Protest and rebellion

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Timeline: Protest and rebellion

Years: c. 650 BCE - 2011	Subject: Social sciences, Politics
Publisher: HistoryWorld	Online Publication Date: 2012
Current online version: 2012	eISBN: 9780191737183

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BCE CE

Year	Event
c. 650 BCE	The inhabitants of Messenia revolt against Spartan rule and are reduced, in retaliation, to the status of serfs or helots Go to helot in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1000-600 BCE Politics Europe Greece
464 BCE	An earthquake in Sparta leads to an uprising by the helots, who take up a defensive position on Mount Ithome Go to Ithō'mē, Mount in The Oxford Companion to Classical Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 5th century BCE Ancient Athens Politics Europe Greece
460 BCE	Forces of the Delian League assist the Egyptians in a successful revolt against their Persian rulers Go to Delian League in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 5th century BCE Greco-Persian Wars Politics War Africa North Africa Egypt Wars and Revolutions
165 BCE	The Jewish leader Judas the Maccabee captures Jerusalem and cleanses the Temple Go to JUDAH THE MACCABEE in The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 2nd century BCE Politics Religion Judaism Jerusalem Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel
88 BCE	The Roman general Sulla takes the unprecedented step of marching upon Rome with a Roman army, to restore his own faction to power Go to Sulla, Publius Cornelius (c.138–78bc) in The Oxford Companion to Military History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century BCE Politics War Rome Europe Italy
82 BCE	Sulla takes Rome for the second time, after a battle at the Colline Gate, and then publishes his lethal 'proscriptions' Go to proscriptions in The Oxford Companion to Classical Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century BCE War Battles Rome Europe Italy
73 BCE	A rebellion by Spartacus and other slaves from a gladiators' training camp at Capua lasts for two years before it is suppressed Go to Spartacus in Oxford Dictionary of the Classical World (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century BCE Politics Europe Greece Italy
60	Boudicca launches a devastating attack on Roman soldiers and settlers, destroying their headquarters at Colchester Go to Boudicca (62 ad) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Roman empire Roman Britain Politics Conquest and colonization Europe Empires Britain
66	The Zealots play a prominent part in the uprising which expels the Romans from Jerusalem Go to Zealots in A Concise Companion to the Jewish Religion (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Roman empire Politics Conquest and colonization Judaism Jerusalem Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel Empires
69	A rebellion in Spain prompts such chaos that Rome has four emperors within a year, after the suicide of Nero in 68 Go to Roman civil wars in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Roman empire Politics Dynasties and royalty Rome Europe Italy Empires
73	The last of the Jewish insurgents are besieged in the stronghold of Masada, eventually killing each other to end their ordeal Go to Masada in A Dictionary of the Bible (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Politics Judaism Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel
130	Hadrian, visiting Jerusalem, decides to rebuild it as a Roman city - an act which provokes the final Jewish uprising Go to Jewish revolts (66–73) in The Oxford Companion to Military History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 2nd century Roman empire Politics Judaism Jerusalem Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel Empires
132	Simon Bar-Cochba drives the Romans out of Jerusalem and holds it for three years, until a large Roman army recovers the city Go to Bar Cochba in The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (3 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 2nd century Roman empire Politics Judaism Jerusalem Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel Empires
532	Theodora shows her mettle, as empress, in her response to the anarchy and terror unleashed in Constantinople by the Nika revolt Go to Nika Revolt in The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 6th century Byzantine empire Politics Turkey Europe Empires
903	The leader of a peasant uprising captures and kills the Chinese emperor, bringing to an end the T'ang dynasty Go to T'ang in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 10th century Politics Dynasties and royalty Asia East Asia China
1154	The inhabitants of Damascus surrender their city to Nur ed-Din, helping him greatly in his campaign against the Latin kingdom of Jerusalem Go to Latin kingdom of Jerusalem in The Oxford Companion to Western Art (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 12th century Politics Conquest and colonization Jerusalem Asia West Asia Lebanon and Syria
1264	Simon de Montfort, leading the barons in rebellion, captures Henry III and his son Edward at Lewes Go to Montfort, Simon de, Earl of Leicester (c. 1208–65) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 13th century Politics Battles British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1265	Prince Edward, escaping from captivity, defeats and kills Simon de Montfort at Evesham Go to Montfort, Simon de, Earl of Leicester (c. 1208–65) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 13th century Politics Battles British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1281	An incident in a church service sparks the uprising known as the Sicilian Vespers, in which 2000 French are killed overnight in Sicily Go to Sicilian Vespers in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Politics Sicily Europe Italy
c. 1350	William Tell, a figure of legend, epitomizes the struggle of the Swiss farmers against their feudal overlords, the Habsburgs Go to Tell, William in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 14th century Habsburgs Politics Switzerland Empires
1381	A poll tax imposed in England provokes widespread unrest, which flares up in the Peasants' Revolt Go to Peasants' Revolt in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 14th century Politics British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain Wat Tyler, leader of the Kentish rebels, meets Richard II at Smithfield - before being struck and wounded by the Lord Mayor of London Go to Tyler, Wat (d. 1381) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 14th century Politics British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1398	A dangerous feud develops between two of England's most powerful barons, Henry of Bolingbroke (son of John of Gaunt) and Thomas de Mowbray Go to Henry IV (1366–1413) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 14th century Politics British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain Richard II banishes Thomas de Mowbray for life and Henry of Bolingbroke for ten years Go to Richard II (1367–1400) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 14th century Politics British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1399	John of Gaunt dies and Richard II denies Henry of Bolingbroke his Lancastrian inheritance, declaring Gaunt's vast estates forfeit to the crown Go to John of Gaunt (b. Mar. 1340) in The Kings and Queens of Britain (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 14th century Politics British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1400	The Welsh rise against the English and proclaim Owain Glyn Dwr as their own prince of Wales Go to Owain Glyn Dwr (b. c.1359) in The Kings and Queens of Britain (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 14th century 15th century Politics Dynasties and royalty Wales British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1408	Driven from Aberystwyth and Harlech, Owain Glyn Dwr loses support - and the last Welsh rebellion fades away Go to Owain Glyn Dwr (b. c.1359) in The Kings and Queens of Britain (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 15th century Politics Dynasties and royalty Wales British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1420	The Hussites build a new fortified town at Tabor as their fortress headquarters Go to Hussites in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Politics Bohemia Czech Republic
c. 1422	Jan Zizka wins a series of victories against papal armies, using the mobile barricade which becomes known as his 'war wagon fortress' Go to Žižka, Jan (1376–1424) in The Oxford Dictionary of the Renaissance (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Politics Papacy War Bohemia Czech Republic
1480	Ivan III, grand prince of Russia, becomes the first to deny the Mongols of the Golden Horde their annual tribute of tax Go to Ivan III (1440–1505) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Politics Dynasties and royalty Europe Russia
1487	Lambert Simnel, supposedly a nephew of Edward IV, is crowned in Dublin - but ends up working in the royal kitchens of Henry VII Go to Simnel, Lambert (c. 1475–c. 1535) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Politics British Isles Europe Ireland Britain
1491	The king of France is among those supporting Perkin Warbeck, supposedly a prince from the Tower, in his attempt on the English throne Go to Perkin Warbeck (b. 1474) in The Kings and Queens of Britain (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 15th century Politics British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1499	After three feeble attempts to invade England, Perkin Warbeck is captured by Henry VII (in 1497) and is hanged at Tyburn Go to Perkin Warbeck (b. 1474) in The Kings and Queens of Britain (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 15th century Politics British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1517	Martin Luther nails his 95 Theses to the door of the castle church in Wittenberg Go to Luther, Martin (1483–1546) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Reformation Politics Religion Christianity Germany
1520	Luther's writings are burnt in Rome by order of the pope Go to Luther, Martin (1483–1546) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Renaissance 16th century Italian Renaissance Reformation Politics Persecution and repression Religion Christianity Papacy Rome Europe Germany Italy
1521	Pope Leo X excommunicates Martin Luther after he has refused to recant Go to Luther, Martin (1483–1546) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Renaissance 16th century Italian Renaissance Reformation Politics Persecution and repression Religion Christianity Papacy Europe Germany Italy Luther travels to the German city of Worms to present his case to an imperial diet Go to Luther, Martin (1483–1546) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Reformation Politics Religion Christianity Germany Luther bears witness to a Protestant conscience, stating at Worms: 'Here I stand, I can not do otherwise.' Go to Luther, Martin (1483–1546) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Reformation Politics Religion Christianity Germany
1522	Huldreich Zwingli eats sausage in Lent in Zurich, launching the Swiss Reformation Go to Zwingli, Ulrich (1484–1531) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Reformation Politics Religion Christianity Switzerland
1525	Conrad Grebel baptises an adult, causing outrage in Protestant Zurich Go to Grebel, Conrad (c.1498–1526) in The Oxford Dictionary of the Renaissance (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Reformation Politics Religion Christianity Switzerland
1529	The 'Protestation' of various princes and imperial cities at Speyer identifies them as Protestants Go to Protestant in The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Reformation Politics Religion Christianity Germany
1530	The Augsburg Confession, presented by Melanchthon to the imperial diet, defines the Lutheran faith Go to Augsburg, Confession of (1530) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Reformation Politics Religion Christianity Germany
1531	The Protestant princes of Germany form the defensive League of Schmalkalden Go to Schmalkaldic League in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Reformation Politics Religion Christianity Germany
1534	Paris wakes up to find Protestant placards all over the place, mocking the sacrament of the mass Go to Protestantism in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Reformation Politics Religion Christianity Europe France
1541	Protestant reformer John Calvin settles in Geneva and submits the city to a strict Christian rule Go to Calvin, John (1509–64) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Reformation Politics Religion Christianity Switzerland
1559	John Knox returns to Scotland from Geneva and inspires the Protestants to march on Edinburgh Go to Knox, John (1514–72) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Reformation Britain 1500-1750 Politics Religion Christianity Scotland British Isles Europe Britain
