Persecution and repression

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Timeline: Persecution and repression

Years: 213 BCE - 2011	Subject: Social sciences, Politics
Publisher: HistoryWorld	Online Publication Date: 2012
Current online version: 2012	eISBN: 9780191737176

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BCE CE

Year	Event
213 BCE	In the Qin dictatorship, all Confucian books are burnt (except those of any practical use) and 460 Confucian scholars are executed Go to Shi Huangdi (259–210 bc) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3rd century BCE Politics Dynasties and royalty Asia East Asia China
70	The complete destruction of the Jewish Temple follows the fall of Jerusalem to the Romans Go to Jewish Revolt in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Roman empire Politics Conquest and colonization Religion Judaism Jerusalem Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel Empires
177	On the order of Marcus Aurelius, Christians in Lyons are tortured to death - an instance of persecution unusual at this time Go to Lyons, Martyrs of (d. 177) in The Oxford Dictionary of Saints (5 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 2nd century Roman empire Politics Religion Christianity Europe France Empires
258	Cyprian, bishop of Carthage, is one of many Christians martyred for refusing to sacrifice to the Roman gods Go to Cyprian (c.ad 200–58) in Who's Who in the Classical World (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3rd century Roman empire Politics Religion Christianity Africa North Africa Empires
303	The emperor Diocletian initiates a sustained persecution of Christians in the Roman empire Go to Diocletian (284–305) in The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century Roman empire Politics Religion Christianity Africa North Africa Asia West Asia Europe Empires
529	Justinian closes down the schools of Athens, famous for their tradition of pagan philosophy Go to pericope in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 6th century Greek literature Byzantine empire Ancient Athens Literature Philosophy Europe Greece Empires
845	On the orders of the T'ang emperor, 4000 monasteries are destroyed in China and 250,000 monks and nuns forced into secular life Go to T'ang dynasty in A Dictionary of Buddhism (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 9th century Politics Religion Monasticism Asia East Asia China
1096	The German crusade begins with a massacre of Jews in many of the region's cities Go to Jews, Christian attitudes to in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Crusades 11th century Politics Religion Judaism Germany Wars and Revolutions
1182	Resentment of western merchants results in a massacre of Roman Catholics by fellow Christians in Constantinople Go to Istanbul in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Byzantine empire 12th century Politics Religion Christianity Catholic and orthodox Turkey Europe Empires
1208	The murder of the pope's legate to Toulouse provokes the Albigensian crusade, which aims to wipe out the Catharist heresy Go to Albigensians in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Politics Religion Christianity Papacy Europe France
1233	Gregory IX sends Dominican friars to root out the remains of the Catharist heresy in France, thus launching the Inquisition Go to Gregory IX (c.1148–1241) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Politics Religion Christianity Monasticism Europe France Italy
1244	The siege of the Catharist stronghold of Montségur ends when 200 heretics are herded into a wooden stockade and are burnt Go to Montségur, Siege of in The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Politics Religion Christianity Europe France
1290	The Jews in England are driven out of the country, soon to be followed by those in France Go to Jews in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 13th century Politics Religion Christianity Judaism British Isles Europe Britain
1302	Dante, a member of the White faction in Florence, is sentenced to death by the Blacks - and never returns to his native city Go to Blacks and Whites in The Oxford Companion to Italian Literature (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Renaissance 14th century Italian Renaissance Politics Florence Europe Italy
1310	Fifty-four Knights Templars are burned at the stake, during the campaign of the French king to destroy the order Go to Knight Templar in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 14th century Politics Religion Christianity Europe France
1348	Massacres of Jews, rumoured to have caused the Black Death by poisoning wells, begin in southern France and spread through much of Europe Go to Black Death: The Great Killers in The Oxford Companion to Medicine (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 14th century Politics Religion Judaism
1415	John Huss, invited to Constance under a promise of safe conduct, is arrested, tried and burnt at the stake as a heretic Go to Huss, John (c.1372–1415) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Reformation Politics Religion Christianity Bohemia Czech Republic Germany
1492	Torquemada persuades Ferdinand and Isabella to expel from Spain all Jews (about 160,000) who will not convert to Christianity Go to Torquemada, Tomás de (1420–98) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Politics Religion Christianity Judaism Europe Spain
1516	The original ghetto is established as a district to which the Jews of Venice are confined Go to Ghetto in A Concise Companion to the Jewish Religion (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Renaissance 16th century Italian Renaissance Politics Religion Judaism Venice Europe Italy
