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Timeline: Christianity

Years: c. 6 BCE - 2006	Subject: Religion
Publisher: HistoryWorld	Online Publication Date: 2012
Current online version: 2012	eISBN: 9780191737213

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BCE CE

Year	Event
c. 6 BCE	According to the Gospel account, Jesus Christ is born in Bethlehem two years before the death of Herod the Great - making the date 6 BC Go to Jesus Christ (1st century ad) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century BCE Religion Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel
4 BCE	Herod, according to the Gospel account, orders all newly born infants in Bethlehem to be killed Go to Herod (c.73 bc–4 bc) in The Oxford Companion to Classical Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century BCE Religion Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel
c. 20	Saul of Tarsus, later known as St Paul, has a Greek-speaking Jewish father who is a Roman citizen Go to Paul, St (c.64) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Religion Judaism Asia West Asia Turkey
c. 29	Jesus begins his ministry in Galilee, gathering disciples, preaching and healing Go to Jesus Christ (1st century ad) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Religion Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel
c. 31	Jesus rides into Jerusalem with a crowd of followers, then attacks the traders in the courtyard of the Temple Go to Money Changers in The Oxford Guide to People and Places of the Bible (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Religion Jerusalem Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel Jesus, at the Last Supper, associates the bread and wine with his own body and blood, establishing the sacrament of the Eucharist Go to Last Supper in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Religion Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel Jesus is brought before Pontius Pilate who reluctantly sentences him to death for blasphemy Go to Pilate, Pontius in The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (3 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Religion Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel Jesus Christ is crucified, according to the accounts of his followers, outside the city wall of Jerusalem Go to crucifixion in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Religion Jerusalem Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel Peter becomes the leader of the small community of Christians in Jerusalem Go to Peter, St in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Religion Jerusalem Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel
c. 35	Stephen is stoned outside the city wall of Jerusalem - the first Christian martyr Go to Stephen in A Dictionary of the Bible (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Religion Jerusalem Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel On the road to Damascus, where he intends to persecute the Christians, Saul sees a blinding light Go to Damascus, road to [Bible] in The Oxford Dictionary of Reference and Allusion (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Religion Asia West Asia Lebanon and Syria
c. 48	St Paul, taking ship to Cyprus, begins the first of his great missionary journeys Go to Paul, St (c.64) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Roman empire Religion Asia West Asia Europe Empires St Paul, on his travels within the Roman empire, begins converting non-Jews (or Gentiles) to the new Christian faith Go to Paul, St (c.64) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Roman empire Religion Judaism Asia West Asia Europe Empires
c. 50	The Thessalonians receive the first of Paul's epistles - the earliest text in the New Testament, written in Greek Go to Paul, St (c.65 ce) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Religion Europe Greece The leaders of the Christian church gather in Jerusalem to decide an urgent question - must Gentile converts undergo circumcision? Go to Apostolic Council in A Dictionary of the Bible (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Religion Jerusalem Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel
c. 60	St Peter, believed to have come to Rome as leader of the Christian community, is subsequently considered the first pope Go to Peter, St in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Religion Papacy Rome Europe Greece Italy St Paul arrives in Rome a prisoner, but then spends two years freely preaching Christianity Go to Paul, St (c.64) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Roman empire Religion Rome Europe Greece Italy Empires
c. 64	Early Christian tradition states that both Peter and Paul meet death in Rome as martyrs, possibly as a result of the fire of AD 64 Go to Nero (54–68 ce) in A Dictionary of the Bible (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Religion Rome Europe Greece Italy
c. 75	The Acts of the Apostles are written, probably by Luke – the evangelist and companion of Paul on his final journey to Rome Go to Acts of the Apostles in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Religion Asia West Asia Europe
c. 80	The earliest of the Christian gospels, that of St Mark, is written down - possibly in Asia Minor or Syria Go to Mark, Gospel of St in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Religion Asia West Asia Lebanon and Syria Turkey
177	On the order of Marcus Aurelius, Christians in Lyons are tortured to death - an instance of persecution unusual at this time Go to Lyons, Martyrs of (d. 177) in The Oxford Dictionary of Saints (5 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 2nd century Roman empire Politics Persecution and repression Religion Europe France Empires
c. 232	A house in Doura-Europus is adapted for Christian worship - the earliest surviving example of its kind Go to Europus in The Oxford Classical Dictionary (3 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3rd century Religion Asia West Asia Lebanon and Syria
c. 245	Origen, living in Caesarea, compiles the Hexapla, displaying versions of the Old Testament in six columns for comparative study Go to Hexapla in The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (3 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3rd century Religion Judaism Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel
c. 250	The Christians of Rome use the catacombs as tomb chambers, and decorate the walls with murals on New Testament themes Go to catacombs in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3rd century Arts Painting Italian painting Religion Italian art Rome Europe Greece Italy
258	Cyprian, bishop of Carthage, is one of many Christians martyred for refusing to sacrifice to the Roman gods Go to Cyprian (c.ad 200–58) in Who's Who in the Classical World (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3rd century Roman empire Politics Persecution and repression Religion Africa North Africa Empires
c. 300	St Anthony, one of the early Christian hermits in the Egyptian desert, is tempted by terrifying hallucinations Go to Antony, St, of Egypt (251?–356) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3rd century 4th century Religion Africa North Africa Egypt
303	The emperor Diocletian initiates a sustained persecution of Christians in the Roman empire Go to Diocletian (284–305) in The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century Roman empire Politics Persecution and repression Religion Africa North Africa Asia West Asia Europe Empires
312	Constantine, preparing for battle against a rival at the Milvian Bridge, orders his men to wear a Christian symbol, the Chi-Rho, on their shields Go to Christogram in The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century Roman empire Politics Dynasties and royalty Religion Europe Greece Italy Empires After winning the battle at Milvian Bridge, Constantine marches into Rome and is formally acknowledged by the Senate as Augustus of the west Go to Milvian Bridge in The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century Roman empire Politics Dynasties and royalty Religion Rome Europe Greece Italy Empires
313	Constantine meets his co-emperor Licinius in Milan, and persuades him to follow a policy of encouraging the Christians Go to Licinius in Who's Who in the Classical World (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century Roman empire Politics Dynasties and royalty Religion Europe Italy Empires
314	Warming to his new Christian role, Constantine summons more than 300 bishops to Arles to discuss the controversial issue of Donatus Go to Donatism in The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century Roman empire Politics Dynasties and royalty Religion Europe France Empires
c. 315	Constantine founds several churches in Rome, among them the first St Peter's Go to St Peter's, Rome in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century Roman empire Architecture Italian architecture Religion Catholic and orthodox Europe Greece Italy Empires
c. 320	Pachomius organizes in Egypt the first community of Christian monks, at Dandara on the Nile Go to Pachomius (d. 346) in The Oxford Dictionary of Saints (5 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century Religion Monasticism Africa North Africa Egypt
325	Constantine convenes a council of 200 bishops at Nicaea to discuss the beliefs of Arius, which are deemed to be heresy Go to Arius (c.ad 260–336) in Oxford Dictionary of the Classical World (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century Roman empire Politics Dynasties and royalty Religion Asia West Asia Turkey Empires
c. 327	Helena, mother of the emperor Constantine, discovers in Jerusalem the cross on which Christ died - or so it is later claimed Go to Helena (c. 255–c. 330ad) in The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century Religion Jerusalem Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel
330	Constantine's new Christian city on the site of Byzantium is inaugurated, as Constantinople Go to Constantinople in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century Roman empire Byzantine empire Politics Dynasties and royalty Religion Catholic and orthodox Turkey Europe Empires
337	Constantine is at last baptized a Christian in Nicomedia, just a few days before his death Go to Constantine I (285–337) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century Roman empire Byzantine empire Politics Dynasties and royalty Religion Catholic and orthodox Asia West Asia Turkey Empires
c. 350	Frumentius, brought to Ethiopia as a slave, becomes the kingdom's first Christian bishop Go to Frumentius, St (c.300–c.380) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century Religion Africa East Africa Ethiopia Greece begins to find a new and influential role in a Christian context, through the Byzantine empire Go to Constantinople in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century Roman empire Byzantine empire Politics Religion Catholic and orthodox Europe Greece Empires
360	St Martin founds the first monastery in western Europe, at Ligugé near Poitiers Go to Martin, St (d. 397) in The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (3 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century Religion Europe France
363	An apocryphal story states that Julian the Apostate, dying at Tarsus, acknowledges the victory of the Galilean, Jesus Christ Go to Julian the Apostate (332–63) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century Roman empire Byzantine empire Politics Dynasties and royalty Religion Asia West Asia Turkey Empires
367	A document is distributed by the bishop of Alexandria, formally establishing the contents of the New Testament Go to New Testament in The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century Religion Alexandria Africa North Africa Egypt
c. 380	The Codex Sinaiticus, the earliest surviving manuscript of the complete New Testament, is copied out - probably in Egypt Go to Codex Sinaiticus (‘א’) in The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (3 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century Religion Africa North Africa Egypt
