Dynasties and royalty

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Timeline: Dynasties and royalty

Years: c. 3100 BCE - 2011	Subject: Social sciences, Politics
Publisher: HistoryWorld	Online Publication Date: 2012
Current online version: 2012	eISBN: 9780191737169

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BCE CE

Year	Event
c. 3100 BCE	Upper and Lower Egypt are unified into a single kingdom, inaugurating the first Egyptian dynasty Go to Egypt, ancient in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Prehistory 3100-1000 BCE Politics Africa North Africa Egypt
c. 2580 BCE	Egypt enters the period known as the Old Kingdom, its first era of monumental architecture Go to Old Kingdom in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3100-1000 BCE Architecture Politics Africa North Africa Egypt
c. 2350 BCE	Sargon conquers the other Mesopotamian states and establishes a dynasty with a new capital at Akkad, close to modern Baghdad Go to Sargon in The Oxford Companion to World Mythology (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3100-1000 BCE Politics Mesopotamia Asia West Asia Iraq
c. 2000 BCE	Mentuhotep II wins control of all Egypt, establishing the period known as the Middle Kingdom Go to Middle Kingdom in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3100-1000 BCE Politics Africa North Africa Egypt The centre of power in Egypt moves to the interior, with the capital at Thebes rather than Memphis Go to Thebes, Egypt in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3100-1000 BCE Politics Africa North Africa Egypt
c. 1700 BCE	The Hittites build an empire based on their stronghold at Hattusa (now Bogazkale) in Anatolia Go to Hittites in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3100-1000 BCE Politics Asia West Asia Turkey
c. 1630 BCE	The Hyksos, arriving from the middle east, win control of Egypt and rule for a century Go to Hyksos in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3100-1000 BCE Politics Africa North Africa Egypt Asia West Asia
c. 1540 BCE	The New Kingdom begins in Egypt, bringing the most spectacular of all the dynasties Go to New Kingdom in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3100-1000 BCE Politics Africa North Africa Egypt
c. 1490 BCE	Hatshepsut takes power in Egypt, and is unusual in being a female pharaoh Go to Hatshepsut (c. 1540–c. 1481 bc) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3100-1000 BCE Politics Africa North Africa Egypt
c. 1400 BCE	The Great City Shang, on a site later known as An-yang, develops as the capital of China's first dynasty Go to Shang in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3100-1000 BCE Politics Asia East Asia China
c. 1350 BCE	The pharaoh Akhenaten creates a new capital city on the Nile at Tell el Amarna Go to Akhenaten in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3100-1000 BCE Politics Africa North Africa Egypt
c. 1324 BCE	The young Egyptian pharaoh, Tutankhamun, dies and is buried in a suitable tomb Go to Tutankhamun (died c.1352 bc) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3100-1000 BCE Politics Africa North Africa Egypt
1279 BCE	Ramses II, perhaps the greatest of Egypt's pharaohs, begins a reign of sixty-six years Go to Ramses II in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3100-1000 BCE Politics Africa North Africa Egypt
c. 1050 BCE	The Zhou defeat the Shang, and establish a new dynasty with a capital at Ch'ang-an (now Xi'an) Go to Zhou in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3100-1000 BCE Politics Asia East Asia China
c. 1020 BCE	Saul, anointed king of Israel by Samuel, establishes himself at Gibeah, just north of Jerusalem Go to Saul in A Dictionary of the Bible (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3100-1000 BCE Politics Judaism Jerusalem Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel
c. 990 BCE	David, already king of Judah and now anointed king of Israel, brings into one realm the twelve tribes of the Israelites Go to David in A Dictionary of the Bible (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1000-600 BCE Politics Judaism Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel David captures Jerusalem, which he makes his capital - bringing here the ark of the covenant Go to David in A Dictionary of the Bible (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1000-600 BCE Politics Judaism Jerusalem Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel
c. 965 BCE	Solomon becomes king of Israel and presides over a period of peace and prosperity Go to Solomon (d. 922 bc) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1000-600 BCE Politics Judaism Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel
c. 950 BCE	The Queen of Sheba, who visits Solomon in Jerusalem, is legendary - but her kingdom of Saba is a historical reality Go to Saba in The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1000-600 BCE Politics Judaism Jerusalem Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel Libyans in the Egyptian army take control of the nation and rule as pharaohs Go to pharaoh in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1000-600 BCE Politics Africa North Africa Egypt