1569	A rebellion in the north of England aims to put Mary Queen of Scots on the English throne Go to Mary, Queen of Scots (1542–87) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics Dynasties and royalty Scotland British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1572	Sea beggars seize the town of Brill and raise the flag of William of Orange (also known as William the Silent) Go to William I (the Silent) (1533–84) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Politics War Europe Netherlands
1581	In the Oath of Abjuration the northern provinces of the Netherlands formally reject the rule of the Spanish king, Philip II Go to Philip II (1527–98) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Politics Europe Netherlands Spain
1598	The Edict of Nantes secures the civil rights of France's Protestants, the Huguenots Go to Nantes, Edict of (1598) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Reformation Politics Religion Christianity Europe France
1605	The Gunpowder Plot, attempting murder and treason, severely damages the Catholic cause in Britain Go to Gunpowder plot (1605) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics Religion Christianity British Isles Europe Britain
1619	The Protestant Frederick V (elector palatine of the Rhine) is elected king by the rebellious Bohemian nobles Go to Frederick V (1596–1632) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Austrian empire Politics Dynasties and royalty Religion Christianity Bohemia Austria Czech Republic Empires
1636	John Hampden refuses to pay ship money to Charles I, beginning a campaign that gradually wins wide support Go to Hampden, John (1594–1643) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: English Civil War 17th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics War British Isles Europe Wars and Revolutions Britain
1638	A National Covenant, first signed in an Edinburgh churchyard, commits the Covenanters to oppose Charles I's reforms of the Church of Scotland Go to Covenanters in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: English Civil War 17th century Reformation Britain 1500-1750 Politics Religion Christianity War Scotland British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Wars and Revolutions Britain Riots erupt in Edinburgh, in response to the attempt by Charles I and Laud to impose a hierarchy of Anglican bishops Go to Charles I (1600–49) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: English Civil War 17th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics Religion Christianity War Scotland British Isles Europe Wars and Revolutions Britain
1639	Covenanters seize control of Edinburgh and other Scottish towns, launching the conflict with England known as the Bishops' War Go to Covenanters in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: English Civil War 17th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics War Scotland British Isles Europe Wars and Revolutions Britain
1648	A Cossack rebellion leads to the eventual transfer of their territory from Poland to Russia Go to Cossack in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics Europe Poland Russia A rebellion of nobles against Mazarin, the principal minister of the young Louis XIV, becomes known as the Fronde Go to Fronde (1648–53) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics Europe France
1680	The Pueblo Indians of New Mexico rise against the Spanish, killing 21 missionaries and some 400 colonists Go to Pueblo Revolt in The Oxford Essential Dictionary of the U.S. Military (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics American Indians Latin America North America United States
1710	Machines are thrown out of the window of a Spitalfields factory, in an early protest against industrialization Go to Industrial Revolution in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics Commerce and industry Great Britain - from 1707 British Isles Europe Society Britain
1715	A Jacobite uprising in Scotland on behalf of the Old Pretender ends in fiasco Go to Old Pretender, the in Brewer's Dictionary of Irish Phrase & Fable (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics Great Britain - from 1707 Scotland British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1745	Charles Edward Stuart lands at Eriskay in the Hebrides, launching the Forty-Five Rebellion Go to Stuart, Charles Edward (1720–88) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics War Great Britain - from 1707 Scotland British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain Charles Edward Stuart gathers support for the Forty-Five Rebellion on his way south from the Hebrides and reaches Edinburgh Go to Stuart, Charles Edward (1720–88) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics War Great Britain - from 1707 Scotland British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain Charles Edward Stuart marches as far south as Derby, but then turns back Go to Stuart, Charles Edward (1720–88) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics War Great Britain - from 1707 Scotland British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1746	Charles Edward Stuart and his 5000 Scots are routed at Culloden, bringing the Forty-Five Rebellion to an abrupt end Go to Stuart, Charles Edward (1720–88) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics Battles Great Britain - from 1707 Scotland British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1754	Benjamin Franklin's chopped-up snake, urging union of the colonies with the caption 'Join or Die', is the first American political cartoon Go to Franklin, Benjamin (1706–90) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century American Revolution Politics Wars and Revolutions North America United States Benjamin Franklin proposes to the Albany Congress that the colonies should unite to form a colonial government Go to Albany Congress (1754) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century American Revolution Politics British colonial America European empires from 1415 Europe Empires Wars and Revolutions North America United States
1763	Pontiac, an Ottawa chief, leads an uprising of the Indian tribes in an attempt to drive the British east of the Appalachians Go to Pontiac (c. 1720–69) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Politics American Indians British colonial America European empires from 1415 Europe Empires North America United States
1764	Britain passes the Sugar Act, levying duty on sugar, wine and textiles imported into America Go to Sugar Acts in The Oxford Essential Dictionary of the U.S. Military (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century American Revolution Britain 1750-1900 Politics Commerce and industry Great Britain - from 1707 British Isles British colonial America British empire European empires from 1415 Europe Society Empires Wars and Revolutions Britain North America United States
1765	Britain passes the Stamp Act, taxing legal documents and newspapers in the American colonies Go to Stamp Act (1765) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century American Revolution Britain 1750-1900 Politics Commerce and industry Great Britain - from 1707 British Isles British colonial America British empire European empires from 1415 Europe Society Empires Wars and Revolutions Britain North America United States American campaigners against the Stamp Act organize themselves as the Sons of Liberty in Massachusetts and New York Go to Sons of Liberty in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century American Revolution Politics British colonial America European empires from 1415 Europe Empires Wars and Revolutions North America United States
1766	Britain repeals the Stamp Act, in a major reversal of policy achieved by resistance in the American colonies Go to Stamp Act (1765) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century American Revolution Britain 1750-1900 Politics Great Britain - from 1707 British Isles British colonial America European empires from 1415 Europe Empires Wars and Revolutions Britain North America United States
1767	The British Chancellor, Charles Townshend, passes a series of acts taxing all glass, lead, paint, paper and tea imported into the American colonies Go to Townshend Acts (1767) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century American Revolution Britain 1750-1900 Politics Commerce and industry Great Britain - from 1707 British Isles British colonial America British empire European empires from 1415 Europe Society Empires Wars and Revolutions Britain North America United States
1770	British troops fire into an unruly crowd in Boston, Massachusetts, killing five Go to Boston Massacre (1770) in The Oxford Companion to American Military History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century American Revolution Politics British colonial America European empires from 1415 Europe Empires Wars and Revolutions North America United States In response to American protests, the British government removes the Townshend duties on all commodities with the exception of tea Go to Townshend Acts (1767) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century American Revolution Britain 1750-1900 Politics Great Britain - from 1707 British Isles British colonial America European empires from 1415 Europe Empires Wars and Revolutions Britain North America United States
1773	Some fifty colonists, disguised as Indians, tip a valuable cargo of tea into Boston harbour as a protest against British tax Go to Boston Tea Party (1773) in The Oxford Companion to United States History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century American Revolution Politics British colonial America European empires from 1415 Europe Empires Wars and Revolutions North America United States
1774	As a retaliation for the Boston Tea Party, the British parliament closes Boston's port with the first of its Coercive Acts Go to Coercive Acts (1774) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century American Revolution Politics British colonial America European empires from 1415 Europe Empires Wars and Revolutions North America United States Britain's new Coercive (or Intolerable) Acts include the requirement that Massachusetts citizens give board and lodging to British troops Go to Coercive Acts (1774) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century American Revolution Britain 1750-1900 Politics Great Britain - from 1707 British Isles British colonial America European empires from 1415 Europe Empires Wars and Revolutions Britain North America United States Delegates from twelve American colonies meet in Philadelphia and agree not to import any goods from Britain Go to Continental Congress (1774) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century American Revolution Politics British colonial America European empires from 1415 Europe Empires Wars and Revolutions North America United States
1775	Patrick Henry makes a stirring declaration – 'Give me liberty or give me death' – to the Virginia Assembly Go to Henry, Patrick (1736–99) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century American Revolution Politics British colonial America European empires from 1415 Europe Empires Wars and Revolutions North America United States General Gage sends a detachment of British troops to seize weapons held by American Patriots at Concord Go to Gage, Thomas (1721–87) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century American Revolution American Revolutionary War Politics War British colonial America European empires from 1415 Europe Empires Wars and Revolutions North America United States Paul Revere is one of the US riders taking an urgent warning to Concord, but he is captured on the journey Go to Revere, Paul (1735–1818) in The Oxford Companion to United States History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century American Revolution Politics War Wars and Revolutions North America United States The first shot of the American Revolution is fired in a skirmish between redcoats and militiamen at Lexington, on the road to Concord Go to Lexington and Concord, Battle of (19 April 1775) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century American Revolution American Revolutionary War Politics War British colonial America European empires from 1415 Europe Empires Wars and Revolutions North America United States Delegates from the states reassemble in Philadelphia, with hostilities against the British already under way in Massachusetts Go to Continental Congress (1774) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century American Revolution American Revolutionary War Politics War British colonial America European empires from 1415 Europe Empires Wars and Revolutions North America United States Delegates in Philadelphia select George Washington as commander-in-chief of the colonial army Go to Washington, George (1732–99) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century American Revolution American Revolutionary War Politics War British colonial America European empires from 1415 US presidents Europe Empires Rulers and politicians Wars and Revolutions North America United States At Bunker Hill, overlooking Boston from the north, the American militiamen prove their worth against British professional soldiers Go to Bunker Hill, battle of (1775) in The Oxford Companion to British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century American Revolution American Revolutionary War Politics War British colonial America European empires from 1415 Europe Empires Wars and Revolutions North America United States Britain declares the colonies to be in a state of rebellion, and sets up a naval blockade of the American coastline Go to American Revolution in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century American Revolution American Revolutionary War Politics War British colonial America European empires from 1415 Europe Empires Wars and Revolutions North America United States