386	St Jerome settles in Bethlehem, where his holy women organize a monastery for his residence and a nearby convent for themselves Go to Jerome, St (c.342–420) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century Religion Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel
390	St Ambrose asserts the authority of the church, refusing communion to the emperor Theodosius in Milan until he does penance for a massacre Go to Ambrose, St (c.339–97) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century Byzantine empire Politics Dynasties and royalty Religion Europe Italy Empires
c. 400	St Augustine reveals that as a young man, studying and teaching in Carthage, he often prayed for 'chastity and continence, but not yet' Go to Augustine of Hippo, St (354–430) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century 5th century Religion Africa North Africa
c. 405	St Jerome, in Bethlehem, completes the Latin translation of the Bible which later becomes known as the Vulgate Go to Vulgate in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 5th century Religion Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel
c. 413	Prompted by the fall of Rome to the Visigoths, St Augustine undertakes a great work of Christian philosophy, the City of God Go to City of God in The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 5th century Roman empire Literature Philosophy Religion Rome Africa North Africa Empires
431	A council is convened at Ephesus to consider the theology of Nestorius, which is judged to be heretical Go to Nestorius (b. after 351) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 5th century Religion Asia West Asia Turkey
c. 450	St Patrick creates a strong tradition of Celtic Christianity in Ireland, from his base in Armagh Go to Patrick, St in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 5th century Celts Religion British Isles Europe Ireland Society Britain
c. 475	The Syrian desert is full of hermits living on pillars, following the example of St Simeon Stylites Go to Simeon Stylites, St (West Asia) in A Dictionary of World Mythology (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 5th century Religion Asia West Asia Lebanon and Syria
c. 500	Monks in Ireland live in stone beehive cells on rocky islands, to achieve maximum discomfort Go to Beehive huts in Brewer's Dictionary of Irish Phrase & Fable (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 5th century 6th century Religion Monasticism British Isles Europe Ireland Britain Small ivory panels, with Gospel scenes carved in relief, provide a delicate beginning to the story of Christian sculpture Go to iconography, Christian in The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (3 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 5th century 6th century Arts Sculpture Religion Asia West Asia Europe Clovis and some 3000 of his soldiers are baptized in a massive ceremony at Reims Go to Clovis (c. 466–511) in The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (3 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 5th century 6th century Politics Dynasties and royalty Religion Europe France
525	Dionysius Exiguus, commissioned by the pope to improve chronology, makes an error of at least four years in his selected event for AD 1 Go to Dionysius Exiguus (500) in The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 6th century Literature Religion Papacy Europe Italy St Benedict gathers fellow hermits at Subiaco into a series of small monasteries Go to Benedict, St (c.480–c.550) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 6th century Religion Monasticism Europe Italy
527	The monastery of St Catherine's in Sinai is founded by Justinian, and will accumulate one of the world's greatest collections of icons Go to Catherine, Monastery of Saint in The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 6th century Byzantine empire Religion Asia West Asia Empires
c. 530	St Finnian founds the first of Ireland's great Celtic monasteries, at Clonard Go to Clonard in A Dictionary of Celtic Mythology (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 6th century Celts Religion British Isles Europe Ireland Society Britain St Benedict founds a monastery at Monte Cassino and writes a Rule for the monks which becomes the basis of the Benedictine order Go to Benedict, Rule of St in The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (3 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 6th century Religion Monasticism Europe Italy
c. 543	Christianity reaches the kingdom of Dongola, in present-day Sudan Go to Nubia, Christianity in in The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (3 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 6th century Religion Africa East Africa
563	St Columba establishes a monastery on the island of Iona, from which Celtic Christianity is carried to Scotland and northern England Go to Columba, St (d. 597) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 6th century Celts Religion Scotland British Isles Europe Society Britain
c. 580	St David founds monasteries in Wales and makes his base at Mynyw, a place now known after him as St David's Go to David, St (d. c.601) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 6th century Religion Wales British Isles Europe Britain
589	The word filioque ('and from the Son') becomes a major bone of contention between the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches Go to Filioque in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 6th century Religion Catholic and orthodox Asia West Asia Europe
597	Augustine, arriving with a party of monks from Rome, reaches Canterbury and is well received by the pagan king of Kent Go to Augustine, St (d. c.604) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 6th century Religion Monasticism British Isles Europe Britain
c. 600	Ritual intoning of the psalms, derived from Jewish synagogues, is formalized in Christian worship as Gregorian chant Go to plainsong in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Music (5 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 6th century 7th century Performing arts Music Religion Judaism Asia West Asia Europe
c. 610	St Columban founds a monastery at Bobbio, the furthest outpost of Celtic Christianity Go to Bobbio in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 7th century Celts Religion Europe Italy Society
615	When the Persians sack Jerusalem, they carry off to Ctesiphon Christianity's most sacred relic - the True Cross Go to Cross in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 7th century Byzantine empire Religion War Jerusalem Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel Empires
c. 620	The Irish monk St Aidan moves from Iona to establish a monastery on Lindisfarne Go to Lindisfarne in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 7th century Religion Monasticism Scotland British Isles Europe Ireland Britain
627	The Byzantine emperor Heraclius recovers the True Cross from Ctesiphon Go to Heraclius I (575–642) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 7th century Byzantine empire Politics Dynasties and royalty Religion Mesopotamia Asia West Asia Iraq Empires
643	The Coptic Christians of Egypt become isolated after the Muslim conquest Go to Copt in The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 7th century Politics Conquest and colonization Religion Islam Africa North Africa Egypt
c. 650	The Book of Durrow, one of the earliest of the great Celtic manuscripts, is written and illuminated in Ireland Go to Durrow, Book of in The Oxford Companion to Irish History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 7th century Celts Arts Painting British painting Religion British Isles Europe Ireland Society Britain Jews and Christians, sharing with Muslims the status of 'people of the book', are promised religious tolerance in the Qur'an Go to Ahl al-Kitāb in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 7th century Religion Islam Judaism Asia West Asia
664	The king of Northumbria summons a synod at Whitby to hear the arguments of Roman and Celtic Christians, then opts for Rome Go to synod in The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 7th century Celts Politics Dynasties and royalty Religion British Isles Europe Society Britain
695	Willibrord, recently arrived from England to convert the Frisians, is consecrated archbishop of a new see in Utrecht Go to Willibrord, St (658–739) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 7th century Religion Europe Netherlands
c. 698	The Lindisfarne Gospels are written and illuminated by Celtic monks on the Scottish island of Lindisfarne Go to Lindisfarne Gospels in The Concise Oxford Companion to English Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 7th century Celts Arts Painting British painting Religion Monasticism Scotland British Isles Europe Society Britain
726	The emperor Leo III launches the iconoclastic controversy, sending soldiers to smash the great image of Christ over the gateway to his palace Go to Iconoclastic controversy in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 8th century Byzantine empire Religion Turkey Europe Empires
732	The Muslim advance into France is halted when Charles Martel defeats the Arabs between Poitiers and Tours Go to Poitiers in The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 8th century Politics Conquest and colonization Religion Islam Battles Muslim empires Europe France Empires
743	Boniface, working as a missionary among pagan Germans, makes his headquarters at Mainz Go to Boniface in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 8th century Religion Germany
753	Pope Stephen II anoints Pepin III and his two sons (one of them Charlemagne) in the abbey church of St Denis Go to St-Denis in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 8th century Holy Roman empire Politics Religion Papacy Europe France Empires
796	Alcuin leaves the palace school at Aachen to become abbot of the monastery of Tours Go to Saint-Martin at Tours in Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 8th century Religion Europe France Germany
800	In St Peter's in Rome, on Christmas Day, pope Leo III crowns Charlemagne emperor - supposedly to Charlemagne's surprise Go to Leo III, St (d. 816) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 8th century 9th century Holy Roman empire Politics Religion Catholic and orthodox Papacy Europe Italy Empires
805	Pope Leo III consecrates Charlemagne's new palace chapel in Aachen, modelled on San Vitale in Ravenna Go to Aachen in The Oxford Companion to German Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 9th century Holy Roman empire Architecture Religion Papacy Germany Empires
c. 825	The discovery of the supposed remains of the apostle St James makes Santiago de Compostela a new centre of European pilgrimage Go to Santiago de Compostela in The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 9th century Religion Europe Spain
828	The Venetians, acquiring from Alexandria some bones believed to be those of St Mark, build St Mark's to house the valuable relic Go to Mark, St in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 9th century Religion Alexandria Venice Africa North Africa Egypt Europe Italy
843	The iconoclastic controversy ends when Theodora, widow of the emperor Theophilus, officially sanctions the veneration of icons Go to icon in A Dictionary of the Bible (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 9th century Byzantine empire Religion Asia West Asia Europe Empires
863	The missionary brothers Cyril and Methodius arrive in Moravia, where they introduce the Greek Orthodox faith in a special Slavonic liturgy Go to liturgy in A Dictionary of the Bible (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 9th century Religion Catholic and orthodox Bohemia Czech Republic
865	The Bulgarian king Boris I is baptized in the Greek Orthodox faith, bringing his people within the Byzantine fold Go to Orthodox Church in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 9th century Byzantine empire Politics Dynasties and royalty Religion Europe Empires