c. 910 BCE	Solomon's son Rehoboam is unable to prevent the ten northern tribes going their own way, under the leadership of Jeroboam Go to Rehoboam in A Dictionary of the Bible (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1000-600 BCE Politics Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel
c. 870 BCE	Ashurnasirpal II creates a spectacular new capital at Nimrud (and claims to have had 69,574 guests at his palace-warming party) Go to Nimrud in The Oxford Classical Dictionary (3 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1000-600 BCE Assyria and Babylon Politics Mesopotamia Asia West Asia Iraq Lebanon and Syria
771 BCE	The Zhou rulers, driven east from Xi'an, create a new capital at Loyang and establish the Eastern Zhou dynasty Go to Zhou in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1000-600 BCE Politics Asia East Asia China
c. 719 BCE	The king of Cush, or Nubia, conquers down the Nile to the sea, establishing the Cushite dynasty Go to Nubians in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1000-600 BCE Politics Africa North Africa Egypt
c. 700 BCE	Judah and Benjamin, together forming the kingdom of Judah, are the only two surviving tribes of Israel Go to Judah in The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (3 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1000-600 BCE Politics Judaism Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel Sennacherib moves the Assyrian capital to a new site at Nineveh Go to Nineveh in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1000-600 BCE Assyria and Babylon Politics Mesopotamia Asia West Asia Iraq Lebanon and Syria
605 BCE	Nebuchadnezzar comes to the throne of Babylon, beginning a prosperous reign of more than forty years Go to Nebuchadnezzar in A Dictionary of the Bible (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1000-600 BCE Assyria and Babylon Politics Mesopotamia Asia West Asia Iraq
550 BCE	Cyrus, king of the Persians, takes Ecbatana, capital city of the Medes, and establishes the first Persian empire Go to Cyrus the Great (c.590–529 bc) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 6th century BCE Politics Asia Central Asia Iran (Persia) An Etruscan dynasty rules in Rome and Etruscan influence is now dominant throughout central Italy Go to Etruscans in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 6th century BCE Politics Rome Europe Greece Italy
522 BCE	Darius I wins the Persian throne and ushers in the heyday of the Achaemenid empire Go to Darius I in The Oxford Classical Dictionary (3 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 6th century BCE Politics Asia Central Asia Iran (Persia)
c. 500 BCE	The rulers of Aksum, the first Ethiopian kingdom, claim descent from Solomon and the Queen of Sheba Go to Aksum in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 6th century BCE 5th century BCE Politics Africa East Africa Ethiopia
c. 400 BCE	The kingdom of Magadha, with its capital at Rajgir (near modern Patna), emerges as the dominant power in north India Go to Magadha in A Dictionary of Buddhism (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 5th century BCE 4th century BCE Politics Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) India (republic)
356 BCE	Philip II sets about making Macedon the most powerful state in Greece Go to Philip II (382–336 bc) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century BCE Politics Europe Greece Alexander the Great is born in Pella, the capital of his father Philip II, at the heart of the expanding Macedonian kingdom Go to Alexander III (356–323bc) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century BCE Politics Europe Greece
323 BCE	Alexander the Great, still only 33, dies in Babylon following a banquet Go to Alexander III (“The Great”) in The Oxford Guide to People and Places of the Bible (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century BCE Assyria and Babylon Politics Mesopotamia Asia West Asia Iraq Greece In the carve up of Alexander the Great's empire, Ptolemy wins Egypt and founds the Ptolemaic dynasty – with himself as the pharaoh Ptolemy I Go to Ptolemy in Oxford Dictionary of the Classical World (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century BCE Politics Africa North Africa Egypt
from 323 BCE	The spread of Greek rule by Alexander introduces the Hellenistic age, which will last for three centuries Go to Hellenistic Age (323–30 bc) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century BCE Politics Africa Central Africa North Africa Egypt Asia Central Asia West Asia Greece
322 BCE	Alexander's corpse, hijacked by Ptolemy, becomes a sacred relic in Alexandria Go to Ptolemy in Oxford Dictionary of the Classical World (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century BCE Politics Alexandria Africa North Africa Egypt