1776	George Washington raises on Prospect Hill a new American flag, the British red ensign on a ground of thirteen stripes – one for each colony Go to Washington, George (1732–99) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century American Revolution American Revolutionary War Politics War British colonial America European empires from 1415 US presidents Europe Empires Rulers and politicians Wars and Revolutions North America United States In Common Sense, an anonymous pamphlet, English immigrant Thomas Paine is the first to argue that the American colonies should be independent Go to Paine, Thomas (1737–1809) in The Oxford Companion to British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century American Revolution Literature American literature Literature in English Politics British colonial America European empires from 1415 Europe Empires Wars and Revolutions North America United States George Washington drives the British garrison from Boston, and moves south to protect New York Go to American Revolution in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century American Revolution American Revolutionary War Politics War Wars and Revolutions North America United States The revolutionary convention of Virginia votes for independence from Britain, and instructs its delegates in Philadelphia to propose this motion Go to Continental Congress (1774) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century American Revolution American Revolutionary War Politics Democracy and dissent War British colonial America European empires from 1415 Europe Empires Wars and Revolutions North America United States Virginia's motion for independence from Britain is passed at the Continental Congress of the colonies with no opposing vote Go to Continental Congress (1774) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century American Revolution American Revolutionary War Politics Democracy and dissent War British colonial America European empires from 1415 Europe Empires Wars and Revolutions North America United States Thomas Jefferson's text for the Declaration of Independence is accepted by the Congress in Philadelphia Go to Declaration of Independence in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century American Revolution American Revolutionary War Politics Democracy and dissent War British colonial America European empires from 1415 US presidents Europe Empires Rulers and politicians Wars and Revolutions North America United States John Hancock is the first delegate to sign the Declaration of Independence, formally written out on a large sheet of parchment Go to Hancock, John (1737–93) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century American Revolution American Revolutionary War Politics Democracy and dissent War British colonial America European empires from 1415 Europe Empires Wars and Revolutions North America United States
1777	Congress adopts a new flag for independent America – the stars and stripes Go to Continental Congress (1774) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century American Revolution American Revolutionary War Politics War Wars and Revolutions North America United States
1780	An Indian uprising in Spanish Peru is led by a descendant of the Incas, Tupac Amaru II Go to Inca noun in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Incas Politics European empires from 1415 Europe Empires Latin America Peru South America Six days of riot in London are triggered by Lord George Gordon leading a march to oppose any degree of Catholic emancipation Go to Gordon, Lord George (1751–93) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Britain 1750-1900 Politics Great Britain - from 1707 British Isles Europe Britain
1786	Daniel Shays is the most prominent figure in a violent protest movement by farmers against the government of Massachusetts Go to Shays, Daniel in The Oxford Essential Dictionary of the U.S. Military (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Politics North America United States
1788	Tiradentes (the 'puller of teeth') leads the first rebellion against Portuguese rule in Brazil Go to Brazil (and USA) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Politics Portuguese empire Empires Latin America Brazil South America
1789	A pamphlet published in France by Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès asks a challenging question, What is the Third Estate? Go to Siéyès, Emmanuel‐Joseph, abbé (1748–1836) in The New Oxford Companion to Literature in French (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century French Revolution Politics Europe France Wars and Revolutions A left-wing political club begins to meet in a Jacobin convent in Paris, thus becoming known as the Jacobins Go to Jacobin Club in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century French Revolution Politics Europe France Wars and Revolutions An excited Paris mob liberates the seven prisoners held in the forbidding fortress of the Bastille Go to Bastille in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century French Revolution Politics Europe France Wars and Revolutions Parisians force their way into the palace at Versailles and insist on Louis XVI and his royal family accompanying them back to Paris Go to Louis XVI (1754–93) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century French Revolution Politics Europe France Wars and Revolutions Fletcher Christian leads a mutiny on HMS Bounty against the captain, William Bligh Go to Christian, Fletcher (c. 1764–c. 1793) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Politics Australia and Oceania Pacific Islands
1790	Anglo-Irish politician Edmund Burke publishes Reflections on the Revolution in France, a blistering attack on recent events across the Channel Go to Burke, Edmund (1729–97) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century French Revolution Britain 1750-1900 Literature French literature English literature Literature in English Politics Great Britain - from 1707 British Isles Europe Ireland Wars and Revolutions Britain
1791	Wolfe Tone is one of the founders in Belfast of the Society of United Irishmen Go to United Irishmen, Society of in Brewer's Dictionary of Irish Phrase & Fable (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Politics British Isles Europe Ireland Britain Thomas Paine publishes the first part of The Rights of Man, his reply to Burke's Reflections on the Revolution in France Go to Rights of Man, The in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century French Revolution Britain 1750-1900 Literature French literature English literature Literature in English Politics Great Britain - from 1707 British Isles Europe Wars and Revolutions Britain
1792	The Brazilian rebel Tiradentes is beheaded in public in Rio de Janeiro as a warning to would-be revolutionaries Go to Brazil in Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Politics Portuguese empire Empires Latin America Brazil South America Thomas Paine moves hurriedly to France, to escape a charge of treason in England for opinions expressed in his Rights of Man Go to Rights of Man, The in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century French Revolution Britain 1750-1900 Literature French literature English literature Literature in English Politics Great Britain - from 1707 British Isles Europe France Wars and Revolutions Britain
1793	Rebellion breaks out in the Vendée and a peasant army marches against republican Paris Go to Vendée revolt (1793–4) in The Oxford Companion to Military History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century French Revolution Politics Europe France Wars and Revolutions Toussaint L'Ouverture, a former slave, joins a Spanish force invading the French colony of Saint-Domingue (now Haiti) Go to Toussaint L'Ouverture, Pierre Dominique (c. 1743–1803) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Politics French empire Empires Latin America Caribbean English revolutionary Thomas Paine spends nearly a year in a French prison after opposing the execution of Louis XVI Go to Paine, Thomas (1737–1809) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century French Revolution Politics Europe France Wars and Revolutions
1794	George Washington uses military force to assert government authority on rebels in Pennsylvania refusing to pay a federal tax on whisky Go to Whiskey Rebellion in The Oxford Essential Dictionary of the U.S. Military (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Politics US presidents Rulers and politicians North America United States
1795	After the Fort Greenville concessions, the Shawnee leader Tecumseh emerges as a champion of Indian territorial rights Go to Tecumseh (c. 1768–1813) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Politics American Indians North America United States A secret Protestant group, the Orange Society, is formed in Co. Armagh to resist Irish nationalism Go to Orange order in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Politics Religion Christianity British Isles Europe Ireland Britain The 26-year-old Napoleon Bonaparte comes to public attention for his part in saving the Convention in Paris from an assault by rebels Go to Napoleon I (1769–1821) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century French Revolution French Revolutionary Wars Politics War Europe France Wars and Revolutions
1796	Irish nationalist Wolfe Tone sails from France to invade Ireland with a force of 14,000 French soldiers Go to Tone, Wolfe (1763–98) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century French Revolutionary Wars Politics War British Isles Europe Ireland Wars and Revolutions Britain
1798	Irish nationalist Wolfe Tone, convicted of treason for his failed invasion, cuts his throat to cheat the British gallows Go to Tone, Wolfe (1763–98) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century French Revolutionary Wars Politics War British Isles Europe Ireland Wars and Revolutions Britain
1802	Toussaint L'Ouverture is treacherously arrested and sent to France, where he dies in prison Go to Toussaint L'Ouverture, Pierre Dominique (c. 1743–1803) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics French empire Empires Latin America Caribbean
1803	The uprising by Irish nationalist Robert Emmet ends in disaster when he marches on Dublin with only about 100 men Go to Emmet, Robert (1778–1803) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics British Isles Europe Ireland Britain
1804	The independence of Haiti from France is proclaimed by a new native ruler calling himself the emperor Jacques I Go to Dessalines, Jean Jacques (1758–1806) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics French empire Empires Latin America Caribbean
1806	The Carbonari, an Italian group of revolutionaries, make their first appearance in Naples in opposition to French rule Go to Carbonari in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Napoleonic era Politics Europe Italy Karageorge captures Belgrade and wins a limited independence for Serbia within the Ottoman empire Go to Belgrade (Serbia, USA) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Turks Muslim empires Ottoman empire Europe Empires
1809	With acts of defiance in Sucre, Bolivia becomes the first American province to rebel against the Spanish authorities Go to Bolivia in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America South America
1810	Simón Bolívar, a young officer in Caracas, takes part in a coup which wins control of Venezuela from the Spanish Go to Bolívar, Simón in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America South America After a public meeting in Buenos Aires, Argentinians set up an autonomous local government in opposition to Spanish forces Go to Spanish–South American Wars of Independence (1810–25) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America Argentina Brazil South America José Gervasio Artigas lays siege to the Spanish forces in Montevideo, beginning Uruguay's long struggle for independence Go to Artigas, José Gervasio (1764–1850) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America South America The citizens of Bogotá expel the local Spanish officials and declare their loyalty to the deposed Ferdinand VII Go to Ferdinand VII (1784–1833) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America South America The parish priest of Dolores sparks a rebellion against the Spanish authorities in Mexico with his Grito de Dolores Go to Hidalgo y Costilla, Miguel (1753–1811) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America Central America Mexico