1520	Luther's writings are burnt in Rome by order of the pope Go to Luther, Martin (1483–1546) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Renaissance 16th century Italian Renaissance Reformation Politics Protest and rebellion Religion Christianity Papacy Rome Europe Germany Italy Eighty distinguished Swedish citizens are executed together on the main square, in what becomes known as the Stockholm Bloodbath Go to Stockholm Bloodbath in The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Reformation (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Politics Europe Sweden
1521	Pope Leo X excommunicates Martin Luther after he has refused to recant Go to Luther, Martin (1483–1546) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Renaissance 16th century Italian Renaissance Reformation Politics Protest and rebellion Religion Christianity Papacy Europe Germany Italy
1522	Outlawed by the Edict of Worms, Luther lives secretly in the Wartburg as Junker Georg Go to Beveridge, William Henry, Baron (1879–1963) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Reformation Politics Religion Christianity Germany
1525	Muslims throughout Spain are ordered to convert to Christianity or to leave the kingdom Go to Islam in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Politics Religion Christianity Islam Europe Spain
1545	3000 Waldenses are massacred as heretics in the villages of Provence Go to Waldenses noun in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Reformation Politics Religion Christianity Europe France
1546	David Beaton, the archbishop of St Andrews, burns a leading Protestant, George Wishart, as a heretic and is murdered in retaliation Go to Beaton, David (c.1494–1546) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Reformation Britain 1500-1750 Politics Religion Christianity British Isles Europe Britain
1547	John Knox is captured in St Andrews and is sent to serve in the French fleet as a galley slave Go to Knox, John (1514–72) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Reformation Britain 1500-1750 Politics Religion Christianity British Isles Europe Britain
1555	The Protestant martyrs, though few in number, ensure the reputation of Bloody Mary in English history Go to Mary I (1516–58) in The Oxford Dictionary of the Renaissance (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Reformation Britain 1500-1750 Politics Religion Christianity British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1567	The duke of Alba introduces a reign of terror in the Spanish Netherlands, by means of a tribunal known as the Council of Blood Go to Council of Blood (1567–8) in The Oxford Dictionary of the Renaissance (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Politics Europe Belgium Netherlands
1572	A massacre of French Protestants, known as the Huguenots, begins in Paris on St Bartholomew's Day Go to St Bartholomew's Day Massacre (23–24 August 1572) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Reformation Politics Religion Christianity Europe France
c. 1585	Catholics are now the martyrs in England, their numbers almost matching the Protestant martyrs of the previous reign Go to martyr in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Reformation Britain 1500-1750 Politics Religion Christianity British Isles Europe Britain
1608	A shipload of Puritans, among them some of the future Pilgrim Fathers, sail from Boston in Lincolnshire to seek religious freedom in Holland Go to puritan in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Reformation Britain 1500-1750 Politics Religion Christianity British Isles Europe Belgium Netherlands Britain
1628	The English parliament's Petition of Right emphasizes the right of the citizen to be protected from royal tyranny Go to Petition of Right (1628) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: English Civil War 17th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics War British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Wars and Revolutions Britain
1632	The Inquisition convicts Galileo of heresy and he denies the truth of Copernicus - on being shown the instruments of torture Go to Galileo Galilei (1564–1642) in A Dictionary of Physics (6 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics Science Astronomy and space Europe Italy Shah Jahan orders that all recently built Hindu temples shall be destroyed, ending the Mughal tradition of religious tolerance Go to Shah Jahan (1592–1666) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics Religion Mughal empire Muslim empires Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) Empires
1661	The Cavalier Parliament begins to pass a series of acts, known as the Clarendon Code, containing punitive measures against Presbyterians Go to Clarendon code in The Oxford Companion to British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics Religion Christianity British Isles Europe Britain
1662	The Act of Uniformity demands that Anglican clergy accept all the Thirty-Nine Articles, costing many their livings Go to Uniformity, Act of (1662) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics Religion Christianity British Isles Europe Britain
1664	The Conventicle Act restricts worship in England to Anglican churches if more than a few people are present Go to Clarendon code in The Oxford Companion to British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics Religion Christianity British Isles Europe Britain
1665	The Five Mile Act prevents Nonconformist ministers in England from coming closer than five miles to any town where they have ministered Go to Clarendon code in The Oxford Companion to British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics Religion Christianity British Isles Europe Britain