c. 870	Cyril and Methodius translate the Gospels and parts of the Old Testament into Slavonic for the Moravians. Go to Moravians in The Oxford Dictionary of Local and Family History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 9th century Religion
909	Monastic reform, begun at Cluny, is so successful that more than 1000 Benedictine houses eventually follow the Cluniac example Go to Cluny, Cluniacs in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 10th century Religion Monasticism Europe France
929	Wenceslas, a prince of the Premsylid family, is murdered on his way into church - and becomes Bohemia's patron saint Go to Wenceslas, St (c.907–29) in The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 10th century Politics Dynasties and royalty Religion Bohemia Czech Republic
c. 950	The Byzantine empire enjoys a revival, bringing the Slavs within the Greek Orthodox fold and winning victories against the Muslims Go to Slavs in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 10th century Byzantine empire Politics Dynasties and royalty Religion Europe Empires
c. 960	Harald Bluetooth is baptized a Christian and unites the whole of Denmark as a single kingdom. Go to Gwynedd in The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 10th century Politics Dynasties and royalty Religion Europe Denmark
962	The imperial coronation of Otto I by Pope John XII in St Peter's puts in place the formal role of a Holy Roman emperor Go to Otto I (912–73) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Holy Roman empire Politics Religion Catholic and orthodox Papacy Europe Italy Empires
965	Mieszko, pagan chieftain of the Poles, marries a Christian Czech princess and brings all his people into the Roman Catholic fold Go to Mieszko I (c.935–992) in Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 10th century Politics Dynasties and royalty Religion Catholic and orthodox Europe Poland
975	The Hungarian king Gezá and his family are baptized as Roman Catholics, beginning a long link between Hungary and Rome Go to Árpád dynasty in The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 10th century Politics Dynasties and royalty Religion Catholic and orthodox Europe Hungary
c. 987	Vladimir, the prince of Kiev, decides that Greek Orthodoxy is the most suitable religion for the Russian people Go to Orthodox Church in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 10th century Politics Dynasties and royalty Religion Catholic and orthodox Europe Russia
c. 1000	Iceland's parliament, the althing, passes a resolution that everyone on the island is to be baptized Go to resolution in A Dictionary of Law (7 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 10th century 11th century Politics Democracy and dissent Religion Europe
1054	A papal delegate (from Leo IX) excommunicates Cerularius, the Patriarch of Constantinople, and the delegate is excommunicated in retaliation, launching a lasting East-West Schism Go to Michael Cerularius (d. 1058) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 11th century Catholic and orthodox Papacy Russia
1075	Pope Gregory VII decrees that only the church may make ecclesiastical appointments, thus initiating the investiture controversy between pope and emperor Go to Investiture Controversy in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 11th century Holy Roman empire Politics Religion Papacy Europe Italy Empires
1078	Anselm includes in his Proslogion his famous 'ontological proof' of the existence of God Go to ontological argument in The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 11th century Literature Literature in English Philosophy Religion Europe France
1084	St Bruno and six companions retire to Chartreuse, in the French Alps, and establish the Carthusian order Go to Carthusian Order in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 11th century Religion Monasticism Europe France
1085	Toledo is captured from the Muslims by Alfonso VI of Castile, who continues the city's traditions of religious tolerance Go to Alfonso VI of Castile (1065–1109) in The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 11th century Politics Dynasties and royalty Religion Islam Europe Spain
1095	Pope Urban II preaches the first crusade, urging the Christians of Europe to march east to recover Jerusalem from the Muslims Go to Urban II, Bl (c.1035–99) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Byzantine empire Crusades 11th century Politics Conquest and colonization Religion Papacy Jerusalem Empires Wars and Revolutions
1096	Peter the Hermit, an old monk on a donkey, leads the largest of the popular groups from Germany on the first crusade Go to Peter the Hermit (d. 1115) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Crusades 11th century Politics Conquest and colonization Religion Monasticism Germany Wars and Revolutions
c. 1098	Benedictine monks, wishing to return to the early ideals of the order, form a community at Cîteaux which becomes the Cistercian order Go to Cistercian Order in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 11th century Religion Monasticism Europe France After a siege of seven months, the city of Antioch falls to the knights of the first crusade Go to Antioch in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Byzantine empire Crusades 11th century Religion War Asia West Asia Turkey Empires Wars and Revolutions
1099	Crusaders capture the holy city of Jerusalem and massacre the Muslim and Jewish inhabitants Go to Crusades in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Byzantine empire Crusades 11th century Politics Conquest and colonization Religion Islam Judaism Jerusalem Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel Empires Wars and Revolutions
1113	The Knights of St John of Jerusalem become an established order under papal protection Go to Hospitallers in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Crusades 12th century Religion Papacy Jerusalem Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel Wars and Revolutions
1115	St Bernard establishes a new monastery at Clairvaux, from which he presides over the rapid expansion of the Cistercian order Go to Bernard, St (1090–1153) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 12th century Religion Monasticism Europe France
1120	The Knights Templar are founded, to protect pilgrims from the Muslims on the journey to Jerusalem Go to Knight Templar in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Crusades 12th century Religion Jerusalem Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel Wars and Revolutions
1144	The fall of Edessa prompts the pope, Eugenius III, to call for a second crusade to defend the Latin kingdom Go to Eugenius III (d. 1153) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Crusades 12th century Religion Papacy War Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel Europe Italy Wars and Revolutions
c. 1145	A new form of pious devotion is seen in Chartres, with people painfully dragging wagons of stone to enlarge the cathedral Go to Chartres in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 12th century Religion Europe France A bishop in the crusader territories of the Middle East has news of a fabulously wealthy Christian king, Prester John Go to Prester John in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Crusades 12th century Religion Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel Wars and Revolutions
1147	Gilbert of Hastings, an English priest, becomes bishop of the recovered see of Lisbon - the first of many such links between England and Portugal Go to Lisbon in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 12th century Religion Europe Portugal The second crusade is led east by two kings, Louis VII of France and Conrad III of Germany Go to Louis VII (c.1120–80) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Crusades 12th century Politics Conquest and colonization Religion Europe France Germany Wars and Revolutions
1148	By the time Louis VII and Conrad III reach the Holy Land they have lost more than half their joint armies to Muslim attacks Go to Louis VII (c.1120–80) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Crusades 12th century Politics Conquest and colonization Religion Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel Wars and Revolutions Louis VII and Conrad III do grave harm to the Latin Kingdom by a feeble attack that merely alienates the previously friendly city of Damascus Go to Latin kingdom of Jerusalem in The Oxford Companion to Western Art (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Crusades 12th century Politics Conquest and colonization Religion Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel Wars and Revolutions
c. 1150	In feudal France and Germany Charlemagne is by now venerated as a saint Go to Charlemagne in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 12th century Holy Roman empire Religion Europe France Germany Empires
1182	Resentment of western merchants results in a massacre of Roman Catholics by fellow Christians in Constantinople Go to Istanbul in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Byzantine empire 12th century Politics Persecution and repression Religion Catholic and orthodox Turkey Europe Empires
1190	A year after succeeding to the throne of England, Richard I sets off east as one of the leaders of the third crusade Go to Crusades in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Crusades Britain 1066-1500 12th century Politics Conquest and colonization Dynasties and royalty Religion British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Wars and Revolutions Britain The third crusade suffers an early disaster when its first leader, the emperor Frederick Barbarossa, is drowned crossing the Calycadnus river Go to Frederick I (c.1122–90) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Crusades 12th century Politics Conquest and colonization Dynasties and royalty Religion Asia West Asia Turkey Wars and Revolutions
1191	The Muslim garrison of Acre surrenders to Richard I, who orders the massacre of 2700 of its members Go to Acre in The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Crusades 12th century Politics Conquest and colonization Religion Islam Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel Wars and Revolutions The Teutonic Knights are founded to run a hospital in Acre, in the Latin kingdom of Jerusalem Go to Teutonic Knight in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Crusades 12th century Religion Jerusalem Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel Wars and Revolutions
c. 1200	The new Christian doctrine of Transubstantiation prompts rumours that the Jews desecrate the consecrated Host Go to transubstantiation in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 12th century 13th century Religion Judaism The heresy of the Cathars (meaning 'pure' ones) is now so well established in southern France that they have bishops of their own Go to heresy in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 12th century 13th century Religion Europe France
1202	The fleet of the fourth crusade departs from Venice - only to be diverted from its purposes by Venetian guile Go to Crusades in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Byzantine empire Crusades 13th century Politics Conquest and colonization Religion Venice Europe Italy Empires Wars and Revolutions A German order, the Knights of the Sword, begins the forcible conversion of Latvia and Estonia to Christianity Go to Knights of the Sword in Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Politics Conquest and colonization Religion Europe
1204	The crusaders of the fourth crusade besiege, take and destroy the Christian city of Constantinople Go to Istanbul in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Byzantine empire Crusades 13th century Politics Conquest and colonization Religion Catholic and orthodox Turkey Europe Empires Wars and Revolutions
c. 1205	Many of the treasures adorning the church of San Marco in Venice are loot taken from Constantinople during the fourth crusade Go to Venice in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Byzantine empire Crusades 13th century Politics Conquest and colonization Religion Catholic and orthodox Venice Turkey Europe Italy Empires Wars and Revolutions