1811	Masked Luddites smash machinery in night raids on factories in Nottingham Go to Luddites in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Britain 1750-1900 Politics Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Britain The citizens of Bogotá declare the independence of the province of Colombia See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America South America The colonists of Paraguay throw out their Spanish governor and declare independence Go to Paraguay in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America South America
1812	The Spanish authorities recover control of Venezuela, ending the region's first brief spell of independence Go to Spanish–South American Wars of Independence (1810–25) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America South America
1813	Simon Bolívar publishes the Manisfesto de Cartagena, calling on the citizens of New Granada to unite and expel the Spaniards Go to Bolívar, Simón in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America South America Bolívar defeats the Spanish forces in Venezuela and is welcomed in Caracas as the Liberator Go to Bolívar, Simón in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America South America Rebels meeting for a conference in Chilpancingo proclaim a short-lived Mexican independence Go to Spanish–South American Wars of Independence (1810–25) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America Central America Mexico
1814	José San Martín becomes commander of the patriot army of Argentina, replacing Manuel Belgrano Go to San Martín, José de (1778–1850) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America Argentina South America The Spanish recapture Caracas, after which Bolívar moves southwest to advance on Bogotá, now held again by the Spanish Go to Bolívar, Simón in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America South America Spanish forces at Rancagua defeat a Chilean army commanded by Bernardo O'Higgins, who escapes across the Andes into Argentina Go to O'Higgins, Bernardo (1778–1842) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics European empires from 1415 Spanish empire China Europe Empires Latin America Chile South America Bolívar recaptures Bogotá from the recently returned Spanish troops Go to Bolívar, Simón in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America South America
1815	The Spanish suppress the independence movement in Mexico with the capture and execution of its leader, Jose Maria Morelos Go to Morelos y Pavón, José María (1765–1815) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America Central America Mexico The Spanish recover Bogotá yet again and Bolívar flees into exile in Jamaica Go to Bolívar, Simón (1783–1830) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America Caribbean South America
1816	The independence of Argentina is formally proclaimed, dropping any pretence of remaining loyal to the Spanish king Go to Spanish–South American Wars of Independence (1810–25) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America Argentina South America
1817	San Martín and O'Higgins lead an army through the Andes into Chile and capture Santiago Go to O'Higgins, Bernardo in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics War European empires from 1415 Spanish empire China Europe Empires Latin America Chile South America Bolívar returns to Venezuela and builds up an army of liberation in a remote region up the Orinoco Go to Bolívar, Simón (1783–1830) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics War European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America South America
1819	Bolívar marches his army across the Andes, captures Bogotá and proclaims the republic of Gran Colombia Go to Colombia in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics War European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America South America
1820	A second liberal revolution in Spain ends with Ferdinand VII a prisoner of the Cortes in Cadiz Go to Ferdinand VII (1784–1833) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Europe Spain
1821	An uprising in Greece against Turkish rule is followed by the massacre of several thousand Muslims Go to Greek War of Independence (1821–32) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Turks Muslim empires Ottoman empire Europe Greece Empires San Martín enters Lima and proclaims Peruvian independence with himself as 'Protector' Go to San Martín, José de (1778–1850) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America Peru South America Bolívar defeats the Spanish at Carabobo and liberates, for the second time, his native city of Caracas Go to Bolívar, Simón (1783–1830) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Democracy and dissent European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America South America
1822	After defeating the Spanish at Pichincha, Antonio José de Sucre enters Quito and liberates Ecuador Go to Sucre, Antonio José de (1795–1830) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Democracy and dissent European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America South America Agustin de Iturbide declares himself emperor of the new nation of Mexico, as Agustin I Go to Iturbide, Agustín de (1783–1824) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America Central America Mexico After failing to agree with Bolívar at Guayaquil, San Martín resigns his post as Protector of Peru Go to San Martín, José de (1778–1850) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America Peru South America
1823	Lord Byron arrives in Greece to support the cause of Greek independence Go to Byron, George Gordon in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Europe Greece Guatemala declares independence following the example of neighbouring Mexico Go to Guatemala in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America Central America Mexico Bolívar arrives in Lima to be granted command of the army and dictatorial powers in the republic of Peru Go to Bolívar, Simón (1783–1830) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America Peru South America
1824	After the surrender of the Spanish army to Antonio José de Sucre at Ayacucho, Peru is finally liberated Go to Sucre, Antonio José de (1795–1830) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics War European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America Peru South America
1825	With a victory at Tumusla Antonio José de Sucre liberates Upper Peru (the future Bolivia), the last Spanish stronghold in continental America Go to Sucre, Antonio José de (1795–1830) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics War European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America Peru South America Juan Antonio Lavalleja leads a band of Thirty-three Immortals in Uruguay's fight for independence from Brazil Go to Lavalleja (Uruguay) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics War Latin America Brazil South America Upper Peru declares independence as the republic of Bolivia, in honour of Simón Bolívar Go to Bolívar, Simón (1783–1830) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Spanish empire Empires Latin America Peru South America A December uprising in St Petersburg ends when troops fire on the crowd, but the 'Decembrists' become revolutionary martyrs Go to Decembrists in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Europe Russia
1827	Lavalleja defeats a Brazilian army at Ituzaingó, in the decisive battle for Uruguayan independence Go to Lavalleja (Uruguay) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Latin America Brazil South America
1830	A revolution erupts in Paris in July and sweeps Charles X from the throne Go to Charles X (1757–1836) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Europe France
1831	Italian nationalist Giuseppe Mazzini founds Young Italy, an organization to promote insurrection Go to Mazzini, Giuseppe (1805–72) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Europe Italy Nat Turner leads a revolt by fellow slaves in Southampton County, Virginia, killing 59 whites and provoking more repressive legislation Go to Turner, Nat (1800–31) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Slavery Society North America United States
1836	The inhabitants of the Mexican province of Texas declare their independence as a new republic Go to Texas in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics US presidents Rulers and politicians North America United States Sam Houston destroys a Mexican army near the San Jacinto river, completing the seizure of Texas from Mexico Go to Houston (Canada, Guyana, USA) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics War Latin America Mexico North America United States
1837	Rebellions in Canada reveal widespread discontent with the British administration, particularly among the French settlers See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics North America Canada
1838	Seven Manchester merchants and mill-owners found the Anti-Corn Law League Go to Anti-Corn Law League in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Britain 1750-1900 Politics Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles British prime ministers - from 1830 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1843	Daniel O'Connell is convicted of seditious conspiracy and is sentenced to prison Go to O'Connell, Daniel (1775–1847) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Britain 1750-1900 Politics Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Ireland Britain
1844	Daniel O'Connell is acquitted on appeal and released from prison Go to O'Connell, Daniel (1775–1847) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Britain 1750-1900 Politics Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Ireland Britain The other half of Hispaniola joins Haiti in declaring independence, as the Dominican Republic Go to Dominican Republic in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Spanish empire Empires Latin America Caribbean
1847	At a congress in London Engels persuades a group of radical Germans to adopt the name Communist League Go to Engels, Friedrich (1820–95) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Britain 1750-1900 Politics Communism Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Britain
1848	An uprising in Sicily in January starts off Europe's 'year of revolutions' Go to Revolutions of 1848 in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Sicily Europe Italy A revolution in Paris in February removes Louis-Philippe and introduces France's second republic Go to Louis Philippe (1773–1850) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Dynasties and royalty Europe France The Communist Manifesto, by Marx and Engels, is published in Paris with the ringing slogan: 'Workers of the world, unite!' Go to Communist Manifesto in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Communism Europe France An uprising in Vienna leads to the resignation, on the following day, of the long-serving chancellor Klemens von Metternich Go to Metternich, Klemens Wenzel Lothar, Prince von (1773–1859) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Austrian empire Habsburgs Politics Austria Empires Another uprising in Vienna causes the emperor Ferdinand I to flee for safety to Innsbruck Go to Revolutions of 1848 in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Austrian empire Habsburgs Politics Austria Empires Martial law is imposed in Prague after a demonstration by radical Czech students following a Pan-Slav congress Go to Revolutions of 1848 in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Austrian empire Politics Bohemia Austria Czech Republic Empires Suppression of unrest in Hungary provokes a third violent uprising in Vienna and another flight by Ferdinand I, this time to Olomouc Go to Revolutions of 1848 in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Austrian empire Habsburgs Politics Austria Empires An uprising in Rome causes Pope Pius IX to flee for safety to a coastal fortress at Gaeta Go to Pius IX (1792–1878) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Papacy Rome Europe Italy
1849	A new Roman republic is proclaimed, with veteran agitator Giuseppe Mazzini in the leading role Go to Mazzini, Giuseppe (1805–72) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Europe Italy Nationalist leader Lajos Kossuth announces the independence of Hungary and the deposition of the Habsburg dynasty Go to Kossuth, Lajos (1802–94) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Austrian empire Habsburgs Politics Europe Austria Hungary Empires Russian novelist Fyodor Dostoevsky undergoes a mock execution, after being sentenced to death for revolutionary activities against tsar Nicholas I Go to Dostoevsky, Fyodor Mikhailovich (1821–81) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Europe Russia
