal view of America in Let Us Now Praise Famous Men Go to Let Us Now Praise Famous Men in The Concise Oxford Companion to American Literature (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s 20th century Literature American literature Literature in English Society North America United States
1942	A report by UK economist William Beveridge proposes a wide-ranging social security programme for postwar Britain Go to Beveridge Report in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s 20th century Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Society Britain A Jewish girl in Amsterdam, Anne Frank, is given a diary for her thirteenth birthday Go to Frank, Anne (1929–45) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s 20th century Religion Judaism Europe Netherlands Society July - Anne Frank and her family go into hiding in an Amsterdam attic Go to Frank, Anne (1929–45) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s Second World War 20th century Politics Persecution and repression War Europe Netherlands Society Wars since 1900
1943	The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 is repealed in the US, but there are to be only 105 Chinese immigrants each year Go to Chinese Exclusion Acts in Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s 20th century Politics Society North America United States
1944	September 8 - the first of many thousands of war brides arrive in Canada, mainly from Great Britain Go to war brides in The Oxford Companion to Canadian History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s Second World War 20th century War Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Society Wars since 1900 Britain North America Canada
1945	May 1 - in the Berlin bunker, on the day after Hitler's death, Goebbels arranges for his six children to be lethally injected, and himself and his wife to be shot Go to Goebbels, Josef (1897–1945) in The Oxford Companion to World War II (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s Second World War 20th century War Germany Society Wars since 1900 May 8 - World War II ends in Europe on V-E day (Victory in Europe day) Go to V-E Day in The Oxford Essential Dictionary of the U.S. Military (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s Second World War 20th century War British prime ministers - from 1830 Society Rulers and politicians Wars since 1900 August 15 - the Allies celebrate V-J Day – victory over Japan and the end of the war Go to V-J Day in The Oxford Essential Dictionary of the U.S. Military (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s Second World War 20th century War Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Japan Australia and Oceania Europe France Society Wars since 1900 Australia Britain North America Canada United States
1946	US paediatrician Benjamin Spock recommends a permissive approach in his Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care Go to Baby and Child Care in The Oxford Companion to United States History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s 20th century Society North America United States The National Insurance Act secures state benefits in Britain for the sick, old and unemployed Go to National Insurance in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s 20th century Politics Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles British prime ministers - from 1830 Europe Society Rulers and politicians Britain Rationing in Britain gets worse rather than better, with bread and potatoes now added to the list Go to food rationing in A Dictionary of Public Health (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s 20th century Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Society Britain
1947	Peacetime conscription, known as national service, is introduced in Britain for all 18-year-old males Go to conscription in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s 20th century War Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Society Britain French designer Christian Dior introduces the 'New Look', a lavish feminine style of dress welcomed by all after wartime austerity Go to Dior, Christian (1905–57) in A Dictionary of Modern Design (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s 20th century Europe France Society
1948	US zoologist Alfred Charles Kinsey publishes some unexpected findings in his Sexual Behaviour in the Human Male Go to Kinsey, Alfred Charles (1894–1956) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s 20th century Science Society North America United States The British government advertises in Jamaica for people to come and work in Britain Go to Empire Windrush in The Oxford Companion to Black British History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s 20th century Society Latin America Caribbean The Morris Minor is launched, designed by Alec Issigonis, and becomes one of Britain's best-selling cars Go to Issigonis, Sir Alec Arnold Constantine (1906–1988) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s 20th century Commerce and industry Travel and transport Technology Engineering Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Society Britain US novelist and poet Jack Kerouac coins a term for his contemporaries, the Beat Generation Go to Beat and Beat Generation in The Concise Oxford Companion to English Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s 20th century Literature American literature Literature in English Fiction Poetry Society North America United States The National Health Service comes into effect in Britain, providing free medical, dental and hospital services for the entire population Go to National Health Service in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s 20th century Politics Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles British prime ministers - from 1830 Europe Society Rulers and politicians Britain Daniel Malan moves swiftly to reinforce apartheid, South Africa's already existing system of racial segregation Go to apartheid in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s 20th century Politics Persecution and repression Africa South Africa South Africa (republic) Society 700,000 Palestinian Arabs flee from their homes in Israel and become refugees Go to Palestine in Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s 20th century Politics Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel Society Prime minister Ben Chifley sees Australia's first mass-produced car, the Holden, roll off the production line Go to Holden in The Oxford Companion to Australian History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s 20th century Commerce and industry Travel and transport Technology Engineering Australia and Oceania Society Australia