1208	The murder of the pope's legate to Toulouse provokes the Albigensian crusade, which aims to wipe out the Catharist heresy Go to Albigensians in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Politics Persecution and repression Religion Papacy Europe France
1210	St Francis and eleven companions tell Innocent III of their wish for a life of holy poverty in the bustle of the towns Go to Francis Of Assisi, St (1181/2–1226) in The Concise Oxford Companion to English Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Religion Monasticism Europe Italy
1212	Participants in the Children's Crusade suffer disaster after the waters of the Mediterranean fail to part for them Go to Children's Crusade (1212) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Crusades 13th century Religion Europe Italy Wars and Revolutions
1215	St Dominic and his companions tell Innocent III of their wish to teach and preach in the bustle of the towns Go to Dominic, St (c.1174–1221) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Religion Monasticism Europe Italy
1216	The Dominicans are formally established by Pope Honorius III as Ordo Fratrum Praedicatorum, the Order of the Friars Preachers Go to Dominican Order in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Religion Monasticism Papacy Europe Italy
1219	St Francis of Assisi joins a crusading army in Egypt and attempts to convert the sultan Melek-el-Kamel and his followers to Christianity Go to Francis Of Assisi, St (1181/2–1226) in The Concise Oxford Companion to English Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Crusades 13th century Religion Monasticism Africa North Africa Egypt Wars and Revolutions
1223	The Franciscans are formally established by Honorius III as Ordo Fratrum Minorum, the Order of the Friars Minor Go to Franciscan Order in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Religion Monasticism Europe Italy
1228	Frederick II, leader of the sixth crusade, briefly recovers Jerusalem for the Christians by negotiating with the Muslims Go to Frederick II (1712–86) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Crusades 13th century Politics Conquest and colonization Religion Islam Jerusalem Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel Wars and Revolutions
1233	Gregory IX sends Dominican friars to root out the remains of the Catharist heresy in France, thus launching the Inquisition Go to Gregory IX (c.1148–1241) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Politics Persecution and repression Religion Monasticism Europe France Italy
1244	The siege of the Catharist stronghold of Montségur ends when 200 heretics are herded into a wooden stockade and are burnt Go to Montségur, Siege of in The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Politics Persecution and repression Religion Europe France
1253	Construction begins of two basilicas, one above the other on a hillside in Assisi, in memory of St Francis Go to basilica in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Religion Europe Italy
1256	Pope Alexander IV establishes a third order of preaching friars, the Augustinians Go to Augustinians in The Oxford Companion to Family and Local History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Religion Monasticism Papacy Europe Italy
1290	The Jews in England are driven out of the country, soon to be followed by those in France Go to Jews in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 13th century Politics Persecution and repression Religion Judaism British Isles Europe Britain
1291	In the space of a few months the Muslims take the last four crusader castles, Tyre, Sidon, Acre and finally Beirut Go to Acre in The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Byzantine empire Crusades 13th century Politics Conquest and colonization Religion Empires Wars and Revolutions
1295	The new Mameluke dynasty in Egypt begins a systematic campaign to drive the Crusaders out of the Middle East Go to Crusades in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Byzantine empire Crusades 13th century Politics Conquest and colonization Religion Empires Wars and Revolutions
1300	Boniface VIII declares a Jubilee or Holy Year, with plenary indulgences for pilgrims who make their way to Rome Go to Boniface VIII (c.1234–1303) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century 14th century Religion Europe Italy
1309	Clement V moves the papacy to Avignon, in a move which is expected to be temporary but which lasts for nearly seventy years Go to Clement V (1264–1314) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Renaissance 14th century Italian Renaissance Reformation Politics Religion Papacy Europe France Italy
1310	Fifty-four Knights Templars are burned at the stake, during the campaign of the French king to destroy the order Go to Knight Templar in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 14th century Politics Persecution and repression Religion Europe France
1315	Islam replaces Christianity as the religion of the kings of Dongola, in present-day Sudan Go to Nubia, Christianity in in The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (3 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 14th century Religion Islam Africa East Africa
1326	Moscow acquires new prestige when the metropolitan (or patriarch) of the Russian Orthodox church moves his residence from Vladimir Go to Orthodox Church in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 14th century Politics Religion Catholic and orthodox Europe Russia
c. 1376	John Wycliffe, writing mainly in Oxford, is critical of the contemporary church and can find no basis for the pope's authority Go to Wycliffe, John (c.1330–84) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 14th century Reformation Religion Papacy British Isles Europe Britain
1377	The papal curia returns to Rome in what would seem a conclusive move if there were not, two years later, two popes - one of them elected back in Avignon Go to Curia in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Renaissance 14th century Italian Renaissance Reformation Politics Religion Papacy Rome Europe France Italy
1379	The French cardinals, objecting to the new Italian pope, elect their own man as Clement VII - and thus inaugurate the Great Schism of the papacy Go to Great Schism (1378–1417) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Renaissance 14th century Italian Renaissance Reformation Politics Religion Papacy Europe France Italy
1386	Jogaila, baptized a Roman Catholic before marrying Jadwiga, brings Lithuania into the Christian fold - the last part of Europe to be converted Go to Roman Catholic Church in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 14th century Religion Catholic and orthodox Europe
c. 1400	The followers of Wycliffe, after his death, become known as Lollards or 'mutterers' Go to Lollards in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 14th century 15th century Reformation Religion British Isles Europe Britain
1402	John Huss, known for his radical approach to Christianity, is put in charge of the Bethlehem Chapel in Prague Go to Huss, John (c.1372–1415) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Reformation Religion Bohemia Czech Republic
1409	The Council at Pisa elects a new pope, Alexander V, without persuading the other two to resign - bringing the total to an unprecedented three Go to Pisa, Council of in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Renaissance 15th century Italian Renaissance Reformation Politics Religion Papacy Europe Italy
1414	A council is called at Constance, to consider the radical views of John Huss and to deal with the present excess of popes Go to Huss, John (c.1372–1415) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Reformation Politics Religion Papacy Bohemia Czech Republic Germany
1415	John Huss, invited to Constance under a promise of safe conduct, is arrested, tried and burnt at the stake as a heretic Go to Huss, John (c.1372–1415) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Reformation Politics Persecution and repression Religion Bohemia Czech Republic Germany
1417	The Council of Constance, having done its best to dispose of the three existing popes, elects a new one - Martin V Go to Constance, Council of (1414–18) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Politics Religion Papacy Germany
1428	A peasant girl, Joan of Arc, hears the voices of saints urging her to relieve the siege of Orléans Go to Joan of Arc, St (1412–31) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Hundred Years' War 15th century Politics Dynasties and royalty Religion War Europe France Wars and Revolutions
1429	Joan of Arc wins her way into the presence of Charles VII at Chinon and persuades him, eventually, to trust her Go to Charles VII (1403–61) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Hundred Years' War 15th century Politics Dynasties and royalty Religion War Europe France Wars and Revolutions Joan of Arc leads French forces in the successful relief of Orléans Go to Joan of Arc, St (1412–31) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Hundred Years' War 15th century Politics Dynasties and royalty Religion War Europe France Wars and Revolutions Joan of Arc stands nearby while Charles VII is anointed at Reims, then kneels before him and for the first time calls him her king Go to Charles VII (1403–61) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Hundred Years' War 15th century Politics Dynasties and royalty Religion War Europe France Wars and Revolutions
1430	Joan of Arc is captured in a skirmish with the Burgundians, who subsequently hand her over to the English Go to Joan of Arc, St (1412–31) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Hundred Years' War 15th century Politics Dynasties and royalty Religion War Europe France Wars and Revolutions
1431	Joan of Arc, tried by the Inquisition on behalf of the English in Rouen, is burned at the stake as a relapsed heretic Go to Inquisition in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Hundred Years' War 15th century Politics Dynasties and royalty Religion War Europe France Wars and Revolutions
1433	The Compacts of Prague, agreed with the papacy in 1433, allow the Hussite laity to receive the sacrament in both kinds Go to Hussites in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Reformation Religion Papacy Bohemia Czech Republic
1438	The French clergy pass a resolution at Bourges, limiting the power of the papacy within France, which is adopted by the king as a 'pragmatic sanction' Go to pragmatic sanction in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Reformation Politics Religion Papacy Europe France The Byzantine emperor John Palaeologus and the Patriarch of Constantinople, Joasaph, arrive in Ferrara to attend a council of the Roman Catholic church Go to Florence, Council of (1438–45) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Renaissance 15th century Italian Renaissance Catholic and orthodox Italy
1439	Florence acquires first-hand experience of Greek culture when Greek Orthodox priests join in a debate on theology, in particular the question of Filioque Go to Filioque in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Renaissance 15th century Italian Renaissance Religion Catholic and orthodox Florence Europe Italy The Seventeenth Ecumenical Council moves from Ferrara, because of the danger of plague, and sets up in Florence Go to ecumenical council in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Renaissance 15th century Italian Renaissance Catholic and orthodox Florence Italy
c. 1475	With Constantinople in Turkish hands, Moscow begins to see itself as the centre of Orthodox Christianity - or the third Rome Go to Moscow in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Politics Religion Catholic and orthodox Turks Europe Russia
1480	Tomas de Torquemada, from a family of converted Jews, is appointed Spain's first Grand Inquisitor Go to Torquemada, Tomás de (1420–98) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Religion Judaism Europe Spain