1850	Fyodor Dostoevsky begins four years of hard labour in Siberia for revolutionary activities Go to Dostoevsky, Fyodor Mikhailovich (1821–81) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Europe Russia A rebellion against the Qing dynasty, led by Christian convert Hong Xiuquan, breaks out in southern China Go to Taiping Rebellion (1850–64) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Asia East Asia China
1853	The Taiping rebels capture the Chinese city of Nanjing and make it their capital Go to Taiping Rebellion (1850–64) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Asia East Asia China
1854	Australian gold diggers, angered by the requirement to purchase a licence, make a defiant stand at the Eureka stockade Go to Eureka Rebellion (1854) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Australia and Oceania Australia
1856	Abolitionist John Brown presides over the lynching of five pro-slavery men at Pottawatomie in Kansas Go to Brown, John (1800–59) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Slavery Society North America United States
1857	Animal fat on a new issue of cartridges sparks off the Indian Mutiny, also know as the First War of Indian Independence Go to Indian Mutiny (1857–58) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Politics War European empires from 1415 Mughal empire Muslim empires Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) Europe Empires After being besieged for five months in Lucknow, the remnants of the British garrison finally escape Go to Lucknow in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Politics War European empires from 1415 Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) Europe Empires
1858	John O'Mahony, an Irish emigrant to the USA, founds the Fenian Brotherhood as a secret organization supporting the Irish republican cause Go to Fenian movement in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics North America United States Lucknow is retaken by the British, nearly a year after it fell to the rebels Go to Lucknow in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Politics War European empires from 1415 Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) Europe Empires The end of the Indian Mutiny is followed by brutal British retaliation Go to Indian Mutiny (1857–58) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Politics War European empires from 1415 Mughal empire Muslim empires Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) Europe Empires An Irish branch of the US Fenians is established as the Irish Republican Brotherhood Go to Fenian movement in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Britain 1750-1900 Politics Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Ireland Britain
1859	John Brown is captured leading a group of abolitionists to seize arms from the federal arsenal at Harper's Ferry Go to Brown, John (1800–59) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Slavery Society North America United States Abolitionist John Brown is convicted of treason at Harper's Ferry and is hanged Go to Brown, John (1800–59) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics North America United States
1860	Garibaldi lands at Marsala in Sicily in May with his thousand Redshirts, and wins control of the island for the king in waiting, Victor Emmanuel II Go to Garibaldi, Giuseppe in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics War Sicily Europe Italy Garibaldi crosses from Sicily to the mainland and by September is in Naples Go to Garibaldi, Giuseppe in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics War Sicily Europe Italy South Carolina becomes the first southern state to secede from the Union in response to Lincoln's election Go to South Carolina in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics War US presidents American civil war Rulers and politicians Wars and Revolutions North America United States
1861	Seven southern states, meeting in Montgomery, Alabama, agree to form the Confederate States of America Go to Confederate States of America in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics War US presidents American civil war Rulers and politicians Wars and Revolutions North America United States The seven members of the newly formed Confederacy elect Jefferson Davis as their provisional president Go to Davis, Jefferson (1808–89) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics War American civil war Wars and Revolutions North America United States Richmond, the state capital of Virginia, becomes the capital of the Southern Confederacy Go to Confederate States of America in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics War American civil war Wars and Revolutions North America United States Shots are fired against the Federal military garrison in Fort Sumter, in Charleston harbour, launching the American Civil War Go to Fort Sumter in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics War US presidents American civil war Rulers and politicians Wars and Revolutions North America United States
1863	British officer Charles Gordon leads untrained auxiliaries against the Taiping rebels in China, becoming known as Chinese Gordon Go to Gordon, Charles George (1833–85) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Asia East Asia China Mobs of women destroy shops in Richmond, Virginia, in protest at food prices inflated by the war Go to Civil War, American (1861–65) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics War American civil war Wars and Revolutions North America United States Four days of riots in New York greet Lincoln's new conscription or draft laws, with exemptions for the rich Go to Draft Riots, Civil War. in The Oxford Companion to United States History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics War US presidents American civil war Rulers and politicians Wars and Revolutions North America United States
1864	Imperial Chinese troops and Gordon's auxiliaries take Nanjing, the rebel capital, finally bringing to an end the Taiping rebellion Go to Taiping Rebellion (1850–64) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Asia East Asia China
1867	The first volume of Das Kapital is completed by Marx in London and is published in Hamburg Go to Kapital, Das in The Oxford Companion to the Book (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Britain 1750-1900 Literature English literature Literature in English German literature Politics Communism Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Germany Britain
1868	An uprising against Spanish rule in Cuba sparks off a Ten Years' War Go to Cuban War of Independence in The Oxford Encyclopedia of Latinos and Latinas in the United States (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Politics War European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America Caribbean Cuba An armed uprising against Spanish rule takes place in the town of Lares in Puerto Rico, becoming known as the Grito de Lares ('Cry of Lares') Go to Puerto Rico in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Spanish empire Empires Latin America Caribbean Mexico
1871	The Afghan philosopher Jamal al-Din, moving to Cairo, urges drastic and violent measures against western influence Go to Afghani, Jamal al-Din al- (1897) in The Oxford Dictionary of Islam (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Africa North Africa Egypt An uprising results in the Paris Commune, followed by the siege of the city by French government forces Go to Paris, Commune of (1871) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Europe France The Paris communards are overwhelmed in a battle at the Père Lachaise cemetery, which is followed by brutal reprisals Go to Paris Commune (1871) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Europe France US president Ulysses S. Grant uses the new Civil Rights Act to suppress the violent Ku Klux Klan in southern states Go to Enforcement Acts in The Oxford Essential Dictionary of the U.S. Military (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics US presidents Rulers and politicians North America United States
1877	A strike against wage cuts by Baltimore railway workers spreads until it becomes almost a national strike Go to Railroad Strikes of 1877. (July 1877) in The Oxford Companion to United States History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Commerce and industry Society North America United States
1878	Romania achieves a new status as an internationally recognized independent nation Go to Berlin, Congress of (1878) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Democracy and dissent Europe A war of liberation against Turkey wins full independence for Serbia Go to Berlin, Congress of (1878) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Europe
1885	A secret revolutionary group (Union and Progress, later known as the Young Turks) is formed in Salonika in the Ottoman empire Go to Young Turks in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Turks Muslim empires Ottoman empire Europe Greece Empires
1886	In the Haymarket Affair a demonstration in Chicago against police brutality results in deaths and subsequent executions Go to Haymarket Affair (1886) in The Oxford Companion to United States History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics North America United States
1892	The closing of the Homestead Steel Works near Pittsburgh in a dispute with unions leads to massive confrontation and violence Go to Homestead strike (1892) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Commerce and industry Society North America United States
1894	US Socialist Eugene Debs comes to prominence as leader of a strike by railway workers against the Pullman Company Go to Pullman strike (1894) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics North America United States The Basque Nationalist Party is founded, beginning more than a century of separatist unrest in northwest Spain Go to Basque Country in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Europe Spain
1895	Lenin is arrested in St Petersburg, along with other members of the Union for the Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class Go to Lenin, Vladimir Ilich (1870–1924) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Communism Europe Russia
1898	The Philippines declare independence from the colonial power, Spain, with whom they are at war Go to Philippines in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Spanish empire Asia East Asia Southeast Asia Empires
1905	The first soviet ("council") of workers is set up in St Petersburg, introducing a word of great significance in Russian Communist history Go to Soviet in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1900s 20th century Politics Communism Commerce and industry Europe Russia Society
1916	Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg found the radical Spartacus League, named after the gladiator Go to Spartacists in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Politics Germany The rebel leader Patrick Pearse stands under the portico of Dublin's General Post Office to announce the birth of the Irish republic Go to Pearse, Patrick (1879–1916) in The Oxford Companion to Irish History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Politics British Isles Europe Ireland Britain Roger Casement is arrested after returning secretly to Ireland three days before the Easter Rising Go to Casement, Roger David (1864–1916) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Politics Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Ireland Britain Patrick Pearse and his fellow Irish rebel James Connolly are executed by firing squad Go to Pearse, Patrick (1879–1916) in The Oxford Companion to Irish History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Politics Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Ireland Britain