1949	French author Simone de Beauvoir publishes The Second Sex, a widely influential feminist polemic Go to de Beauvoir, Simone (1908–86) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s 20th century Europe France Society
1950	US sociologist David Riesman analyzes the American character in The Lonely Crowd Go to Riesman, David (1909–2002) in Dictionary of the Social Sciences (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1950s 20th century Literature American literature Literature in English Society North America United States Soweto begins to be built outside Johannesburg to segregate the city's black labour force Go to Soweto, South Africa in Encyclopedia of Africa (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1950s 20th century Africa South Africa South Africa (republic) Society
1951	The Festival of Britain, on the south bank of the Thames in London, celebrates the end of wartime austerity Go to Festival of Britain in A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1950s 20th century Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Society Britain The cult of Chairman Mao is officially encouraged in China, partly through steady publication of his works Go to Mao Tse-tung (1893–1976) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1950s 20th century Politics Asia East Asia China Society
1952	Albanian missionary Mother Teresa opens the Nirmal Hriday, or Kalighat Home for Dying Destitutes, in Calcutta Go to Teresa, Mother (1910–1997) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1950s 20th century Religion Christianity Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) India (republic) Society Eva Perón dies of cancer and achieves the status of a popular saint in Argentina Go to Perón, Eva (1919–1952) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1950s 20th century Politics Society Latin America Argentina South America
1953	Alfred Charles Kinsey completes his study of human sexuality with the publication of Sexual Behaviour in the Human Female Go to Kinsey Reports in A Dictionary of Public Health (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1950s 20th century Science Society North America United States Anglican vicar Chad Varah, using the crypt of a London church, sets up the first branch of what becomes the Samaritans Go to Varah, (Edward) Chad (1911–2007) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1950s 20th century Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Society Britain
1955	The first Disneyland opens in California, an event watched on television by 90 million Americans Go to Disney in Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1950s 20th century Society North America United States Baptist pastor Martin Luther King leads the Montgomery Bus Boycott after Rosa Parks is arrested for not giving up her seat to a white man Go to Montgomery Bus Boycott in Black Women in America (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1950s 20th century Politics Protest and rebellion Society North America United States
1957	Spanish-born Paris designer Cristóbal Balenciaga produces an ostensibly shapeless garment, the 'sack', that greatly excites the world of fashion Go to Balenciaga, Cristóbal (1895–1972) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1950s 20th century Arts Decorative arts French art Europe France Spain Society US paratroops enforce desegregation in Little Rock, the capital of Arkansas Go to Little Rock in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1950s 20th century Politics US presidents Society Rulers and politicians North America United States Christian Dior dies and is followed by Yves St Laurent as head designer at the famous fashion house Go to St Laurent, Yves Mathieu (1936– ) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1950s 20th century Arts Decorative arts French art Europe France Society
1959	The Mini is launched, designed by Alec Issigonis, and becomes the best-selling British car of all time Go to Issigonis, Alec (1906–88) in A Dictionary of Modern Design (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1950s 20th century Commerce and industry Travel and transport Technology Engineering Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Society Britain
1960	The birth control pill wins FDA approval in the US and goes on sale Go to Birth Control and Family Planning. in The Oxford Companion to United States History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Science Medicine Society North America United States Anti-European riots in the Congo cause some 25,000 Belgians to flee the country Go to Congo crisis (1960–65) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa Central Africa East Africa Europe Society Empires The pamphlet Control or Colour Bar? demands reform of White Australia policy Go to Immigration Reform Group in The Oxford Companion to Australian History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Australia and Oceania Society Australia
1961	President Kennedy establishes the Peace Corps, enabling US volunteers to work abroad Go to Peace Corps in The Oxford Guide to the United States Government (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics US presidents Society Rulers and politicians North America United States
1962	In The Gutenberg Galaxy Canadian author Marshall McLuhan develops the concept of the 'global village' Go to McLuhan, Marshall (1911–1980) in Dictionary of the Social Sciences (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Literature American literature Literature in English Society North America Canada
1963	A scandal involving the minister of war, John Profumo, damages the Macmillan government in Britain Go to Profumo Affair in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Society Britain In The Feminine Mystique US feminist Betty Friedan challenges the stereotypical view of woman's role Go to Friedan, Betty (1921–2006) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Literature American literature Literature in English Society North America United States
1965	Ralph Nader begins a long career in consumer protection with Unsafe at Any Speed, attacking the US automobile industry Go to Nader, Ralph (1934) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Society North America United States President Johnson introduces affirmative action as a legislative policy to redress social inequalities Go to affirmative action in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics US presidents Society Rulers and politicians North America United States Riots break out in the Watts area of Los Angeles Go to race riots, Los Angeles in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Society North America United States
1966	British fashion designer Mary Quant launches the miniskirt Go to Quant, Mary (1934– ) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Arts Decorative arts Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Society Britain