321 BCE	Chandragupta Maurya seizes the throne of Magadha, in India, and establishes the Mauryan dynasty Go to Mauryan empire (c. 325–185 bc) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century BCE Politics Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) India (republic)
312 BCE	Seleucia is founded as a new capital on the Tigris, eclipsing Babylon and recycling much of the older city as building material Go to Seleucia (Iraq) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century BCE Assyria and Babylon Politics Mesopotamia Asia West Asia Iraq
299 BCE	Seleucus founds Antioch as a Greek city on the trade route between Mesopotamia and Europe Go to Seleucids in Oxford Dictionary of the Classical World (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3rd century BCE Politics Commerce and industry Asia West Asia Lebanon and Syria Society
272 BCE	Asoka, a devotee of Buddhism, wins the Mauryan throne and establishes India's first empire Go to Aśoka in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3rd century BCE Politics Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent)
221 BCE	After 800 years the Zhou dynasty is brought to an end by the ruler of the Qin kingdom Go to Zhou in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3rd century BCE Politics Asia East Asia China The ruthless Qin dynasty establishes control over the whole of central China Go to Qin in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3rd century BCE Politics Asia East Asia China
213 BCE	In the Qin dictatorship, all Confucian books are burnt (except those of any practical use) and 460 Confucian scholars are executed Go to Shi Huangdi (259–210 bc) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3rd century BCE Politics Persecution and repression Asia East Asia China
207 BCE	A delegate from imperial China establishes the kingdom of Nam-Viet with himself as king Go to Dong Son Culture in The Oxford Companion to Archaeology (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3rd century BCE Politics Asia East Asia Southeast Asia Vietnam
206 BCE	The Qin emperor, Shi Huangdi, is buried at Xi'an with a vast army of terracotta soldiers Go to Shi Huangdi (259–210 bc) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3rd century BCE Politics Asia East Asia China The Han, the first of the great Chinese dynasties, is established Go to Han in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3rd century BCE Politics Asia East Asia China
c. 100 BCE	The Parthians develop the site of Ctesiphon, on the east bank of the Tigris opposite Seleucia Go to Parthians in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 2nd century BCE 1st century BCE Politics Mesopotamia Asia West Asia Iraq
57 BCE	Silla becomes the first of the three kingdoms of Korea, followed by Koguryo in 37 BC and Paekche in 18 BC Go to Korea in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century BCE Politics Asia East Asia Korea
51 BCE	In the Ptolemaic tradition, Cleopatra marries her brother Ptolemy XIII and at the age of eighteen is joint ruler of Egypt Go to Cleopa'tra VII (69–30 bc) in The Oxford Companion to Classical Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century BCE Politics Africa North Africa Egypt
49 BCE	Julius Caesar crosses the river Rubicon (the southern boundary of Gaul) with his army – and in doing so launches a civil war See this event in other timelines: 1st century BCE Politics War Europe Greece Italy
48 BCE	Julius Caesar defeats his rival Pompey at Pharsalus, in Greece, and makes himself master of the Roman world Go to Pharsalus, Battle of (48 bc) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century BCE Politics Battles Europe Greece Italy Julius Caesar, now fifty-two, meets the 21-year-old Cleopatra in Alexandria and they become lovers Go to Caesar, Julius (100–44 bc) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century BCE Politics Alexandria Africa North Africa Egypt
47 BCE	Cleopatra gives birth to a son and calls him Ptolemy XV Caesar (later known by the nickname Caesarion) Go to Caesa'rion (‘little Caesar’) in The Oxford Companion to Classical Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century BCE Politics Europe Italy
44 BCE	Octavian, an 18-year-old student in Apollonia, hears that he has been named by his uncle, Julius Caesar, as his successor and heir Go to Augustus (63 bc–ad 14) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century BCE Politics Europe Greece Italy
37 BCE	Herod, appointed king of Judaea by the senate in Rome, establishes his rule over Palestine Go to Herod (c.73 bc–4 bc) in The Oxford Companion to Classical Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century BCE Politics Judaism Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel
30 BCE	Cleopatra commits suicide, applying a poisonous asp to her breast, Go to Cleopa'tra VII (69–30 bc) in The Oxford Companion to Classical Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century BCE Politics Alexandria Africa North Africa Egypt