1672	Charles II issues a Declaration of Indulgence, suspending the restrictions on Catholics and Nonconformists Go to Declarations of Indulgence in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics Religion Christianity British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1673	Parliament in England passes a Test Act excluding Catholics and Nonconformists from public office Go to Test Act in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics Religion Christianity British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1678	The Popish Plot, an invented Jesuit conspiracy to kill Charles II, results in the execution of about thirty-five Roman Catholics Go to Popish Plot (1678) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics Religion Christianity British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
c. 1680	Louis XIV persecutes the Huguenots by means of dragonnades - the billetting of unruly dragoons in the homes of villagers Go to Dragonnades in The New Oxford Companion to Literature in French (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics Religion Christianity Europe France
1685	400,000 Huguenots leave France after Louis XIV deprives them of their rights by revoking the Edict of Nantes Go to Nantes, Edict of (1598) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics Religion Christianity Europe France
1692	Government soldiers, mainly Campbells, massacre their MacDonald hosts in Glencoe Go to Glencoe massacre in The Oxford Companion to British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics Scotland British Isles Europe Britain The Massachusetts town of Salem is gripped by witch-hunting hysteria Go to Salem witch trials (1692) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics Social and domestic Society North America United States Twenty people convicted of witchcraft are hanged in Salem, and one is pressed to death Go to Salem witch trials (1692) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics Social and domestic Society North America United States
1794	French chemist Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier is guillotined for having been involved with tax collection in the ancien régime Go to Lavoisier, Antoine‐Laurent de (1743–94) in The New Oxford Companion to Literature in French (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century French Revolution Politics Europe France Wars and Revolutions
1819	Magistrates order troops to fire on a crowd in Manchester, in what becomes known as the Peterloo massacre Go to Peterloo massacre (16 August 1819) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Britain 1750-1900 Politics Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Britain
1829	The state government of Georgia declares that it is illegal for the Cherokees to hold political assemblies Go to Cherokee in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics American Indians North America United States
1831	Mameluke power ends with their suppression in Baghdad, following a massacre in Cairo twenty years earlier Go to Mameluke in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Mesopotamia Asia West Asia Iraq
1847	Don Pacifico's house in Athens is burnt by an anti-Semitic crowd, provoking an international incident Go to Don Pacifico affair in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Europe Greece
1849	An anti-British mob attacks the New York theatre where William Macready is appearing as Macbeth, leaving 22 dead and many injured Go to Macready, William (1793–1873) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics North America United States
1865	The southern states pass new Black Codes, designed to limit the freedom granted to African-Americans by the victorious north Go to Black Codes (1865–66) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics War American civil war Wars and Revolutions North America United States
1876	William Gladstone's pamphlet Bulgarian Horrors, protesting at massacre by the Turks, sells 200,000 copies within a month Go to Gladstone, William Ewart (1809–98) in The Concise Oxford Companion to English Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Britain 1750-1900 Literature English literature Literature in English Turks Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles British prime ministers - from 1830 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1881	The first pogroms, or officially sanctioned attacks on Jews and their property, take place in Russia Go to pogrom in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Religion Judaism Europe Russia
1890	Hundreds of Sioux Indians are killed by US troops in a massacre at Wounded Knee Creek Go to Wounded Knee, Battle of (1890) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Conquest and colonization Terrorism and assassination American Indians North America United States
1893	Mahatma Gandhi, travelling with a first-class ticket, is forcibly ejected from the carriage at Pietermaritzburg because of his colour Go to Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand (1869–1948) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Politics British empire Africa South Africa South Africa (republic) Empires
1917	March 11 - crowds demonstrating in Petrograd are fired on after tsar Nicholas II sanctions the use of force Go to Nicholas II (18 May 1868) in A Dictionary of Political Biography (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: First World War 1910s 20th century Politics Dynasties and royalty Protest and rebellion War Europe Russia Wars since 1900
1918	October 30 - a mutiny in Germany's fleet in Kiel sparks uprisings in several German cities Go to Schleswig-Holstein in Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: First World War 1910s 20th century Politics War Germany Wars since 1900