1917	March 10 - a mutiny by soldiers, in support of Petrograd demonstrators, proves a turning point in Russia's February revolution Go to Russian Revolution (1917) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: First World War 1910s 20th century Politics War Europe Russia Wars since 1900 March 11 - crowds demonstrating in Petrograd are fired on after tsar Nicholas II sanctions the use of force Go to Nicholas II (18 May 1868) in A Dictionary of Political Biography (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: First World War 1910s 20th century Politics Dynasties and royalty Persecution and repression War Europe Russia Wars since 1900 March 12 - an uprising in Petrograd brings the Peter and Paul fortress into the hands of the rebels Go to St Petersburg in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: First World War 1910s 20th century Politics War Europe Russia Wars since 1900 April - Lenin expounds in Petrograd the new theory of his April Theses, predicting the possibility of imminent revolution Go to Leninism in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Politics Communism Europe Russia April - Trotsky hurries back to Russia from exile in the United States Go to Trotsky, Lev Davidovich (26 Oct. 1879) in A Dictionary of Political Biography (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: First World War 1910s 20th century Politics War Europe Russia Wars since 1900 July 17 (O.S. July 4) - an armed uprising in Petrograd disperses after Lenin declines to give support Go to Russian Revolution (1917) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Politics Communism Europe Russia July - Trotsky is imprisoned and Lenin flees to Finland as Russia's Provisional Government cracks down on the Bolsheviks Go to Bolsheviks in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Politics Communism Europe Finland Russia September - Trotsky, released from prison, stages a coup to win Bolshevik control of the Petrograd Soviet Go to Trotsky, Lev Davidovich (26 Oct. 1879) in A Dictionary of Political Biography (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: First World War 1910s 20th century Politics War Europe Russia Wars since 1900 October - Lenin, in disguise, returns from Finland to Petrograd, where he hides in the flat of a party worker Go to Lenin, Vladimir Ilich (22 Apr. 1870) in A Dictionary of Political Biography (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Politics Communism Europe Finland Russia October 23 - Lenin persuades the Bolshevik central committee to vote for an armed insurrection Go to Bolsheviks in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Politics Communism Europe Russia November 3 (October 21 O.S.) - the soldiers of the Petrograd garrison mutiny on being ordered to the front Go to Russian Revolution (1917) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Politics Europe Russia November 5 (October 23 O.S) - the Peter and Paul fortress is taken, giving the Bolsheviks control of Petrograd Go to Bolsheviks in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Politics Europe Russia November 7 (October 26 O.S) - Bolsheviks storm the Winter Palace in Petrograd and arrest the ministers of the Provisional Government Go to Russian Revolution (1917) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: First World War 1910s 20th century Politics War Europe Russia Wars since 1900
1918	The British viceroy in Dublin imprisons 73 Sinn Fein leaders, including Eamon de Valera, on allegations of a German plot Go to German Plot in Brewer's Dictionary of Irish Phrase & Fable (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Politics Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Ireland Britain November 9 - the Spartacus League proclaims a rival German republic on soviet lines Go to Spartacists in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Politics Germany
1919	The Sinn Fein members elected to Westminster establish their own parliament in Dublin, the Dáil Eireann (Assembly of Ireland), soon declared illegal by Britain Go to Dáil Éireann in The Oxford Companion to Irish History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Politics Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Ireland Britain Michael Collins springs de Valera from Lincoln gaol, with the help of a duplicate key Go to Collins, Michael (16 Oct. 1890) in A Dictionary of Political Biography (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Politics Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Ireland Britain January 1 - the Spartacus League transforms itself into the Communist party of Germany Go to Spartacists in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Politics Communism Germany January 6 - a vast crowd, assembling in Berlin, calls for a revolution and begins to seize public buildings Go to Spartacists in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Politics Germany January 15 - after ten days of street fighting in Berlin, Spartacus leaders Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg are captured and shot Go to Luxemburg, Rosa (1871–1919) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Politics Germany
1920	A right-wing military putsch seizes power for a few days in Berlin Go to Kapp Putsch in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Germany The German Workers' Party, with Adolf Hitler as one of its leading members, changes its name to the Nazi party Go to Nazi Party in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Germany Ten years of violent revolution in Mexico are brought to and end in a successful coup by Alvaro Obregón Go to Obregón, Alvaro (1880–1928) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Latin America Central America Mexico
1921	An army officer, Reza Khan, becomes war minister after seizing control of Tehran with his Cossack brigade Go to Reza Shah Pahlavi (1878–1944) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Asia Central Asia Iran (Persia)
1922	Mahatma Gandhi is arrested by the British in India as an agitator and is sentenced to six years in prison Go to Gandhi, Mahatma (1869–1948) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1920s 20th century Politics British empire European empires from 1415 Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) Europe Empires Mussolini gives orders for armed squads to congregate around Rome, in preparation for a march to seize power in the capital Go to March on Rome in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1920s 20th century Politics Europe Italy
1923	Germany's communists organise uprisings in Saxony, Thuringia and Hamburg Go to Germany in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1920s 20th century Politics Communism Germany Adolf Hitler, launching a putsch in a Munich beer cellar, announces the birth of a new national government Go to Munich ‘beer-hall’ putsch (8 November 1923) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1920s 20th century Politics Germany Adolf Hitler's beer-cellar putsch ends in ignominious failure, as he turns and flees under fire Go to Hitler, Adolf (1889–1945) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1920s 20th century Politics Germany Hermann Goering is wounded in the aftermath of the Munich beer hall putsch, but unlike Hitler manages to escape Go to Goering, Hermann Wilhelm (1893–1946) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1920s 20th century Politics Germany Adolf Hitler dictates Mein Kampf to Rudolf Hess in their shared prison cell after the failed Munich putsch Go to Mein Kampf in The Oxford Companion to German Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1920s 20th century Politics Germany
1925	Reza Khan, by now prime minister of Iran, mounts a second coup to depose the last Qajar shah and begin his own Pahlavi dynasty Go to Reza Shah Pahlavi (1878–1944) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1920s 20th century Politics Asia Central Asia Iran (Persia)
1926	Mies van der Rohe designs a monument in Berlin for the Spartacus leaders Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg Go to Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig (1886–1969) in A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1920s 20th century Architecture Politics Germany
1927	Communists seize power in Jiangxi province and establish the first soviet republic in China Go to Jiangxi Soviet in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1920s 20th century Politics Communism Asia East Asia China Right-wing Chinese army officer Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek) launches an anti-Communist coup in the Canton region Go to Northern Expedition (1926–28) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1920s 20th century Politics Communism Asia East Asia China Irish Free State president Kevin O'Higgins is murdered by members of the IRA on his way to mass Go to O'Higgins, Kevin (1892–1927) in The Oxford Companion to Irish History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1920s 20th century Politics British Isles Europe Ireland Britain
1930	Mahatma Gandhi leads a 240-mile march from Ahmedabad to the sea to defy the British salt tax, thus launching a campaign of civil disobedience Go to Salt March in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1930s 20th century Politics British empire European empires from 1415 Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) Europe Empires A military coup removes Hipolito Irigoyen from the presidency in Argentina Go to Irigoyen, Hipólito (1850–1933) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1930s 20th century Politics Latin America Argentina South America
1931	Pay cuts cause British sailors in the Atlantic fleet to mutiny at Invergordon, in Scotland's Cromarty Firth Go to Invergordon mutiny (1931) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1930s 20th century Politics Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 Scotland British Isles Europe Britain
1932	Oswald Mosley holds his first rally in Trafalgar Square, at the head of his British Union of Fascists Go to British Union of Fascists in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1930s 20th century Politics Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Britain
1934	Anastasio Somoza, commander of the National Guard, organizes a coup in Nicaragua Go to Somoza in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1930s 20th century Politics Latin America Central America The Austrian chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss is assassinated by Nazis in a coup that fails Go to Dollfuss, Engelbert (1892–1934) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1930s 20th century Politics Austria
1936	In response to the gang violence of Oswald Mosley's black-shirted thugs, a Public Order Act in the UK bans political uniforms Go to British Union of Fascists in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1930s 20th century Politics Social and domestic Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Society Britain A rebellion by Spanish troops in Morocco is soon led by Francisco Franco and sparks the Spanish Civil War Go to Spanish Civil War (1936–39) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1930s 20th century Politics Africa North Africa Europe Spain Francisco Franco is elected head of state of the insurgent Nationalist Spain, at this time controlling only a fraction of the country Go to Spanish Civil War (1936–39) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1930s 20th century Politics Europe Spain The Febreristas, a newly formed left-wing group, seize power in Paraguay Go to Paraguay in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1930s 20th century Politics Latin America South America
1939	Marian Anderson's concert at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington effectively launches the US civil rights movement Go to Anderson, Marian (27 Feb 1897) in The Grove Book of Opera Singers (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1930s 20th century Performing arts Music Politics North America United States
1942	Algerian nationalist Ferhat Abbas produces a manifesto demanding independence from France Go to Abbas, Ferhat (b. 24 Oct. 1899) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s 20th century Politics European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa North Africa Europe Empires
1943	March 20 - Mao Zedong becomes official leader of the Chinese Communist Party, as the elected Chairman of the Central Committee and the Politburo Go to Mao Zedong (1893–1976) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s Second World War 20th century Politics Communism War Asia East Asia China Wars since 1900
1944	An uprising in Guatemala brings in a revolutionary junta and a left-wing programme of reform Go to Arévalo Bermejo, Juan José (10 Sept. 1904) in A Dictionary of Political Biography (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s 20th century Politics Latin America Central America from July - more than 5000 Germans, among them Rommel, die because of the Stauffenberg plot Go to July Plot (20 July 1944) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s Second World War 20th century Politics War Germany Wars since 1900
1945	Demonstrations in Algeria spark off an uprising against French rule, which is put down with the loss of perhaps 10,000 Muslim lives Go to Parti du Peuple Algérien in The Oxford Dictionary of Islam (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s 20th century Politics European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa North Africa Europe Empires
1948	In their manifesto Refus global fifteen artists and authors attack the values of conservative Quebec Go to Refus global in The Oxford Companion to Canadian History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s 20th century Politics North America Canada
1949	Radical young members, including Nelson Mandela, take control of the ANC Go to ANC in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s 20th century Politics Africa South Africa South Africa (republic)
1952	Ahmed Ben Bella forms the Front de Libération National (FLN) to fight for Algerian independence Go to Ben Bella, Mohammed Ahmed (25 Dec. 1916) in A Dictionary of Political Biography (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1950s 20th century Politics European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa North Africa Europe Empires An outbreak of terrorism in Kenya is orchestrated by a secret Kikuyu organization, the Mau Mau Go to Mau Mau (1952–9) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1950s 20th century Politics Terrorism and assassination British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa East Africa Europe Empires