27 BCE	Octavian is given the life-long title of Augustus by the senate in Rome, becoming in effect the first Roman emperor Go to Augustus (63 bc–ad 14) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century BCE Roman empire Politics Europe Greece Italy Empires
c. 10 BCE	The period of stability achieved during the reign of Augustus Caesar has been given the name Pax Romana ('Roman peace') Go to Pax Augusta (‘The Augustan [or Roman] Peace’) in The Oxford Companion to Classical Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Roman empire Politics Commerce and industry Europe Greece Italy Society Empires
4	After the death of two of his grandsons, the emperor Augustus formally adopts his stepson Tiberius as his successor Go to Tiberius in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Roman empire Politics Europe Italy Empires Augustus Caesar insists on Tiberius adopting as his successor Germanicus, a talented young member of the imperial family Go to Iulius Caesar, Germanicus in The Oxford Classical Dictionary (3 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Roman empire Politics Europe Italy Empires
5	Germanicus, designated eventual heir to the throne, marries Agrippina, granddaughter of the ruling emperor Go to Agrippina the Elder (c.14 bc–ad 33) in Who's Who in the Classical World (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Roman empire Politics Europe Italy Empires
14	The death of Augustus introduces half a century of chaos, as the members of his family compete ruthlessly for power Go to Tiberius in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Roman empire Politics Europe Greece Italy Empires Tiberius succeeds his stepfather Augustus Caesar as the Roman emperor Go to Tiberius in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Roman empire Politics Europe Italy Empires
19	Germanicus, nephew and heir of the emperor Tiberius, dies when far away with the army in Syria Go to Iulius Caesar, Germanicus in The Oxford Classical Dictionary (3 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Roman empire Politics Asia West Asia Lebanon and Syria Europe Italy Empires
23	The Han dynasty recovers control, after a 15-year interlude, and moves the capital to Loyang - starting the Eastern Han period Go to Han in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Politics Asia East Asia China
37	Within the tangled and tormented web of the Roman imperial family, Gaius Caesar - nicknamed Caligula - inherits the throne Go to Caligula (12–41 ad) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Roman empire Politics Europe Italy Empires
41	Claudius, after the assassination of his nephew Caligula, is selected as emperor by the praetorian guards Go to Claudius (ad 41–54) in The Oxford Companion to British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Roman empire Politics Europe Italy Empires Herod Agrippa, a grandson of Herod the Great, restores a brief calm to Palestine Go to Herod Agrippa I (ad 10–44) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Roman empire Politics Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel Empires
54	The 16-year-old Nero is proclaimed emperor by the praetorian guards after the death of Claudius, supposedly poisoned by toadstools Go to Nero, Claudius Caesar Drusus Germanicus (c. 37–68 ad) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Roman empire Politics Europe Italy Empires
64	A great fire in Rome is popularly believed to have been started by Nero, whom legend also accuses of fiddling while the city burns Go to Nero (54–68 ce) in A Dictionary of the Bible (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Roman empire Politics Social and domestic Rome Europe Greece Italy Society Empires
69	A rebellion in Spain prompts such chaos that Rome has four emperors within a year, after the suicide of Nero in 68 Go to Roman civil wars in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Roman empire Politics Protest and rebellion Rome Europe Italy Empires Vespasian, proclaimed emperor by his troops in Alexandria, is the survivor among this year's four emperors Go to Vespasian (ad 9–79) in The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Roman empire Politics Alexandria Africa North Africa Egypt Europe Italy Empires
79	Titus becomes emperor on the death of his father, Vespasian, and begins a brief two-year reign of lavish public generosity Go to Titus (ad 39–81) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Roman empire Politics Europe Italy Empires
81	Dying after a reign of only two years, Titus is succeeded on the imperial throne by his brother, Domitian Go to Domitian (ad 51–96) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Roman empire Politics Europe Italy Empires
98	Trajan, succeeding to the imperial throne in AD 98, is sufficiently confident to spend a year in Germany before returning to Rome Go to Trajan (c. 53–117 ad) in The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Roman empire Politics Europe Germany Italy Empires