1919	The Soviet system of Gulag slave labour camps is introduced, under the control of the secret service, the Cheka Go to gulag in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Politics Europe Russia Mussolini's Fascist party rapidly acquires an aggressive presence, thanks to his gangs of armed thugs in their blackshirt uniforms Go to Blackshirts in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Politics Europe Italy
1921	With massive force, and huge casualties, Lenin puts an end to a naval mutiny at Kronstadt Go to Kronstadt Mutiny (1921) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Communism Europe Russia Some 50,000 peasants are herded into Russia's first concentration camps Go to gulag in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Europe Russia Italian immigrant anarchists Sacco and Vanzetti are convicted of murder in a US trial flawed by prejudice Go to Sacco–Vanzetti Case in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics North America United States Tulsa race riots cap previous levels of violence, with more than eighty-five blacks killed Go to Tulsa Riot in Encyclopedia of African American History 1896 to the Present (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics North America United States
1927	In spite of widespread protest and grave judicial doubt Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti are sent to the electric chair Go to Sacco–Vanzetti Case in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1920s 20th century Politics North America United States
1928	Australian police massacre Aborigines near Coniston in reprisal for a murder Go to Coniston massacre in The Oxford Companion to Australian History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1920s 20th century Politics Australia and Oceania Australia
c. 1931	25 million peasants are moved from the land to provide cheap labour in Stalin's new factories Go to Stalin, Joseph in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1930s 20th century Politics Communism Europe Russia Six million Russian peasants die after being transported to agricultural labour camps in Siberia Go to prison camps, Soviet in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1930s 20th century Politics Asia East Asia Europe Russia
1933	German chancellor Adolf Hitler orders the sterilization of carriers of hereditary mental diseases, in one of his government's first pieces of legislation Go to eugenics in A Dictionary of Public Health (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1930s 20th century Politics Germany Heinrich Himmler sets up the first Nazi concentration camp, at Dachau near Munich Go to Dachau in The Oxford Companion to World War II (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1930s Second World War 20th century Politics War Germany Wars since 1900 Adolf Hitler passes a law forcing the 'retirement' of all Jews working in the civil service, schools and universities Go to anti‐Semitism in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1930s 20th century Politics Religion Judaism Germany
1935	Adolf Hitler promulgates a law prohibiting any sexual relationship between Jews and 'Aryans' Go to Nuremberg Laws (15 Sept. 1935) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1930s 20th century Politics Religion Judaism Germany
1937	At the same time as the Moscow show trials, millions are purged from the Russian Communist party nation-wide Go to Great Purge (1936–8) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1930s 20th century Politics Communism Europe Russia Buchenwald, near Weimar, is set up as a concentration camp providing forced labour for local arms manufacturers Go to Buchenwald in The Oxford Companion to World War II (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1930s Second World War 20th century Politics War Germany Wars since 1900
1938	Left-wingers and Jews suffer immediate persecution in Nazi Austria, now part of Germany Go to Anschluss in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1930s 20th century Politics Religion Judaism Austria November 9 - Nazi gangs smash the premises of Jews throughout Germany and Austria in a night that becomes known as Kristallnacht, the night of cut glass Go to Kristallnacht in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1930s 20th century Religion Judaism Germany
1939	September - Nazi murder squads (Einsatzgruppen) kill Poland's elite Go to Einsatzgruppen in The Oxford Companion to World War II (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1930s Second World War 20th century Politics War Europe Poland Russia Wars since 1900 November - Adolf Hitler orders the 'mercy killing' of all those with specified categories of infirmity, beginning with newborn babies and young children Go to euthanasia programme in The Oxford Companion to World War II (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1930s 20th century Politics Germany