1967	Canada mounts the world exhibition Expo 67 as the centrepiece of its centennial celebrations Go to Expo 67 in The Oxford Companion to Canadian History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics Society North America Canada Congress passes a Freedom of Information Act, giving the public an important new right in the USA Go to Freedom of Information Act (1966) in The Oxford Companion to United States History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics Democracy and dissent Society North America United States
1968	New Czech leader Alexander Dubcek facilitates the Prague Spring, aiming in his words to provide 'socialism with a human face' Go to Prague Spring in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics Communism War Bohemia Cold war Czech Republic Society Wars since 1900 The first civil rights march in northern Ireland, in Derry, is halted by the police with batons and water cannon Go to Northern Ireland, Civil Rights Association of in The Oxford International Encyclopedia of Peace (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics Democracy and dissent Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 Northern Ireland British Isles British prime ministers - from 1830 Europe Ireland Society Rulers and politicians Britain Greek shipping magnate Aristotle Onassis marries Jacqueline Kennedy, widow of the assassinated president Go to Onassis, Aristotle Socrates (1906–1975) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Europe Greece Society North America United States
1969	The Stonewall riots in New York prompt a US campaign for Gay and Lesbian rights Go to Gay and Lesbian Rights Movement. in The Oxford Companion to United States History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics Protest and rebellion Society North America United States Mary Jo Kopechne drowns when US senator Edward Kennedy drives his car off the road on Chappaquiddick Island in Massachusetts Go to Kennedy, Edward Moore (b. 22 Feb. 1932) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Society North America United States
c. 1971	Hip-hop originates as a dance style in New York among young African Americans Go to hip-hop in The Oxford Dictionary of Dance (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1970s 20th century Performing arts Dance Society North America United States
1972	British paratroops open fire on a civil rights march in Derry, killing thirteen, in what becomes known as Bloody Sunday Go to ‘Bloody Sunday’ (1887) in The Oxford Companion to British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1970s 20th century Politics Protest and rebellion Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles British prime ministers - from 1830 Europe Ireland Society Rulers and politicians Britain An Equal Rights Amendment is passed by Congress but fails when not ratified in sufficient states Go to Equal Rights Amendment. (1923) in The Oxford Companion to United States History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1970s 20th century Politics Society North America United States The Tuskegee syphilis experiment in Alabama becomes a major scandal after a whistle-blower reveals the details Go to Tuskegee Experiment. in The Oxford Companion to United States History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1970s 20th century Science Medicine Society North America United States
1973	Roe v. Wade establishes in US law that prohibiting abortion violates a woman's right to privacy Go to Roe v. Wade in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1970s 20th century Society North America United States
1974	Cyclone Tracy devastates the Australian city of Darwin on Christmas Day, destroying 80% of the domestic buildings Go to Cyclone Tracy in The Oxford Companion to Australian History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1970s 20th century Australia and Oceania Society Australia
1976	In a daring raid on Entebbe airport, Israeli troops rescue hostages hijacked on a flight from Tel Aviv to Paris Go to Entebbe Raid in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1970s 20th century Africa East Africa Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel Society
1979	Partial meltdown of a US nuclear power station at Three Mile Island, near Harrisburg, spreads radioactive steam over a large surrounding area Go to Three Mile Island in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1970s 20th century Society North America United States
1981	Prince Charles marries Diana Spencer in St Paul's Cathedral in London Go to Diana, Princess of Wales (1961–1997) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1980s 20th century Politics Dynasties and royalty Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Society Britain
1982	British fashion designer Vivienne Westwood, promoter of the punk style, shows a collection called Punkature Go to Westwood, Vivienne (1941– ) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1980s 20th century Arts Decorative arts Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Society Britain
1984	More than 2000 die in the Indian city of Bhopal when toxic gas escapes from a Union Carbide plant Go to Bhopal in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1980s 20th century Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) India (republic) Society
1985	A dormant volcano erupts in Colombia, burying some 20,000 victims under a deep layer of silt Go to Colombia in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1980s 20th century Society Latin America South America Ayers Rock is returned to the Mutitjulu people and given its Aboriginal name, Uluru Go to Ayers Rock in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1980s 20th century Australia and Oceania Society Australia
1986	A Soviet nuclear power station explodes at Chernobyl, scattering radioactive material over a wide area Go to Chernobyl in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1980s 20th century Europe Russia Society Desmond Tutu is the first black African to be archbishop of Cape Town Go to Tutu, Desmond Mpilo (1931– ) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1980s 20th century Religion Christianity Africa South Africa South Africa (republic) Society
1988	Britain stops funding Zimbabwe's purchase of land for redistribution, on the grounds that many of the farms are being given to the political elite Go to Zimbabwe in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1980s 20th century Politics Zimbabwe Society
1989	The supertanker Exxon Valdez spills vast quantities of oil in Prince William Sound, Alaska Go to Exxon Valdez in A Dictionary of Environment and Conservation (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1980s 20th century Society North America United States