117	Hadrian, governing Syria when he is declared emperor, is confident enough to delay almost a year before returning to Rome Go to Hadrian in The Oxford Companion to Classical Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 2nd century Roman empire Politics Asia West Asia Lebanon and Syria Europe Italy Empires
c. 120	Kanishka rules the Kushan empire of Afghanistan and northern India from his capital at Peshawar Go to Kuṣāṇa in A Dictionary of Buddhism (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 2nd century Politics Asia Central Asia Afghanistan South Asia India (the subcontinent)
138	The emperor Hadrian, with no children of his own, appoints a respected senator, Antoninus Pius, to succeed him Go to Antoninus Pius in The Oxford Classical Dictionary (3 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 2nd century Roman empire Politics Europe Italy Empires
161	Marcus Aurelius, for long the designated heir, becomes emperor on the death of Antoninus Pius Go to Aurelius, Marcus in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 2nd century Roman empire Politics Europe Italy Empires
c. 208	Ardashir is crowned king of Fars - a first step towards his founding of the Sassanian dynasty in Persia Go to Ardashir I (d.ad 240) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3rd century Politics Asia Central Asia Iran (Persia)
221	The Han dynasty is brought to an end, after more than four centuries, by decades of peasant unrest Go to Han in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3rd century Politics Asia East Asia China
284	Diocletian, commanding an army near the Bosphorus in Thracia, is proclaimed emperor by his troops Go to Diocletian (284–305) in The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3rd century Roman empire Politics Europe Italy Empires
305	Diocletian resigns from his position as Augustus because of ill health, and retires to Dalmatia Go to Diocletian (284–305) in The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century Politics Europe
306	Constantine's father, recently appointed Augustus in the west, dies at York and the young man is proclaimed Augustus in his place by the legions in Britain Go to Constantine (c. 274–337) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century Roman empire Roman Britain Politics Europe Italy Empires Britain
312	Constantine, preparing for battle against a rival at the Milvian Bridge, orders his men to wear a Christian symbol, the Chi-Rho, on their shields Go to Christogram in The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century Roman empire Politics Religion Christianity Europe Greece Italy Empires After winning the battle at Milvian Bridge, Constantine marches into Rome and is formally acknowledged by the Senate as Augustus of the west Go to Milvian Bridge in The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century Roman empire Politics Religion Christianity Rome Europe Greece Italy Empires
313	Constantine meets his co-emperor Licinius in Milan, and persuades him to follow a policy of encouraging the Christians Go to Licinius in Who's Who in the Classical World (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century Roman empire Politics Religion Christianity Europe Italy Empires
314	Warming to his new Christian role, Constantine summons more than 300 bishops to Arles to discuss the controversial issue of Donatus Go to Donatism in The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century Roman empire Politics Religion Christianity Europe France Empires
c. 320	The territory of the Gupta dynasty is extended by Chandra Gupta, to include most of the great plain of the Ganges Go to Gupta in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century Politics Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent)
325	Constantine convenes a council of 200 bishops at Nicaea to discuss the beliefs of Arius, which are deemed to be heresy Go to Arius (c.ad 260–336) in Oxford Dictionary of the Classical World (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century Roman empire Politics Religion Christianity Asia West Asia Turkey Empires
330	Constantine's new Christian city on the site of Byzantium is inaugurated, as Constantinople Go to Constantinople in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century Roman empire Byzantine empire Politics Religion Christianity Catholic and orthodox Turkey Europe Empires
337	Constantine is at last baptized a Christian in Nicomedia, just a few days before his death Go to Constantine I (285–337) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century Roman empire Byzantine empire Politics Religion Christianity Catholic and orthodox Asia West Asia Turkey Empires
c. 350	The Cushite dynasty fades away in Nubia, after lasting for 1000 years or more Go to Nubians in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century Politics Africa North Africa Egypt The clan ruling the Yamato plain becomes so powerful that its chieftain is seen as the emperor of Japan Go to Yamato in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century Politics Asia East Asia Japan