1491	Savonarola, the new prior of San Marco, is a stern critic of both the pope in Rome and the Medici in Florence Go to Savonarola, Girolamo (1452–98) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Renaissance 15th century Italian Renaissance Religion Papacy Florence Rome Europe Italy
1492	Torquemada persuades Ferdinand and Isabella to expel from Spain all Jews (about 160,000) who will not convert to Christianity Go to Torquemada, Tomás de (1420–98) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Politics Persecution and repression Religion Judaism Europe Spain Rodrigo Borgia, elected pope as Alexander VI, already has four illegitimate children and possibly sires three more while pope Go to Alexander VI (1431–1503) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Renaissance 15th century Italian Renaissance Religion Papacy Europe Italy
1497	Savonarola, in the carnival before Lent, urges the people of Florence to throw playing cards and lewd images on a great bonfire of vanities Go to Savonarola, Girolamo (1452–98) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Renaissance 15th century Italian Renaissance Religion Social and domestic Florence Europe Italy Society
1498	The Florentine mob, weary of puritanism, attacks the convent of San Marco and drags Savonarola away to be hanged and burnt Go to Savonarola, Girolamo (1452–98) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Renaissance 15th century Italian Renaissance Religion Social and domestic Florence Europe Italy Society
1516	Erasmus publishes an influential edition of the New Testament in its original Greek Go to Erasmus (d. c.300) in The Oxford Dictionary of Saints (5 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Reformation Religion Europe Belgium Netherlands
1517	The local sale of indulgences by Johann Tetzel outrages a friar teaching in Wittenberg, Martin Luther Go to Tetzel, Johann (c.1464–1519) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Reformation Religion Monasticism Germany Martin Luther nails his 95 Theses to the door of the castle church in Wittenberg Go to Luther, Martin (1483–1546) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Reformation Politics Protest and rebellion Religion Germany
1518	Philipp Melanchthon joins the Wittenberg university to teach Greek and inspires Luther to translate the New Testament Go to Melanchthon, Philipp (1497–1560) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Reformation Religion Germany
c. 1520	Europe's new printing presses make possible the first pamphlet war, spreading instant arguments for and against the Reformation Go to Reformation in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Reformation Printing Religion Technology Luther's writings are burnt in Rome by order of the pope Go to Luther, Martin (1483–1546) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Renaissance 16th century Italian Renaissance Reformation Politics Persecution and repression Protest and rebellion Religion Papacy Rome Europe Germany Italy
1521	Pope Leo X excommunicates Martin Luther after he has refused to recant Go to Luther, Martin (1483–1546) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Renaissance 16th century Italian Renaissance Reformation Politics Persecution and repression Protest and rebellion Religion Papacy Europe Germany Italy Luther travels to the German city of Worms to present his case to an imperial diet Go to Luther, Martin (1483–1546) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Reformation Politics Protest and rebellion Religion Germany Luther bears witness to a Protestant conscience, stating at Worms: 'Here I stand, I can not do otherwise.' Go to Luther, Martin (1483–1546) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Reformation Politics Protest and rebellion Religion Germany Ignatius of Loyola, recovering from a wound received as a soldier at Pamplona, is inspired by reading the lives of the saints Go to Loyola, Ignatius, St (1491–1556) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Religion Monasticism Europe Spain
1522	Outlawed by the Edict of Worms, Luther lives secretly in the Wartburg as Junker Georg Go to Beveridge, William Henry, Baron (1879–1963) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Reformation Politics Persecution and repression Religion Germany Huldreich Zwingli eats sausage in Lent in Zurich, launching the Swiss Reformation Go to Zwingli, Ulrich (1484–1531) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Reformation Politics Protest and rebellion Religion Switzerland
1523	Hans Sachs, popular poet and master singer, describes Luther as the Wittenberg nightingale Go to Luther, Martin (1483–1546) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Reformation Religion Germany
1524	William Tyndale studies in the university at Wittenberg and plans to translate the Bible into English Go to Tyndale, William (c.1494–1536) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Reformation Literature English literature Literature in English German literature Religion British Isles Europe Germany Britain
1525	Luther, a former friar, marries Catherine von Bora, a former nun who has just emerged from her convent Go to Luther, Martin (1483–1546) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Reformation Religion Monasticism Social and domestic Germany Society Conrad Grebel baptises an adult, causing outrage in Protestant Zurich Go to Grebel, Conrad (c.1498–1526) in The Oxford Dictionary of the Renaissance (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Reformation Politics Protest and rebellion Religion Switzerland Thomas Müntzer leads the rebels in the Peasant War, to the profound displeasure of Luther Go to Peasants' War (1524–26) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Reformation Religion War Germany Muslims throughout Spain are ordered to convert to Christianity or to leave the kingdom Go to Islam in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Politics Persecution and repression Religion Islam Europe Spain
1527	Gustavus I of Sweden fills his coffers by appropriating the property of Catholic churches and monasteries Go to Gustavus I (1496–1560) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Reformation Politics Dynasties and royalty Religion Europe
1528	Discussion of Henry VIII's proposed divorce hinges on rival verses from the Old Testament, in Deuteronomy and Leviticus Go to Henry VIII (1491–1547) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Reformation Britain 1500-1750 Politics Dynasties and royalty Religion Judaism British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1529	The 'Protestation' of various princes and imperial cities at Speyer identifies them as Protestants Go to Protestant in The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Reformation Politics Protest and rebellion Religion Germany Protestant reformers Luther and Zwingli disagree at Marburg on the nature of the Eucharist Go to Eucharist in The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Reformation Religion Germany
1530	Ahmad ibn Ibrahim leads Muslim Somalis in a holy war against Christian Ethiopia, destroying churches and shrines Go to Ethiopia in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Politics Conquest and colonization Religion Islam Africa East Africa Ethiopia The Augsburg Confession, presented by Melanchthon to the imperial diet, defines the Lutheran faith Go to Augsburg, Confession of (1530) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Reformation Politics Protest and rebellion Religion Germany
1531	The Aztec Virgin of Guadalupe appears to an Indian near Mexico City and tells him she is 'one of his kind' Go to Virgin of Guadalupe in The Oxford Companion to World Mythology (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Politics Conquest and colonization Religion Latin America Central America Mexico The Protestant princes of Germany form the defensive League of Schmalkalden Go to Schmalkaldic League in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Reformation Politics Protest and rebellion Religion Germany Zwingli is killed at Kappel in a battle between Protestant and Catholic cantons Go to Zwingli, Ulrich (1484–1531) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Reformation Religion Battles Switzerland
1534	Henry VIII's Act of Supremacy forces prominent figures in English public life to accept him on oath as head of the Church of England Go to Church of England in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Reformation Britain 1500-1750 Politics Dynasties and royalty Religion British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain Paris wakes up to find Protestant placards all over the place, mocking the sacrament of the mass Go to Protestantism in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Reformation Politics Protest and rebellion Religion Europe France
1536	Henry VIII begins the process of gathering in the wealth of England's monasteries Go to Henry VIII (1491–1547) in The Oxford Dictionary of the Renaissance (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Reformation Britain 1500-1750 Politics Dynasties and royalty Religion British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain William Tyndale is captured in Antwerp, condemned as a heretic and strangled at the stake Go to Tyndale, William (c.1494–1536) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Reformation Belgium Netherlands Christian III seizes the wealth of Danish churches and monasteries, before turning his attention to those of Norway Go to Christian III (1503–59) in The Oxford Dictionary of the Renaissance (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Reformation Politics Dynasties and royalty Religion Europe Denmark Norway
1539	The Great Bible, commissioned by Henry VIII for use in every Anglican church, is published Go to Great Bible noun in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Reformation Britain 1500-1750 British Isles Europe Britain
1540	Pope Paul III establishes Ignatius Loyola and his followers as the Society of Jesus, or the Jesuits Go to Loyola, Ignatius, St (1491–1556) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Religion Monasticism Papacy Europe Italy
1541	Protestant reformer John Calvin settles in Geneva and submits the city to a strict Christian rule Go to Calvin, John (1509–64) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Reformation Politics Protest and rebellion Religion Switzerland Francis Xavier, companion of Ignatius Loyola and the first missionary of the Counter-Reformation, sets sail from Lisbon Go to Francis Xavier, St (1506–52) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Religion Monasticism Europe Portugal
1542	Francis Xavier reaches Goa, at the start of the great mission to the east that will last the nine years until his death Go to Francis Xavier, St (1506–52) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Religion Monasticism Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) India (republic) Pope Paul III establishes the Roman Inquisition, with the specific task of fighting against the Protestant heresy Go to Inquisition, Roman in The Oxford Dictionary of the Renaissance (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Renaissance 16th century Italian Renaissance Religion Papacy Europe Italy
1545	3000 Waldenses are massacred as heretics in the villages of Provence Go to Waldenses noun in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Reformation Politics Persecution and repression Religion Europe France A council of the Roman Catholic church is convened in Trent, to establish the tenets of the Counter-Reformation See this event in other timelines: Renaissance 16th century Italian Renaissance Religion Europe Italy
1546	David Beaton, the archbishop of St Andrews, burns a leading Protestant, George Wishart, as a heretic and is murdered in retaliation Go to Beaton, David (c.1494–1546) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Reformation Britain 1500-1750 Politics Persecution and repression Religion British Isles Europe Britain
1547	John Knox is captured in St Andrews and is sent to serve in the French fleet as a galley slave Go to Knox, John (1514–72) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Reformation Britain 1500-1750 Politics Persecution and repression Religion British Isles Europe Britain