1953	Jomo Kenyatta, charged with having organized the Mau Mau uprising in Kenya, is sentenced to seven years in prison Go to Kenyatta, Jomo (1894?–1978) in Encyclopedia of Africa (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1950s 20th century Politics British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa East Africa Europe Empires
1954	George Grivas leads a guerrilla movement, EOKA, fighting for Cyprus's independence from Britain and union with Greece Go to EOKA (National Organization of Cypriot Fighters) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1950s 20th century Politics British empire European empires from 1415 Europe Greece Empires A radical manifesto and acts of terrorism alert the world to the emergence of the FLN, committed to independence for Algeria Go to Front de Libération nationale in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1950s 20th century Politics Terrorism and assassination European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa North Africa Europe Empires
1955	A military uprising in Argentina forces Perón to resign and go into exile Go to Perón, Juan Domingo (8 Oct. 1895) in A Dictionary of Political Biography (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1950s 20th century Politics Latin America Argentina South America Baptist pastor Martin Luther King leads the Montgomery Bus Boycott after Rosa Parks is arrested for not giving up her seat to a white man Go to Montgomery Bus Boycott in Black Women in America (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1950s 20th century Politics Social and domestic Society North America United States
1956	Students are fired on in Budapest when protesting against repressive Communist policies Go to Hungary in Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1950s 20th century Politics Communism Persecution and repression War Cold war Europe Hungary Wars since 1900 Confronted by a popular uprising, Communist leaders in Hungary bring back the reformist prime minister Imre Nagy Go to Hungary in Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1950s 20th century Politics Communism War Cold war Europe Hungary Wars since 1900 Communist activist Fidel Castro returns from Mexico to Cuba to organize guerrilla warfare against the Batista regime Go to Castro Ruz, Fidel (13 Aug. 1926) in A Dictionary of Political Biography (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1950s 20th century Politics Communism War Cold war Wars since 1900 Latin America Caribbean Cuba Mexico
1958	French Algerians seize government buildings in Algiers, in a campaign to ensure that Algerian remains French Go to Algerian War of Independence (1954–62) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1950s 20th century Politics European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa North Africa Europe Empires The Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND) is launched in Britain with Bertrand Russell as president Go to CND in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1950s 20th century Politics Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Britain Nationalist Kurds in the north of Iraq launch a guerrilla war against the new government in Baghdad Go to Kurdistan in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1950s 20th century Politics Mesopotamia Asia West Asia Iraq
1959	The Dalai Lama escapes from Tibet to India after the Chinese suppression of an armed uprising costing thousands of lives Go to Dalai Lama (1935– ) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1950s 20th century Politics Religion Asia East Asia China South Asia India (the subcontinent) India (republic) ETA (Euzkadi Ta Askatasuna) is formed in Spain as a guerrilla organization to win Basque independence Go to Basques in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1950s 20th century Politics Europe Spain
1960	UK prime minister Harold Macmillan, in Cape Town, warns the white settlers of Africa that 'the wind of change' is blowing through their continent See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa British prime ministers - from 1830 Africa South Africa South Africa (republic) Europe Empires Rulers and politicians The South West Africa People's Organization is founded to fight against South African control of Namibia Go to South West Africa People's Organization in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa South Africa Europe Empires Moise Tshombe, taking advantage of chaos in the Congo, declares the independence of Katanga Go to Tshombe, Moise (1920–69) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics Africa Central Africa East Africa Nelson Mandela leads a new armed section of the ANC (African National Congress), formed in response to Sharpeville Go to Mandela, Nelson Rolihlahla (1918) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics Africa South Africa South Africa (republic)
1961	Two French generals, Raoul Salan and Edmond Jouhaud, form the OAS (Organisation de l'Armée Secrète) to preserve French rule in Algeria Go to Organisation de l'Armée Secrète in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa North Africa Europe Empires Nelson Mandela and the ANC adopt guerrilla tactics against the apartheid regime in South Africa Go to ANC in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics Africa South Africa South Africa (republic)
1962	Frelimo emerges as a Marxist guerrilla group dedicated to winning independence for Mozambique Go to FRELIMO in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics Communism European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Portuguese empire Africa South Africa Europe Empires The Sandinistas emerge as a guerrilla group in opposition to the Somoza dictatorship in Nicaragua Go to Sandinista in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics Latin America Central America
1963	Moise Tshombe's rebel regime in Katanga crumbles, and he flees to Spain Go to Tshombe, Moise-Kapenda (1919–1969) in Encyclopedia of Africa (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics Africa Central Africa East Africa Saloth Sar, changing his name to Pol Pot, begins to build up the Cambodian Communist party and Khmer Rouge Go to Pol Pot (b. 19 May 1928) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics Communism War Cold war Asia East Asia Southeast Asia Wars since 1900 A massive civil rights march in Washington 'for Jobs and Freedom' wins the support of President Kennedy Go to March on Washington in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics US presidents Rulers and politicians North America United States 'I have a dream' says Martin Luther King to 200,000 civil rights demonstrators in Washington See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics North America United States The Tupamaros are formed as an urban guerrilla group in Uruguay Go to Tupamaros in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics Latin America South America
1964	The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) is founded at a congress in East Jerusalem, then part of Jordan Go to Palestine Liberation Organization in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics Jerusalem Egypt Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel Ayatollah Khomeini, exiled by the shah from Iran, moves first to Turkey and then makes his base in Iraq Go to Khomeini, Ayatollah Ruhollah (1900–1989) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics Asia Central Asia Iran (Persia)
1966	Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, leader of the Awami League, demands full autonomy for East Pakistan (Bangladesh) Go to Mujibur Rahman, Sheikh (b. 1920) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) Gurindji people at the Wave Hill station walk out in protest, launching the Aboriginal land rights movement in Australia Go to Aboriginal land rights in The Oxford Companion to Australian History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics Australia and Oceania Australia The Black Panther Party is founded in Oakland, California, to launch a more aggressive campaign for civil rights Go to Black Panthers in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics North America United States Che Guevara arrives in Bolivia in the hope of fomenting a left-wing revolution Go to Guevara (de la Serna), Che (1928–1967) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics Communism War Cold war Wars since 1900 Latin America South America
1967	The Ibo of eastern Nigeria claim independence for their region – as the republic of Biafra Go to Biafra in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics Africa West Africa Germany President de Gaulle, visiting Montreal for Expo 67, proclaims Vive le Quebec libre ('Long Live Free Quebec') Go to Quebec Liberation Front in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics North America Canada Cuban revolutionary Che Guevara is captured and executed in Bolivia Go to Guevara (de la Serna), Che (1928–1967) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics Communism War Cold war Wars since 1900 Latin America South America
1968	A student revolt begins in Paris and sweeps through France, shaking de Gaulle's government Go to student revolt, France (May 1968) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics Europe France
1969	The Stonewall riots in New York prompt a US campaign for Gay and Lesbian rights Go to Gay and Lesbian Rights Movement. in The Oxford Companion to United States History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics Social and domestic Society North America United States
1971	Awami League leader Mujibur Rahman declares unilaterally that Bangladesh (East Pakistan) is an independent state Go to Bangladesh in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1970s 20th century Politics Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) Greenpeace is founded in Canada to campaign against US nuclear testing Go to Greenpeace in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1970s 20th century Politics North America Canada
1972	Aborigines pitch a Tent Embassy on Australia Day outside parliament in Canberra to highlight political injustices Go to Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1970s 20th century Politics Australia and Oceania Australia British paratroops open fire on a civil rights march in Derry, killing thirteen, in what becomes known as Bloody Sunday Go to ‘Bloody Sunday’ (1887) in The Oxford Companion to British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1970s 20th century Politics Social and domestic Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles British prime ministers - from 1830 Europe Ireland Society Rulers and politicians Britain
1973	The Polisario is formed to fight for the independence of Western Sahara Go to Polisario Front in Encyclopedia of Africa (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1970s 20th century Politics European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa North Africa Europe Empires
1976	The Polisario, as a government-in-exile in Algeria, proclaim the independence of Western Sahara as the Saharan Arab Democratic Republic Go to Western Sahara in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1970s 20th century Politics European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa North Africa Europe Empires
1977	Steve Biko, founder of Black Consciousness, dies of head wounds received in police custody in Pretoria Go to Biko, Steve (b. 18 Dec. 1946) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1970s 20th century Politics Persecution and repression Africa South Africa South Africa (republic)
c. 1978	Shining Path and Tupac Amaru emerge as left-wing guerrilla groups in Peru Go to Sendero Luminoso in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1970s 20th century Politics Latin America Peru South America Sandinista guerrillas make a surprise attack on the National Palace in Nicaragua, taking more than 1000 people hostage Go to Nicaragua in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1970s 20th century Politics Terrorism and assassination Latin America Central America Demonstrations take place throughout Iran, demanding Islamic rule under the leadership of Ayatollah Khomeini Go to Khomeini, Ayatollah Ruhollah (1900–1989) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1970s 20th century Politics Religion Islam Asia Central Asia Iran (Persia)
1979	Ayatollah Khomeini receives a rapturous welcome on his return to Iran to head the Islamic Revolutionary Committee Go to Khomeini, Ayatollah Ruhollah (1900–1989) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1970s 20th century Politics Religion Islam Asia Central Asia Iran (Persia) Communist measures in Afghanistan provoke a Muslim jihad and the murder of more than 100 Russians in Herat Go to Afghanistan in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1970s 20th century Politics Communism Religion Islam Asia Central Asia Afghanistan Opponents of the Sandinistas flee from Nicaragua into Honduras, where they become known as the Contras Go to Nicaragua in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1970s 20th century Politics Latin America Central America Supporters of Ayatollah Khomeini seize the US embassy in Tehran, taking hostage 66 US citizens Go to Iran hostage crisis (4 Nov. 1979–20 Jan. 1980) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1970s 20th century Politics Terrorism and assassination Religion Islam US presidents Asia Central Asia Iran (Persia) Rulers and politicians