1941	May - in preparation for the invasion of Russia, Adolf Hitler and Heinrich Himmler set up Special Task Commandos (Einsatzkommando) to exterminate Communists and Jews Go to Einsatzgruppen in The Oxford Companion to World War II (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s Second World War 20th century Politics Communism Religion Judaism War Germany Wars since 1900 July - the systematic shooting of Russian Jews by German Einsatzgruppen is the first step in the development of the Holocaust Go to Einsatzgruppen in The Oxford Companion to World War II (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s Second World War 20th century Politics Judaism War Europe Germany Russia Wars since 1900 July 31 - Goering orders Reinhard Heydrich to prepare plans for the 'final solution of the Jewish question' Go to Final Solution in The Oxford Essential Dictionary of the U.S. Military (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s Second World War 20th century Politics Religion Judaism War Germany Wars since 1900 August - Nazi experiments are carried out on Jews and Soviet prisoners of war to find effective means of murder by gas Go to zyklon-B in The Oxford Companion to World War II (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s Second World War 20th century Politics Judaism War Germany Wars since 1900 October 16 - Adolf Eichmann, in an official letter about policy in relation to the Jews, uses the phrase 'the final solution' Go to Eichmann, Karl Adolf (b. 19 Mar. 1906) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s Second World War 20th century Politics Religion Judaism War Europe Germany Wars since 1900 December 7 - in three adapted vans at Chelmno, in western Poland, the Germans begin using poison gas to kill Jews Go to Chełmno in The Oxford Companion to World War II (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s Second World War 20th century Politics Religion Judaism War Europe Poland Wars since 1900
1942	January 20 - Reinhard Heydrich convenes a meeting at Wannsee to discuss the practical details of the 'final solution' Go to Wannsee conference in The Oxford Companion to World War II (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s Second World War 20th century Politics War Germany Wars since 1900 March - the Nazis build a new style of concentration camp, at Auschwitz in Poland, in which the fit will work and the unfit will be killed Go to Auschwitz in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s Second World War 20th century Politics War Europe Poland Wars since 1900 from March - German industrial enterprises are moved from the vulnerable Ruhr valley to the slave labour facilities of Auschwitz Go to Auschwitz in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s Second World War 20th century Politics Religion Judaism War Europe Germany Poland Wars since 1900 July - Anne Frank and her family go into hiding in an Amsterdam attic Go to Frank, Anne (1929–45) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s Second World War 20th century Politics Social and domestic War Europe Netherlands Society Wars since 1900 July - Treblinka is constructed, in Poland, as the Nazis' first large-scale and purpose-built death camp Go to Treblinka in The Oxford Companion to World War II (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s Second World War 20th century Politics War Europe Poland Wars since 1900 December 17 - an international declaration condemns Germany's 'bestial policy of cold-blooded extermination' Go to Karski, Jan (1914–2000) in The Oxford Companion to World War II (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s Second World War 20th century Politics War Germany Wars since 1900
1943	Zoot Suit riots, starting in Los Angeles, target young Mexican Americans Go to zoot-suit riots in The Oxford Companion to World War II (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s 20th century Politics North America United States April 19 - Jews in Warsaw resist a fierce German onslaught for a month before their ghetto is finally destroyed Go to Warsaw Ghetto in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s Second World War 20th century Politics Religion Judaism War Europe Poland Wars since 1900 July - Belsen, used as a prisoner-of-war camp since 1940, is turned into a concentration camp Go to Bergen-Belsen in The Oxford Companion to World War II (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s Second World War 20th century Politics War Germany Wars since 1900
1944	June 10 - German troops massacre more than 600 civilians in the French village of Oradour Go to Oradour massacre in The Oxford Companion to World War II (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s Second World War 20th century Politics War Europe France Wars since 1900 August 4 - the hiding place in Amsterdam of Anne Frank and her family is discovered by the Gestapo Go to Frank, Anne (1929–45) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s Second World War 20th century Politics War Europe Netherlands Wars since 1900 September - Raoul Wallenberg, a Swedish diplomat in Budapest, saves thousands of Jews from extermination Go to Wallenberg, Raoul (1912–c. 1947) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s Second World War 20th century Politics Religion Judaism War Europe Hungary Sweden Wars since 1900
1945	January 17 - after Soviet troops liberate Hungary, Raoul Wallenberg is abducted and vanishes Go to Wallenberg, Raoul (1912–c. 1947) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s Second World War 20th century Politics War Europe Hungary Wars since 1900 January 27 - the Red Army liberates the surviving prisoners at Auschwitz, who include the Italian novelist Primo Levi Go to Auschwitz in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s Second World War 20th century Politics War Europe Poland Wars since 1900 Alexander Solzhenitsyn is sentenced to eight years in a Soviet labour camp for criticizing Stalin in a private correspondence Go to Solzhenitsyn, Alexander (1918–2008) in The Concise Oxford Companion to English Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s 20th century Politics Communism Europe Russia April 5 - Dietrich Bonhoeffer is executed in a Nazi concentration camp just a month before the end of the war in Europe Go to Bonhoeffer, Dietrich (1906–45) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s Second World War 20th century Politics War Germany Wars since 1900 April 11 - American troops discover the German concentration camp at Buchenwald Go to Buchenwald in The Oxford Companion to World War II (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s Second World War 20th century Politics War Germany Wars since 1900 April 15 - the British reach Belsen and reveal appalling Nazi atrocities, worse even than at Buchenwald Go to Bergen-Belsen in The Oxford Companion to World War II (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s Second World War 20th century Politics War Germany Wars since 1900 April 29 - Adolf Hitler marries Eva Braun in his bunker, and holds a champagne reception with Goebbels as the principal guest Go to Braun, Eva (1912–45) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s Second World War 20th century Politics War Germany Wars since 1900 April 30 - Adolf Hitler and Eva Braun retire to their marital quarters in the Berlin bunker and commit suicide Go to Hitler, Adolf (1889–1945) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s Second World War 20th century Politics War Germany Wars since 1900 [1939-1945] - by the end of the war the total number of Jews killed by the Nazis is around 6 million Go to Holocaust, the (1933–45) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s Second World War 20th century Politics Religion Judaism War Wars since 1900 [1939-1945] - in addition to 6 million Jews, the Nazi death camps have killed some 400,000 Gypsies and 100,000 'useless defectives' Go to Eugenics in Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s Second World War 20th century Politics War Germany Wars since 1900
1947	The Italian novelist Primo Levi publishes If This Is a Man, describing his ten months in Auschwitz Go to Levi, Primo (1919–1987) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s 20th century Literature Politics War Europe Italy Poland
1948	Daniel Malan moves swiftly to reinforce apartheid, South Africa's already existing system of racial segregation Go to apartheid in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s 20th century Politics Social and domestic Africa South Africa South Africa (republic) Society
1956	Students are fired on in Budapest when protesting against repressive Communist policies Go to Hungary in Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1950s 20th century Politics Communism Protest and rebellion War Cold war Europe Hungary Wars since 1900
1957	With his Hundred Flowers Campaign ('Let a hundred flowers bloom'), Mao Zedong invites criticism and then locks up the critics Go to Hundred Flowers campaign (1956–7) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1950s 20th century Politics Asia East Asia China
1960	South African police fire on a crowd in Sharpeville, near Johannesburg, killing more than sixty people Go to Sharpeville Massacre (21 Mar. 1960) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics Africa South Africa South Africa (republic)
1964	Papa Doc Duvalier, ruling through the brutal Tontons Macoutes, makes himself president of Haiti for life Go to Duvalier, François (1907–71) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics Latin America Caribbean
1966	Communist leaders Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping are attacked in China's Cultural Revolution as the biggest and worst 'capitalist roaders' Go to Cultural Revolution in The Oxford Companion to the Politics of the World (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics Communism Terrorism and assassination Asia East Asia China Mao Zedong unleashes China's teenagers as violent Red Guards to spearhead his Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution Go to Red Guards in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics Asia East Asia China
1968	Soviet and Warsaw Pact troops invade Czechoslovakia to end the Prague Spring Go to Prague Spring in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics Communism War Bohemia Cold war Czech Republic Wars since 1900
1970	The outgoing Pakistan government, led by Yahya Khan, rejects the election result and sends troops to East Pakistan Go to Yahya Khan, Agha Mohammed (b. 4 Feb. 1917) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1970s 20th century Politics Democracy and dissent War Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) Pakistan
1971	The arrest of Mujibur Rahman, together with brutal attempts at repression, turn resistance in East Pakistan into full-scale civil war Go to Bangladesh in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1970s 20th century Politics War Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) Pakistan
1975	Khmer Rouge guerrillas, led by Pol Pot, take Phnom Penh and launch a genocidal reign of terror in Cambodia Go to Khmer Rouge in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1970s 20th century Politics Asia East Asia Southeast Asia The invasion of East Timor by Indonesia begins decades of guerrilla resistance and brutal repression Go to Timor Leste in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1970s 20th century Politics Asia East Asia Southeast Asia
1977	Steve Biko, founder of Black Consciousness, dies of head wounds received in police custody in Pretoria Go to Biko, Steve (b. 18 Dec. 1946) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1970s 20th century Politics Protest and rebellion Africa South Africa South Africa (republic)
1979	Saddam Hussein begins a reign of terror in Iraq, reading out at a meeting the names of fellow Ba'thists who are to be taken out and shot Go to Hussein, Saddam (28 Apr. 1937) in A Dictionary of Political Biography (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1970s 20th century Politics Terrorism and assassination Mesopotamia Asia West Asia Iraq