1549	The first version of the English prayer book, or Book of Common Prayer, is published with text by Thomas Cranmer Go to Book of Common Prayer noun in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Reformation Literature English literature Literature in English Religion British Isles Europe Britain
1553	Mary I succeeds to the English throne, and devotes her energies to the restoration of the Catholic faith Go to Mary I (1516–58) in The Oxford Dictionary of the Renaissance (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Reformation Britain 1500-1750 Politics Dynasties and royalty Religion British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1554	Mary I causes grave offence in England by her marriage to the Catholic heir to the king of Spain Go to Philip II (1527–98) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics Dynasties and royalty Religion British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Spain Rulers and politicians Britain
1555	The Peace of Augsburg achieves a compromise which for a while solves the religious tensions deriving from the Reformation Go to Augsburg, Peace of (1555) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Reformation Politics Dynasties and royalty Religion Germany The Protestant martyrs, though few in number, ensure the reputation of Bloody Mary in English history Go to Mary I (1516–58) in The Oxford Dictionary of the Renaissance (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Reformation Britain 1500-1750 Politics Persecution and repression Religion British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1556	Thomas Cranmer is burnt at the stake in Oxford, after reasserting his Protestant beliefs Go to Cranmer, Thomas (1489–1556) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Reformation Britain 1500-1750 Europe Britain
1559	John Knox returns to Scotland from Geneva and inspires the Protestants to march on Edinburgh Go to Knox, John (1514–72) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Reformation Britain 1500-1750 Politics Protest and rebellion Religion Scotland British Isles Europe Britain A national synod of France's Protestants, the Huguenots, is convened in Paris Go to Huguenots in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Reformation Religion Europe France
1561	Mary Queen of Scots returns from France to Edinburgh, and to an inevitable clash with John Knox Go to Mary, Queen of Scots (1542–87) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Reformation Britain 1500-1750 Politics Dynasties and royalty Religion Scotland British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1567	The Book of Common Prayer and the New Testament are published in Welsh, to be followed by the complete Bible in 1588 Go to Book of Common Prayer noun in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Reformation Literature English literature Literature in English Religion Wales British Isles Europe Britain
1570	Pope Pius V excommunicates the English queen, Elizabeth I, causing a severe crisis of loyalty for her Catholic subjects Go to Elizabeth I (1533–1603) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Reformation Britain 1500-1750 Politics Religion Papacy British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Italy Rulers and politicians Britain
1572	A massacre of French Protestants, known as the Huguenots, begins in Paris on St Bartholomew's Day Go to St Bartholomew's Day Massacre (23–24 August 1572) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Reformation Politics Persecution and repression Religion Europe France
1579	The Union of Arras and the Union of Utrecht split the Netherlands into Catholic and Protestant camps Go to Arras, Union of in The Oxford Dictionary of the Renaissance (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Reformation Religion Europe Belgium Netherlands
1580	The first Jesuit missionaries arrive in England, with Edmund Campion among their number Go to Campion, Edmund, St (1540–81) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Britain 1500-1750 Religion Monasticism British Isles Europe Britain
c. 1585	Catholics are now the martyrs in England, their numbers almost matching the Protestant martyrs of the previous reign Go to martyr in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Reformation Britain 1500-1750 Politics Persecution and repression Religion British Isles Europe Britain
1593	Henry IV becomes a Catholic so as to secure Paris and the throne of France Go to Henry IV in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Reformation Politics Dynasties and royalty Religion Europe France
1598	The Edict of Nantes secures the civil rights of France's Protestants, the Huguenots Go to Nantes, Edict of (1598) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Reformation Politics Protest and rebellion Religion Europe France
1604	James I commissions the Authorized version of the Bible, which is completed by forty-seven scholars in seven years Go to Durgāpur (West Bengal/India) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Reformation Literature English literature Literature in English Religion British Isles Europe Britain
1605	The Gunpowder Plot, attempting murder and treason, severely damages the Catholic cause in Britain Go to Gunpowder plot (1605) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics Protest and rebellion Religion British Isles Europe Britain
1608	A shipload of Puritans, among them some of the future Pilgrim Fathers, sail from Boston in Lincolnshire to seek religious freedom in Holland Go to puritan in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Reformation Britain 1500-1750 Politics Persecution and repression Religion British Isles Europe Belgium Netherlands Britain
1612	The establishment of a Baptist church in London is a defining moment for the Baptist sect within Christianity Go to Baptist in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Britain 1500-1750 Religion British Isles Europe Britain
1614	An edict is passed expelling Jesuit missionaries from Japan, and ordering their converts to revert to Buddhism Go to Jesuits in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics Religion Monasticism Asia East Asia China
1619	The Protestant Frederick V (elector palatine of the Rhine) is elected king by the rebellious Bohemian nobles Go to Frederick V (1596–1632) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Austrian empire Politics Dynasties and royalty Protest and rebellion Religion Bohemia Austria Czech Republic Empires
1636	Rhode Island is founded by Roger Williams as a colony based on the principle of religious tolerance Go to Williams, Roger (c. 1603–83) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Reformation Politics Conquest and colonization Religion British colonial America British empire European empires from 1415 Europe Empires North America United States
1637	Charles I and his archbishop of Canterbury, William Laud, attempt to impose the full Anglican hierarchy on presbyterian Scotland Go to Charles I (1600–49) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: English Civil War 17th century Britain 1500-1750 Religion War Scotland British Isles Europe Wars and Revolutions Britain
1638	A National Covenant, first signed in an Edinburgh churchyard, commits the Covenanters to oppose Charles I's reforms of the Church of Scotland Go to Covenanters in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: English Civil War 17th century Reformation Britain 1500-1750 Politics Protest and rebellion Religion War Scotland British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Wars and Revolutions Britain Riots erupt in Edinburgh, in response to the attempt by Charles I and Laud to impose a hierarchy of Anglican bishops Go to Charles I (1600–49) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: English Civil War 17th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics Protest and rebellion Religion War Scotland British Isles Europe Wars and Revolutions Britain
1650	James Ussher, archbishop of Armagh, calculates that creation began on Sunday, October 23, 4004 BC Go to Ussher, James (1581–1656) in The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (3 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Britain 1500-1750 Religion British Isles Europe Ireland Britain
1652	Nikon becomes patriarch of all Russia and introduces reforms which cause the Old Believers to form a breakaway sect Go to Nikon (1605–81) in The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (3 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Religion Europe Russia
1653	John Bunyan joins a Nonconformist church in Bedford and becomes one of their preachers Go to Bunyan, John (1628–88) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Britain 1500-1750 Religion British Isles Europe Britain
c. 1655	George Fox begins preaching in England, in a movement which develops into the Society of Friends - or Quakers Go to quakers in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Britain 1500-1750 Religion British Isles Europe Britain
1661	John Bunyan is convicted of unlicensed preaching and spends the next eleven years in Bedford Gaol Go to Bunyan, John (1628–88) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Britain 1500-1750 Religion British Isles Europe Britain The Cavalier Parliament begins to pass a series of acts, known as the Clarendon Code, containing punitive measures against Presbyterians Go to Clarendon code in The Oxford Companion to British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics Persecution and repression Religion British Isles Europe Britain
1662	The Act of Uniformity demands that Anglican clergy accept all the Thirty-Nine Articles, costing many their livings Go to Uniformity, Act of (1662) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics Persecution and repression Religion British Isles Europe Britain
1664	The Conventicle Act restricts worship in England to Anglican churches if more than a few people are present Go to Clarendon code in The Oxford Companion to British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics Persecution and repression Religion British Isles Europe Britain
1665	The Five Mile Act prevents Nonconformist ministers in England from coming closer than five miles to any town where they have ministered Go to Clarendon code in The Oxford Companion to British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics Persecution and repression Religion British Isles Europe Britain
1668	The Jesuits establish a mission at Sault Sainte Marie which becomes the starting point for French exploration south of the Great Lakes Go to Sault Sainte Marie (Canada, USA) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics Conquest and colonization Religion Monasticism European empires from 1415 French empire Europe Empires North America Canada
1672	Charles II issues a Declaration of Indulgence, suspending the restrictions on Catholics and Nonconformists Go to Declarations of Indulgence in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics Persecution and repression Religion British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1673	Parliament in England passes a Test Act excluding Catholics and Nonconformists from public office Go to Test Act in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics Persecution and repression Religion British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1678	The Popish Plot, an invented Jesuit conspiracy to kill Charles II, results in the execution of about thirty-five Roman Catholics Go to Popish Plot (1678) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics Persecution and repression Religion British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
c. 1680	Louis XIV persecutes the Huguenots by means of dragonnades - the billetting of unruly dragoons in the homes of villagers Go to Dragonnades in The New Oxford Companion to Literature in French (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics Persecution and repression Religion Europe France