1993	The Branch Dravidians, members of a religious cult, burn to death in their Waco headquarters under siege by the FBI Go to Branch Davidians in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1990s 20th century Religion Society North America United States
1994	The IRA declares a cease-fire in Northern Ireland, a gesture followed a month later by Protestant paramilitaries Go to IRA in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1990s 20th century Politics Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 Northern Ireland British Isles British prime ministers - from 1830 Europe Ireland Society Rulers and politicians Britain Divorce is legalized in the republic of Ireland Go to Divorce in Brewer's Dictionary of Irish Phrase & Fable (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1990s 20th century British Isles Europe Ireland Society Britain
1996	Archbishop Desmond Tutu chairs South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Commission Go to Tutu, Desmond Mpilo (1931– ) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1990s 20th century Politics Africa South Africa South Africa (republic) Society
1999	An amnesty is declared for some 8000 Muslim terrorists held in Algeria's gaols Go to Algeria in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1990s 20th century Religion Islam Africa North Africa Society Floods and massive mudslides in the Vargas state of Venezuela kill an estimated 25,000 people Go to Venezuela in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1990s 20th century Society Latin America South America
2001	An earthquake kills about 20,000 people in the region of Bhuj in the Indian state of Gujarat Go to India in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) India (republic) Society Crown Prince Dipendra kills nine members of his own royal family at the court of Nepal Go to Nepal in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Dynasties and royalty Terrorism and assassination Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) Society
2002	Chechen terrorists take hostage the entire audience of a Moscow theatre in an atrocity resulting in the death of more than 150 people Go to Chechnya in The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Terrorism and assassination Europe Russia Society
2003	The historic city of Bam, in Iran, is destroyed in a massive earthquake, with more than 40,000 deaths Go to Bam in The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Asia Central Asia Iran (Persia) Society UK scientist David Kelly commits suicide, apparently for reasons linked with the Iraq War See this event in other timelines: 21st century War Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Society Britain
2004	Lord Hutton publishes his report into the circumstances leading up to the suicide of Dr David Kelly See this event in other timelines: 21st century Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Society Britain A massive earthquake under the Indian Ocean triggers a tsunami that kills nearly 200,000 people Go to tsunami in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Asia East Asia South Asia Southeast Asia Society
2005	Hurricane Katrina brings flooding and chaos to New Orleans and other coastal areas, causing more than 1500 deaths Go to Hurricane Katrina (2005) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Society North America United States An earthquake kills more than 70,000 people in inaccessible regions near Muzaffarabad in the Pakistan part of Kashmir Go to earthquake in A Dictionary of Environment and Conservation (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) Pakistan Society
2006	Warren Buffett pledges a multi-billion dollar grant to the Bill & Melina Gates Foundation, spread over the next 20 years Go to Gates, Bill (1955) in A Dictionary of Marketing (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Society A milk-truck driver opens fire on children in an Amish school in Pennsylvania, killing five girls and wounding others Go to Amish in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Society North America United States The United States Census Bureau announces that the US population has reached 300 million Go to census in A Dictionary of Sociology (3 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Society North America United States
2008	The New York Philharmonic performs in North Korea, in the first significant cultural contact between USA and North Korea since the Korean War Go to New York Philharmonic Orchestra in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Music (5 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Korea Society Cyclone Nargis kills at least 130,000 people and possibly many more in Burma (the number is uncertain due to government efforts to downplay the disaster) Go to cyclone in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Asia Society Hurricane Hanna causes more than 500 deaths in Haiti before moving on west to the United States (where it kills 7) Go to hurricane in A Dictionary of Environment and Conservation (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Society Latin America Caribbean
2010	Disastrous monsoon floods strike northwest Pakistan, killing more than 1600 people, displacing as many as 20 million and ruining crops Go to monsoon in A Dictionary of Environment and Conservation (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Asia South Asia Society Thirty-three miners are brought safely to the surface after being trapped deep underground for 69 days in the San José mine in Chile Go to Chile in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Technology Society Latin America Chile South America
2011	A massive earthquake off the northeast coast of Japan causes a huge tsunami resulting in massive devastation for miles inland Go to tsunami in A Dictionary of Environment and Conservation (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Asia East Asia Japan Society The Japanese tsunami results in a nuclear crisis and massive evacuation because of meltdowns in three reactors at the Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant Go to meltdown in A Dictionary of Public Health (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Technology Asia East Asia Japan Society Nearly 20,000 people are killed and more than 125,000 destroyed or severely damaged by the Japanese earthquake and tsunami Go to tsunami in A Dictionary of Environment and Conservation (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Asia East Asia Japan Society The United Nations declares southern Somalia to be in a state of famine, with the disastrous lack of rain driving thousands of refugees into Ethiopia and Kenya Go to United Nations in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Africa East Africa Society

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date: 28 September 2023

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