1982	Christian militiamen massacre Palestinian refugees in the Sabra and Chatila camps in Lebanon Go to Lebanon in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1980s 20th century Politics Religion Christianity Islam Asia West Asia Lebanon and Syria The trade union movement Solidarnośc (Solidarity) is declared illegal by the Polish government Go to Solidarity in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1980s 20th century Politics Communism War Cold war Europe Poland Wars since 1900
1988	Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein uses chemical weapons against the Kurds of northern Iraq Go to Hussein, Saddam (28 Apr. 1937) in A Dictionary of Political Biography (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1980s 20th century Politics Mesopotamia Asia West Asia Iraq
1989	Confronted with mass popular protest, Deng Xiaoping imposes martial law in China Go to Deng Xiaoping (b. Aug. 1904) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1980s 20th century Politics Asia East Asia China More than 2000 peaceful demonstrators die after troops open fire in Beijing's Tiananmen Square Go to Tiananmen Square in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1980s 20th century Politics Asia East Asia China
1992	Serbian president Slobodan Milosevic encourages ethnic cleansing by paramilitaries in Bosnia Go to Milosevic, Slobodan (20 Aug. 1941) in A Dictionary of Political Biography (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1990s 20th century Politics Europe
1994	The Hutu government in Rwanda preaches genocide against Tutsis Go to Rwandan Genocide in The Oxford Companion to the Politics of the World (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1990s 20th century Politics Terrorism and assassination Africa East Africa The assassination of Rwandan president Juvenal Habyarimana sparks the outbreak of genocide Go to Rwandan Genocide in The Oxford Companion to the Politics of the World (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1990s 20th century Politics Terrorism and assassination Africa East Africa As many as 800,000 people die, most of them slashed to death with machetes, in three months of genocide in Rwanda Go to Rwandan Genocide in The Oxford Companion to the Politics of the World (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1990s 20th century Politics Terrorism and assassination Africa East Africa
1995	Bosnian Serbs massacre thousands of Bosnian Muslims after laying siege to the town of Srebrenica Go to Bosnia and Herzegovina in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1990s 20th century Politics War Europe
1998	Brutal reprisals by Serb troops against Albanians in Kosovo include systematic ethnic cleansing Go to Kosovo in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1990s 20th century Politics Europe
2003	Civil war breaks out in the Darfur region of the Sudan, resulting in large numbers of civilian deaths and accusations of government-sponsored genocide Go to Sudan in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics War Africa East Africa
2004	Abuses in the US military prison at Abu Ghraib in Iraq are revealed on US television Go to detention without trial in The New Oxford Companion to Law (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Mesopotamia Asia West Asia Iraq North America United States
2006	Hamas militants take hostage an Israeli corporal, provoking a new Israeli military campaign against Gaza Go to Hamas in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Terrorism and assassination Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel
2007	After ongoing daily escalation of the protest in Burma, nation-wide, the junta issues orders for arrests and military intervention Go to Myanmar in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Democracy and dissent
c. 2010	A Tunisian street vendor in Tunis, Mohamed Bouazizi, sets himself on fire in Sidi Bouzid in protest at harassment and confiscation of his wares by local officials Go to Tunisia in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Democracy and dissent Protest and rebellion Africa North Africa Demonstrators gather in the streets of Sidi Bouzid as news of Mohamed Bouazizi's action spreads, in a mood that sparks the Tunisian revolution and the 'Arab Spring' Go to Tunisia in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Democracy and dissent Protest and rebellion Africa North Africa
2011	Protests begin in Jordan, causing King Abdullah to form a new cabinet on February 1 with the brief to introduce reform and steps towards democracy Go to Abdullah II bin Al Hussein (b. 30 Jan. 1962) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Democracy and dissent Protest and rebellion Asia West Asia Ben Ali, in control of Tunisia for 23 years, resigns and flees to Saudi Arabia after four weeks of mounting tension and violence in the streets Go to Ben Ali, Zine el‐Abidine (b. 3 Sept. 1936) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Democracy and dissent Protest and rebellion Africa North Africa Inspired by the example of Tunisia, a day of revolt is organized in Egypt, in protest against police methods and to coincide with National Police Day Go to Egypt in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Democracy and dissent Protest and rebellion Africa North Africa Egypt Recognizing the use made by demonstrators of Facebook and Twitter, the Egyptian government shuts down internet access for most of the country Go to Facebook in A Dictionary of Computing (6 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Democracy and dissent Protest and rebellion Africa North Africa Egypt Protests begin in Syria, rising over the following months to the level of an uprising as demands for Bashar al-Assad to resign are met with increasing brutality Go to Assad, Bashar al- (b. 11 Sept. 1965) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Democracy and dissent Protest and rebellion Asia West