1981	Rebels storm the Spanish parliament in Madrid and briefly hold the members hostage, in a military coup that fails Go to Spain in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1980s 20th century Politics Europe Spain
1984	Sikh rebels, demanding an independent Punjab, seize the Golden Temple in Amritsar Go to Punjab in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1980s 20th century Politics Terrorism and assassination Religion Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) India (republic) Indian prime minister Indira Gandhi uses the army to dislodge militant Sikhs occupying the Golden Temple in Amritsar Go to Gandhi, Indira (1917–1984) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1980s 20th century Politics Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) India (republic)
1986	The Rwandan Patriotic Front is formed, by a group of exiles, to bring about the downfall of Habyarimana's regime in Rwanda Go to Rwanda in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1980s 20th century Politics Africa East Africa
1987	An Intifada begins against Israeli occupation of Palestinian land Go to intifada in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1980s 20th century Politics Religion Islam Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel Hamas (acronym in Arabic for 'Movement for Islamic Resistance') is founded in the occupied territories to lead armed resistance against Israel Go to Hamas in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1980s 20th century Politics Terrorism and assassination Religion Islam Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel
c. 1988	Osama bin Laden's involvement in the fight against Soviet forces in Afghanistan leads to his development of al-Qaeda Go to al-Qaeda in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1980s 20th century Politics Terrorism and assassination Religion Islam Asia Central Asia Afghanistan
1989	Students, teachers and workers gather in large numbers in Beijing's Tiananmen Square to demand democratic reform Go to Tiananmen Square in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1980s 20th century Politics Democracy and dissent Asia East Asia China The crowd demonstrating on Beijing's Tiananmen Square swells to more than a million Go to Tiananmen Square in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1980s 20th century Politics Asia East Asia China Erich Honecker, leader of East Germany since 1971, is forced to resign after massive popular demonstrations Go to Honecker, Erich (25 Aug. 1912) in A Dictionary of Political Biography (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1980s 20th century Politics Communism War Cold war Germany Wars since 1900 Citizens of East Berlin demolish the Berlin Wall, in what proves a symbolic end to the Cold War Go to Berlin Wall in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1980s 20th century Politics Communism War Cold war Germany Wars since 1900
1990	Nelson Mandela is given an ecstatic reception on his release after twenty-six years in prison on Robben Island, near Cape Town Go to Mandela, Nelson (Rolihlahia) (1918– ) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1990s 20th century Politics Africa South Africa South Africa (republic) The Conservative government's poll tax is greeted with violent riots in London and a campaign of non-payment Go to Poll Tax in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1990s 20th century Politics Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles British prime ministers - from 1830 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1991	As Ethiopian and Eritrean rebels approach Addis Ababa, the leader of the Dergue, Mengistu, flees the country Go to Mengistu Haile Mariam (1940) in A Dictionary of Political Biography (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1990s 20th century Politics Africa East Africa Ethiopia
1992	Albanians in Kosovo proclaim independence, prompting increased Serb oppression Go to Kosovo in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1990s 20th century Politics Europe
1994	Mayan Indians in Chiapas rebel in an armed uprising against the Mexican government Go to Chiapas Rebellion in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1990s 20th century Politics Latin America Central America Mexico Mullah Mohammed Omar, in Kandahar, forms a group devoted to fundamentalist Islam and calls it Taliban (meaning students of the Qur'an) Go to Taliban in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1990s 20th century Politics Religion Islam Asia Central Asia Afghanistan Russian troops enter Chechnya to crush the armed separatist movement Go to Chechnya in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1990s 20th century Politics Europe Russia
1995	Louis Farrakhan's Nation of Islam organizes a Million Man March into Washington Go to Nation of Islam in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1990s 20th century Politics Religion Islam North America United States
1998	Civil war begins in Kosovo with a guerrilla campaign by Albanians in the Kosovo Liberation Army Go to Kosovo in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1990s 20th century Politics War Europe
2003	Around the world millions of people march in protest against the war planned by the USA and UK against Iraq Go to Iraq War in Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics
c. 2010	A Tunisian street vendor in Tunis, Mohamed Bouazizi, sets himself on fire in Sidi Bouzid in protest at harassment and confiscation of his wares by local officials Go to Tunisia in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Democracy and dissent Persecution and repression Africa North Africa Demonstrators gather in the streets of Sidi Bouzid as news of Mohamed Bouazizi's action spreads, in a mood that sparks the Tunisian revolution and the 'Arab Spring' Go to Tunisia in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Democracy and dissent Persecution and repression Africa North Africa
2011	Protests begin in Jordan, causing King Abdullah to form a new cabinet on February 1 with the brief to introduce reform and steps towards democracy Go to Abdullah II bin Al Hussein (b. 30 Jan. 1962) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Democracy and dissent Persecution and repression Asia West Asia Ben Ali, in control of Tunisia for 23 years, resigns and flees to Saudi Arabia after four weeks of mounting tension and violence in the streets Go to Ben Ali, Zine el‐Abidine (b. 3 Sept. 1936) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Democracy and dissent Persecution and repression Africa North Africa Inspired by the example of Tunisia, a day of revolt is organized in Egypt, in protest against police methods and to coincide with National Police Day Go to Egypt in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Democracy and dissent Persecution and repression Africa North Africa Egypt Recognizing the use made by demonstrators of Facebook and Twitter, the Egyptian government shuts down internet access for most of the country Go to Facebook in A Dictionary of Computing (6 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Democracy and dissent Persecution and repression Africa North Africa Egypt Protests begin in Syria, rising over the following months to the level of an uprising as demands for Bashar al-Assad to resign are met with increasing brutality Go to Assad, Bashar al- (b. 11 Sept. 1965) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Democracy and dissent Persecution and repression Asia West Asia Lebanon and Syria A major demonstration is held in Sana'a, the capital of Yemen, demanding the resignation of the president, Ali Abdullah Saleh Go to Yemen in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Democracy and dissent Persecution and repression Asia West Asia On what becomes known as the 'Friday of Anger' hundreds of thousands demonstrate in Egypt after Friday prayers, a developing tradition in the Arab Spring Go to Egypt in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Democracy and dissent Persecution and repression Africa North Africa Egypt After nearly three weeks of escalating violence in Egypt, President Mubarak announces his resignation Go to Mubarak, Hosni (1928– ) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Democracy and dissent Persecution and repression Africa North Africa Egypt Demonstrations over the arrest of a human rights lawyer in Benghazi, Libya's second city, are violently broken up by the police. Go to Benghazi in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Democracy and dissent Persecution and repression Africa North Africa Police in Bahrain make a night raid on peaceful protesters encamped in the capital city's Pearl Roundabout, killing three Go to Bahrain in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Democracy and dissent Persecution and repression Asia West Asia The demands of protesters in Bahrain extend to include the overthrow of the monarchy, after a second day of government forces using live rounds Go to Bahrain in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Democracy and dissent Persecution and repression Asia West Asia A demonstration in Rabat demands that the king of Morocco relinquish some of his powers is followed by King Mohammed VI announcing on television plans for reform Go to Mohammed VI (b. 21 August 1963) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Democracy and dissent Persecution and repression Africa North Africa Benghazi, by now firmly in the control of rebels, becomes the temporary headquarters of Libya's newly formed National Transitional Council Go to Benghazi in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Democracy and dissent Persecution and repression Africa North Africa King Mohammed VI of Morocco announces in a televised address that he is taking steps to introduce constitutional reforms Go to Mohammed VI (b. 21 August 1963) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Democracy and dissent Persecution and repression Africa North Africa Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates agree to send troops and police to strengthen government forces in Bahrain Go to Bahrain in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Democracy and dissent Persecution and repression Asia West Asia Muammar Gaddafi makes a rousing speech on Libyan TV saying that his people will seek out traitors and infidels in Benghazi 'alley by alley' to deal with them Go to Gaddafi, Muammar al- (b. Sept. 1942) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Democracy and dissent Persecution and repression Africa North Africa The United Nations Security Council passes Resolution 1973, authorizing the international community to use force to protect civilians in Libya Go to United Nations Security Council in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Democracy and dissent Persecution and repression Africa North Africa Muammar Gaddafi's tanks are on the verge of reaching Benghazi to enter the city and carry out his promised cleansing of the city of rebel traitors Go to Gaddafi, Muammar al- (b. Sept. 1942) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Democracy and dissent Persecution and repression Africa North Africa The first air strikes by NATO, authorized by the UN, destroy sufficient of Gaddafi's armour just in time to save Benghazi from a proclaimed massacre of rebel civilians Go to Gaddafi, Muammar al- (b. Sept. 1942) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Democracy and dissent Persecution and repression Africa North Africa President Saleh is flown to Egypt for medical treatment, after being wounded on the previous day by an explosion in the government compound in Sana'a Go to Yemen in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Democracy and dissent Persecution and repression Asia West Asia The commander of the rebel forces in Libya, Abdel Fattah Younes, is assassinated in mysterious circumstances while in rebel hands Go to Libya in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Democracy and dissent Persecution and repression Terrorism and assassination Africa North Africa In response to the continuing uprising the Syrian government launches an attack with tanks against several of the country's cities, in particular Hama Go to Hama in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Democracy and dissent Persecution and repression Asia West Asia Lebanon and Syria After a civil war in Libya lasting five months Tripoli falls finally to the rebel forces, much aided by NATO air strikes throughout the campaign Go to NATO in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Persecution and repression Africa North Africa

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date: 25 April 2025

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