1682	William Penn approves the Great Law, allowing complete freedom of religious belief in Pennsylvania Go to Penn, William (1644–1718) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics Conquest and colonization Religion British colonial America British empire European empires from 1415 Europe Empires North America United States
1683	Mennonites and other from Germany (later known as the Pennsylvania Dutch) begin to settle in Penn's liberal colony Go to Penn, William (1644–1718) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics Conquest and colonization Religion British colonial America British empire European empires from 1415 Europe Empires North America United States
1685	James II succeeds to the throne in Britain and immediately introduces pro-Catholic policies Go to James II (1633–1701) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics Dynasties and royalty Religion British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain 400,000 Huguenots leave France after Louis XIV deprives them of their rights by revoking the Edict of Nantes Go to Nantes, Edict of (1598) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics Persecution and repression Religion Europe France
1689	James II, landing in Ireland, is acclaimed as king in Dublin by enthusiastic Irish Catholics Go to James II (1633–1701) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics Dynasties and royalty Religion British Isles Europe Ireland Britain
1690	The Church of Scotland finally wins recognition as an independent Presbyterian body Go to Presbyterianism noun in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics Dynasties and royalty Religion Scotland British Isles Europe Britain
c. 1700	In the years after the battle of the Boyne, Catholic ownership of land in Ireland is reduced to just 14% of the total Go to Boyne, Battle of the (1 July 1690) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Politics Conquest and colonization Religion British Isles Europe Ireland Britain
1701	The Act of Settlement declares that no Catholic may inherit the English crown Go to Settlement, Act of (1701) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics Dynasties and royalty Religion British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
c. 1730	John and Charles Wesley form a Holy Club at Oxford which becomes the cradle of Methodism Go to Holy Club in The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (3 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Britain 1500-1750 Religion Great Britain - from 1707 British Isles Europe Britain
c. 1735	A revivalist movement in America, led by Jonathan Edwards, becomes known as the Great Awakening Go to Great Awakening, The in The Oxford Companion to American Literature (6 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Religion North America United States
1741	American revivalism is inflamed by Jonathan Edwards' vivid sermon Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God Go to Great Awakening, The in The Oxford Companion to American Literature (6 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Religion North America United States
1754	In Freedom of Will American evangelist Jonathan Edwards makes an uncompromising defence of orthodox against liberal Calvinism Go to Edwards, Jonathan (1703–58) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Religion North America United States
1759	The Portuguese expel the Jesuits from Brazil, beginning a widespread reaction against the order in Catholic Europe Go to Jesuits in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Religion Monasticism Europe Portugal Latin America Brazil South America
1769	Franciscan missionary Junipero Serra begins work at San Diego de Cala, the first of his nine California missions Go to Serra, Junipero (1713–1784) in The Oxford Companion to United States History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Religion Monasticism North America United States
1773	Responding to pressure from the Catholic monarchs of Europe, Clement XIV abolishes the Jesuit Order Go to Clement XIV (1705–74) in The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (3 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Religion Monasticism Europe Italy
1774	The treaty of Kuchuk Kainarji grants Russia special rights in relation to the Christian Holy Places under Ottoman control Go to Russo-Ottoman Wars in Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Crimean War Politics Religion War Turks Muslim empires Ottoman empire Asia West Asia Empires Wars and Revolutions
1775	Talleyrand begins an extremely varied career by becoming an abbot at the age of twenty-one Go to Talleyrand (1754–1838) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Religion Europe France
1781	Joseph II passes an Edict of Toleration, for the first time allowing Protestant worship in Habsburg territories Go to Joseph II (1741–90) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Holy Roman empire Austrian empire Politics Dynasties and royalty Religion Austria Empires
c. 1790	A second great revivalist movement sweeps northeast America, inspired by the earlier example of Jonathan Edwards Go to Great Awakening, The in The Oxford Companion to American Literature (6 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Religion North America United States
1795	Thomas Paine publishes his completed Age of Reason, an attack on conventional Christianity Go to Age of Reason, The in The Concise Oxford Companion to English Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Britain 1750-1900 Literature English literature Literature in English Religion Great Britain - from 1707 British Isles Europe Britain A secret Protestant group, the Orange Society, is formed in Co. Armagh to resist Irish nationalism Go to Orange order in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Politics Protest and rebellion Religion British Isles Europe Ireland Britain
1797	Pope Pius VI is seized by a French army in Rome and is taken off to captivity in France Go to Pius VI (1717–99) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Religion Papacy Rome Europe France Italy
1801	Napoleon mends France's fences with Roman Catholicism by agreeing a Concordat with Pope Pius VII Go to Pius VII (1742–1823) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Napoleonic era Religion Papacy Europe France Italy
1809	Napoleon annexes the Papal States and is excommunicated by the pope, Pius VII Go to Pius VII (1742–1823) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Napoleonic Wars 19th century Napoleonic era Politics Conquest and colonization Religion Papacy War Europe Italy Wars and Revolutions Napoleon, in response to his excommunication, has pope Pius VII arrested and kept in captivity in northern Italy and then France Go to Pius VII (1742–1823) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Napoleonic Wars 19th century Napoleonic era Politics Religion War Europe Italy Wars and Revolutions
1814	The Jesuit Order is restored by Pius VII on his return to Rome Go to Jesuits in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Religion Monasticism Europe Italy
1815	The rulers of Russia, Prussia and Austria form a Holy Alliance to preserve their concept of a Christian Europe Go to Holy Alliance (1815) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Napoleonic Wars 19th century Napoleonic era Politics Religion War Europe Austria Germany Russia Wars and Revolutions
1823	Daniel O'Connell organizes Catholic Associations throughout Ireland, funded by the members' penny subscriptions Go to Catholic Association (1823–9) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Britain 1750-1900 Politics Religion Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Ireland Britain
1829	The Emancipation Act, enabling Daniel O'Connell to take his seat at Westminster, at last removes the restrictions on Catholics in UK public life Go to Catholic Emancipation, Act of (1829) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Britain 1750-1900 Politics Religion Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Britain
1831	Evangelical preacher Charles Grandison Finney leads a new wave of revivalism in the northeastern states Go to Finney, Charles Grandison (1792–1875) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Religion North America United States
1838	In his Divinity School Address, delivered at Harvard, Ralph Waldo Emerson criticizes formal religion and gives priority to personal spiritual experience Go to Divinity School Address in The Concise Oxford Companion to American Literature (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Literature American literature Literature in English Religion North America United States
1844	The Young Men's Christian Association is founded in London by British drapery assistant George Williams Go to Young Men's Christian Association in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Britain 1750-1900 Religion Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Britain
1851	The first American branch of the Young Men's Christian Association is established in Boston Go to Young Men's Christian Association in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Religion North America United States
1852	France demands that Turkey should end Russia's exclusive control of the Christian Holy Places in the Ottoman empire Go to Crimean War (1853–56) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Crimean War Politics Religion War Turks Muslim empires Ottoman empire Asia West Asia Empires Wars and Revolutions Russia insists that her exclusive rights over the Holy Places are enshrined in the treaty of Kuchuk Kainarji Go to Crimean War (1853–56) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Crimean War Politics Religion War Muslim empires Ottoman empire Asia West Asia Turkey Europe Russia Empires Wars and Revolutions
1853	Antoinette Brown becomes the first female to be ordained a minister in the USA, in the First Congregational Church in South Butler, NY Go to Blackwell, Antoinette Louisa Brown (1825–1921) in The Dictionary of Modern American Philosophers (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Religion North America United States
1854	Pope Pius IX issues a papal bull declaring that the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary is to be an article of faith for Catholics Go to Pius IX (1792–1878) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Religion Papacy Europe Italy
c. 1855	The Christian Socialism of F.D. Maurice and others is mocked by its opponents as 'muscular Christianity' Go to Maurice, F. D. (1805–72) in The Concise Oxford Companion to English Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Britain 1750-1900 Religion Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Britain
1857	David Livingstone urges upon a Cambridge audience the high ideal of taking 'commerce and Christianity' into Africa Go to Livingstone, David (1813–73) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Britain 1750-1900 Religion Commerce and industry Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles British empire Europe Society Empires Britain
1864	Pope Pius IX includes socialism, civil marriage and secular education among eighty modern errors listed in his Syllabus Go to Syllabus Errorum in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Religion Papacy Europe Italy
1869	British prime minister William Gladstone introduces a bill to disestablish the Anglican church in Ireland Go to Disestablishment of the Church of Ireland in Brewer's Dictionary of Irish Phrase & Fable (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Britain 1750-1900 Politics Religion Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Ireland Britain
1870	Pope Pius IX, rapidly losing temporal authority, declares a new dogma – that the pope, when speaking from the throne, is infallible on matters of faith or morals Go to Pius IX (1792–1878) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Religion Papacy Europe Italy The Turkish sultan finally allows the Christians of Bulgaria to have their own Orthodox patriarch Go to Bulgaria, Christianity in in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Religion Turks Europe
1873	US shoe salesman and YMCA member Dwight L. Moody launches into a new career as a revivalist preacher Go to Moody, Dwight Lyman (1837–99) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Religion North America United States