Asia Lebanon and Syria A major demonstration is held in Sana'a, the capital of Yemen, demanding the resignation of the president, Ali Abdullah Saleh Go to Yemen in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Democracy and dissent Protest and rebellion Asia West Asia On what becomes known as the 'Friday of Anger' hundreds of thousands demonstrate in Egypt after Friday prayers, a developing tradition in the Arab Spring Go to Egypt in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Democracy and dissent Protest and rebellion Africa North Africa Egypt After nearly three weeks of escalating violence in Egypt, President Mubarak announces his resignation Go to Mubarak, Hosni (1928– ) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Democracy and dissent Protest and rebellion Africa North Africa Egypt Demonstrations over the arrest of a human rights lawyer in Benghazi, Libya's second city, are violently broken up by the police. Go to Benghazi in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Democracy and dissent Protest and rebellion Africa North Africa Police in Bahrain make a night raid on peaceful protesters encamped in the capital city's Pearl Roundabout, killing three Go to Bahrain in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Democracy and dissent Protest and rebellion Asia West Asia The demands of protesters in Bahrain extend to include the overthrow of the monarchy, after a second day of government forces using live rounds Go to Bahrain in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Democracy and dissent Protest and rebellion Asia West Asia A demonstration in Rabat demands that the king of Morocco relinquish some of his powers is followed by King Mohammed VI announcing on television plans for reform Go to Mohammed VI (b. 21 August 1963) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Democracy and dissent Protest and rebellion Africa North Africa Benghazi, by now firmly in the control of rebels, becomes the temporary headquarters of Libya's newly formed National Transitional Council Go to Benghazi in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Democracy and dissent Protest and rebellion Africa North Africa King Mohammed VI of Morocco announces in a televised address that he is taking steps to introduce constitutional reforms Go to Mohammed VI (b. 21 August 1963) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Democracy and dissent Protest and rebellion Africa North Africa Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates agree to send troops and police to strengthen government forces in Bahrain Go to Bahrain in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Democracy and dissent Protest and rebellion Asia West Asia Muammar Gaddafi makes a rousing speech on Libyan TV saying that his people will seek out traitors and infidels in Benghazi 'alley by alley' to deal with them Go to Gaddafi, Muammar al- (b. Sept. 1942) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Democracy and dissent Protest and rebellion Africa North Africa The United Nations Security Council passes Resolution 1973, authorizing the international community to use force to protect civilians in Libya Go to United Nations Security Council in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Democracy and dissent Protest and rebellion Africa North Africa Muammar Gaddafi's tanks are on the verge of reaching Benghazi to enter the city and carry out his promised cleansing of the city of rebel traitors Go to Gaddafi, Muammar al- (b. Sept. 1942) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Democracy and dissent Protest and rebellion Africa North Africa The first air strikes by NATO, authorized by the UN, destroy sufficient of Gaddafi's armour just in time to save Benghazi from a proclaimed massacre of rebel civilians Go to Gaddafi, Muammar al- (b. Sept. 1942) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Democracy and dissent Protest and rebellion Africa North Africa A court in Cairo finds Hosni Mubarak guilty of damaging the national economy by severing internet connections on January 26 and fines him about US $34 million Go to Mubarak, Hosni (1928– ) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Democracy and dissent Africa North Africa Egypt President Saleh is flown to Egypt for medical treatment, after being wounded on the previous day by an explosion in the government compound in Sana'a Go to Yemen in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Democracy and dissent Protest and rebellion Asia West Asia The commander of the rebel forces in Libya, Abdel Fattah Younes, is assassinated in mysterious circumstances while in rebel hands Go to Libya in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Democracy and dissent Protest and rebellion Terrorism and assassination Africa North Africa In response to the continuing uprising the Syrian government launches an attack with tanks against several of the country's cities, in particular Hama Go to Hama in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Democracy and dissent Protest and rebellion Asia West Asia Lebanon and Syria Hosni Mubarak appears in court on a hospital bed on the first day of his trial on the capital charge of premeditated killing of peaceful protesters Go to Mubarak, Hosni (1928– ) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Democracy and dissent Africa North Africa Egypt After a civil war in Libya lasting five months Tripoli falls finally to the rebel forces, much aided by NATO air strikes throughout the campaign Go to NATO in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Protest and rebellion Africa North Africa

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date: 02 December 2023

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