361	Julian, the new emperor in Constantinople, plans to reinstate the pagan cult of the ancient Roman empire Go to Julian the Apostate (332–63) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century Byzantine empire Politics Religion Turkey Europe Empires
363	An apocryphal story states that Julian the Apostate, dying at Tarsus, acknowledges the victory of the Galilean, Jesus Christ Go to Julian the Apostate (332–63) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century Roman empire Byzantine empire Politics Religion Christianity Asia West Asia Turkey Empires
379	Theodosius becomes the Roman emperor and revives Constantine's close link between church and state Go to Theodosius I in The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (3 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century Byzantine empire Politics Turkey Europe Empires
390	St Ambrose asserts the authority of the church, refusing communion to the emperor Theodosius in Milan until he does penance for a massacre Go to Ambrose, St (c.339–97) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century Byzantine empire Politics Religion Christianity Europe Italy Empires
c. 400	Niall of the Nine Hostages is the first man to be called king of Ireland, though his direct control does not extend beyond Ulster Go to Niall of the Nine Hostages (c.445–53) in The Kings and Queens of Britain (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century 5th century Politics British Isles Europe Ireland Britain The Yamato clan adapt Shinto to their own purposes, and claim imperial descent from the sun Go to Yamato in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century 5th century Politics Religion Asia East Asia Japan
445	Attila murders his brother and becomes the sole ruler of the Huns, who are now pressing through Dacia and across the Danube Go to Attila (d. 453) in The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (3 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 5th century Politics Migration Europe Society
476	The tribal leader and mercenary Odoacer becomes king of Italy - an event often taken as defining the end of the Roman empire in the west Go to Odoacer (433–93) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 5th century Roman empire Politics Europe Italy Empires
c. 481	The 15-year-old Clovis inherits the Merovingian crown and becomes leader of the Franks - with his first capital at Tournai Go to Clovis1 (465–511) in The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 5th century Politics Europe France
487	Theodoric the Ostrogoth, threatening Constantinople, is cunningly diverted by the emperor into invading Italy Go to Theodoric the Great in The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 5th century Byzantine empire Politics War Asia West Asia Turkey Europe Italy Empires
493	Theodoric wins Ravenna from Odoacer - by inviting Odoacer to a banquet and murdering him during the meal Go to Theodoric the Great in The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 5th century Byzantine empire Politics War Europe Italy Empires
c. 500	According to Bede, the first widely accepted Anglo-Saxon ruler in southern Britain is Aelli, founder of the West Sussex kingdom Go to Ælle (d. c.514) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 5th century 6th century Politics British Isles Europe Britain Clovis and some 3000 of his soldiers are baptized in a massive ceremony at Reims Go to Clovis (c. 466–511) in The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (3 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 5th century 6th century Politics Religion Christianity Europe France
526	By the end of his long reign Theodoric amply justifies his title 'the Great' and his place in legend as Dietrich von Bern Go to Dietrich of Bern in The Concise Oxford Companion to English Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 6th century Politics Europe Italy
527	Justinian becomes emperor in Constantinople, beginning a reign which will restore the empire to much of its former glory Go to Justinian (483–565) in The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 6th century Byzantine empire Politics Asia West Asia Turkey Europe Empires
c. 540	Khosrau I builds himself a superb new palace, of which the great vaulted Taq-e Kisra remains today at Ctesiphon Go to Khosrau I (579 ad) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 6th century Politics Mesopotamia Asia West Asia Iraq
589	After three centuries of chaos and disunion in China, a stable dynasty - the Sui - is established by Wen Ti (the Cultured Emperor) Go to Sui in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 6th century Politics Asia East Asia China
618	A high official of the Sui empire seizes power and establishes one of China's greatest dynasties, the T'ang Go to T'ang in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 7th century Politics Asia East Asia China