1903	Giuseppe Sarto is elected pope and takes the name Pius X Go to Pius X, St (1835–1914) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1900s 20th century Religion Papacy Europe Italy
1908	Gideons International place their first bible in a hotel bedroom, in Montana, USA Go to Gideon in The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1900s 20th century Religion Social and domestic Society North America United States
1913	Albert Schweitzer and his wife become missionaries at Lambaréné in west Africa Go to Schweitzer, Albert (1875–1965) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Religion Africa West Africa
1914	The Assemblies of God is established as the largest affiliation of Pentecostal churches Go to Assemblies of God in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Religion North America United States Giacomo della Chiesa is elected pope and takes the name Benedict XV Go to Benedict XV (3 Sept. 1914–22 Jan. 1922) in A Dictionary of Popes (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Religion Papacy Europe Italy
1919	The Swiss theologian Karl Barth publishes his influential Commentary on Romans, taking St Paul's epistle as his text Go to Barth, Karl (1886–1968) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Religion Switzerland
1922	Ambrogio Ratti is elected pope and takes the name Pius XI Go to Pius XI (6 Feb. 1922–10 Feb. 1939) in A Dictionary of Popes (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1920s 20th century Religion Papacy Europe Italy
1923	In I and Thou the Austrian theologian Martin Buber interprets religion in terms of the subjective experience of interpersonal relationships Go to Buber, Martin (1878–1965) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1920s 20th century Literature Philosophy Religion Austria
1929	The Lateran Treaty, between the Holy See and the state of Italy, establishes the Vatican City as a free state within the wider nation Go to Lateran Treaties (11 February 1929) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1920s 20th century Politics Religion Europe Italy
1937	Pope Pius XI issues an encyclical, Mit Brennender Sorge, condemning the Nazi ideology of racism Go to Mit brennender Sorge in The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (3 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1930s 20th century Politics Religion Papacy Europe Germany Italy Lutheran pastor Martin Niemöller is arrested for defying the Nazis and spends the next eight years in concentration camps Go to Niemöller, Martin (1892–1984) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1930s 20th century Politics Religion Germany
1939	Eugenio Pacelli is elected pope and takes the name Pius XII Go to Pius XII (1876–1958) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1930s 20th century Religion Papacy Europe Italy
1940	Roger Schutz establishes an ecumenical religious order at Taizé in France Go to Taizé Community in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s 20th century Religion Europe France
1948	The World Council of Churches is established in Amsterdam – a significant step in the ecumenical movement Go to World Council of Churches in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s 20th century Religion Europe Netherlands
1950	US evangelist Billy Graham forms the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association, to take the Christian message to the world Go to Graham, Billy (1918– ) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1950s 20th century Religion North America United States
1952	Albanian missionary Mother Teresa opens the Nirmal Hriday, or Kalighat Home for Dying Destitutes, in Calcutta Go to Teresa, Mother (1910–1997) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1950s 20th century Religion Social and domestic Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) India (republic) Society
1954	Korean evangelist Sun Myung Moon launches the Unification Church, a mission to unify world Christianity Go to Moon, Sun Myung (1920–2012) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1950s 20th century Religion Asia East Asia Korea
1956	Civil war breaks out in Sudan between the Muslim north and the Christian south Go to Sudan in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1950s 20th century Religion Islam War Africa East Africa
1957	US novelist Mary McCarthy describes the religious pressures she grew up with in Memories of a Catholic Girlhood Go to McCarthy, Mary (1912–) in The Concise Oxford Companion to American Literature (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1950s 20th century Literature American literature Literature in English Religion North America United States
1958	Angelo Roncalli is elected pope and takes the name John XXIII Go to John XXIII (1881–1963) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1950s 20th century Religion Papacy Europe Italy
1959	Pope John XXIII summons a second Vatican Council Go to Vatican Council, Second (1962–65) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1950s 20th century Religion Papacy Europe Italy
c. 1960	Neo-Pentecostalism, also known as Charismatic Renewal, becomes an important element within many Christian denominations Go to Charismatic Renewal Movement in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Religion
1962	The Second Ecumenical Council of the Vatican begins, 94 years after the start of the First Vatican Council under Pius IX Go to Vatican Council, Second (1962–5) in The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (3 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Religion Europe Italy
1963	Pope John XXIII dies, only a few month's after the start of the great Vatican council that he has summoned Go to John XXIII (1881–1963) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Religion Papacy Europe Italy Italian cardinal Giovanni Montini is elected pope and takes the name Paul VI Go to Paul VI (1897–1978) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Religion Papacy Europe Italy
1964	Pope Paul VI and Patriarch Athenagoras meet in Jerusalem, in the first such meeting since 1438 Go to Athenagoras (1886–1972) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Catholic and orthodox Papacy Jerusalem Palestine and Israel The Second Vatican Council issues a decree recognizing the legitimacy and apostolic origins of many of the beliefs and practices of the Greek Orthodox church Go to Vatican Council, Second (1962–5) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Catholic and orthodox Italy
1965	Pope Paul VI and Patriarch Athenagoras preside over simultaneous ceremonies, in Rome and Istanbul, revoking the mutual excommunications of 1054 Go to Athenagoras (1886–1972) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Catholic and orthodox Papacy Rome Italy The Second Vatican Council ends, having made some radical changes in the ritual and attitudes of the Roman Catholic church Go to Vatican Council, Second (1962–5) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Religion Europe Italy
1967	Pope Paul VI visits the Patriarch Athenagoras in Istanbul, shocking some Catholics that this visit has preceded one by the Patriarch to Rome Go to Paul VI (21 June 1963–6 Aug. 1978) in A Dictionary of Popes (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Catholic and orthodox Papacy Pope Paul VI and Patriarch Athenagoras issue a joint declaration, emphasizing mutual respect for each other's traditions Go to Paul VI (21 June 1963–6 Aug. 1978) in A Dictionary of Popes (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Catholic and orthodox Papacy Italy
1968	Pope Paul VI issues the encyclical Humanae Vitae, condemning all methods of artificial birth control Go to Humanae vitae in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Religion Papacy Europe Italy Catholic bishops in Latin America, plagued by oppressive regimes, develop the concept of liberation theology Go to liberation theology in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Religion Latin America Central America South America
1978	Italian cardinal Albino Luciani is elected pope and takes the name John Paul I Go to John Paul I (28 Sept. 1978) in A Dictionary of Popes (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1970s 20th century Religion Papacy Europe Italy Pope John Paul I dies, after a pontificate of only 33 days Go to John Paul I (28 Sept. 1978) in A Dictionary of Popes (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1970s 20th century Religion Papacy Europe Italy A Catholic-Orthodox joint commission acknowledges the long-term aim of re-establishing full communion between the two churches Go to Catholic Church, Roman in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1970s 20th century Catholic and orthodox Italy Polish cardinal Karol Wojtyla is elected pope and takes the name John Paul II Go to John Paul II (1920–2005) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1970s 20th century Religion Papacy Europe Italy
1979	John Paul II makes an emotional and influential return to Poland, the country of his birth Go to John Paul II (1920–2005) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1970s 20th century Religion Europe Poland
1980	Archbishop Oscar Romero, an exponent of liberation theology, is killed as he celebrates Mass in San Salvador Go to Romero, Oscar Arnulfo (1917–80) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1980s 20th century Politics Terrorism and assassination Religion Latin America Central America
1982	Christian militiamen massacre Palestinian refugees in the Sabra and Chatila camps in Lebanon Go to Lebanon in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1980s 20th century Politics Persecution and repression Religion Islam Asia West Asia Lebanon and Syria
1983	Government imposition of Islamic law (sharia) triggers renewed civil war in Sudan between the Muslim north and Christian south Go to Sudan, Christianity in in The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (3 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1980s 20th century Religion Islam War Africa East Africa
1986	Desmond Tutu is the first black African to be archbishop of Cape Town Go to Tutu, Desmond Mpilo (1931– ) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1980s 20th century Religion Social and domestic Africa South Africa South Africa (republic) Society
1988	A woman is consecrated as Suffragan Bishop of Massachusetts, becoming the first female bishop in the Anglican Communion's historic line of succession from St Peter Go to women, ordination of in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1980s 20th century Religion North America United States Nine Roman Catholic cardinals attend the 1000th anniversary celebrations of the Russian people being brought into the Orthodox faith Go to Russian Orthodox Church in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1980s 20th century Catholic and orthodox Russia
1994	In his apostolic letter Ordinatio sacerdotalis John Paul II forbids even any discussion of the ordination of women Go to John Paul II Bl (1920–2005) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1990s 20th century Religion Europe Italy
2005	John Paul II, dying after 26 years on the papal throne, is the third longest-serving pope in history Go to John Paul II Bl (1920–2005) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Religion Papacy Europe Italy Patriarch Christodoulos attends the funeral in Rome of Pope John Paul II Go to John Paul II Bl (1920–2005) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Catholic and orthodox Papacy Rome Italy Joseph Ratzinger is elected pope and takes the name Benedict XVI Go to Benedict XVI (1927– ) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Religion Papacy Europe Italy
2006	Patriarch Christodoulos has talks with Pope Benedict XVI, in the first official visit to the Vatican by the head of the Greek Orthodox church Go to Benedict XVI (1927– ) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Catholic and orthodox Papacy Italy

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date: 03 December 2023

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