627	The Byzantine emperor Heraclius recovers the True Cross from Ctesiphon Go to Heraclius I (575–642) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 7th century Byzantine empire Politics Religion Christianity Mesopotamia Asia West Asia Iraq Empires
632	The death of Muhammad at Medina is followed by the election of the first caliph, Abu Bakr, a father-in-law of the prophet Go to Abu Bakr (c. 573–634) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 7th century Caliphs Politics Religion Islam Asia West Asia
634	Omar, another father-in-law of Muhammad, is elected as the second Muslim caliph (the word means 'successor to the Messenger of God') Go to Omar (c.581–644) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 7th century Caliphs Politics Religion Islam Asia West Asia
644	After the assassination of Omar, Othman is elected as the third Muslim caliph Go to Othman (574–656) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 7th century Caliphs Politics Terrorism and assassination Religion Islam Muslim empires Asia West Asia Empires
656	Othman is assassinated, and Ali wins power as the fourth Muslim caliph - defeating Muhammad's widow Aisha at the 'battle of the camel' near Basra Go to Camel, Battle of the in The Oxford Dictionary of Islam (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 7th century Caliphs Politics Religion Islam Battles Muslim empires Mesopotamia Asia West Asia Iraq Empires
661	Ali is assassinated and Mu'awiya becomes the fifth Muslim caliph, establishing the Umayyad dynasty Go to Umayyad Caliphate in The Oxford Dictionary of Islam (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 7th century Caliphs Politics Terrorism and assassination Religion Islam Muslim empires Asia West Asia Lebanon and Syria Empires
664	The king of Northumbria summons a synod at Whitby to hear the arguments of Roman and Celtic Christians, then opts for Rome Go to synod in The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 7th century Celts Politics Religion Christianity British Isles Europe Society Britain
c. 670	With the entire middle east under their control, the Arabs make Damascus the capital of the Umayyad caliphate Go to Damascus in A Dictionary of the Bible (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 7th century Caliphs Politics Religion Islam Muslim empires Africa North Africa Asia West Asia Lebanon and Syria Empires
c. 687	With a victory at Tertry, Pepin II wins effective control over all three Frankish kingdoms Go to Tertry, Battle of in The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 7th century Politics Europe France Germany
c. 700	The earliest two Turkish states are the confederation of Gök Türk and the empire of the Khazars Go to KHAZARS in The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 7th century 8th century Politics Turks Asia West Asia Turkey
714	The death of the Frankish 'mayor of the palace' Pepin II is followed by civil war between members of his family Go to Merovingians in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 8th century Politics War Europe France
724	The civil war among the Franks ends with complete victory for Charles Martel, an illegitimate grandson of Pepin II Go to Charles Martel (c. 688–741) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 8th century Politics War Europe France
741	Charles Martel dies and leaves the Frankish kingdoms to his two sons, Carloman and Pepin III Go to Pepin III (714–68) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 8th century Politics Europe France
747	The elder son of Charles Martel retires to a monastery, leaving Pepin III in control of the entire Frankish empire Go to Pepin in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 8th century Politics Europe France
750	The Abbasids massacre the Umayyads in Damascus and establish a new caliphate Go to Abbasids in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 8th century Caliphs Politics Religion Islam Muslim empires Asia West Asia Lebanon and Syria Empires
756	Abd-ar-Rahman, escaping from the massacre of his family in Syria, establishes a new Umayyad dynasty at Cordoba Go to Cordoba in The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 8th century Politics Religion Islam Muslim empires Europe Spain Empires
762	The Abbasid caliphs create Baghdad as a new capital city on the Tigris Go to Tigris in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 8th century Caliphs Politics Muslim empires Mesopotamia Asia West Asia Iraq Empires
768	On the death of Pepin III, the empire of the Franks is divided between his two sons - Charlemagne and his younger brother, Carloman Go to Charlemagne (c.742–814) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 8th century Politics Europe France
771	On the death of his brother, Charlemagne inherits the entire kingdom of the Franks Go to Charlemagne in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 8th century Holy Roman empire Politics Europe France Germany Empires
813	Charlemagne has his only surviving legitimate son, Louis the Pious, crowned as his co-emperor Go to Louis I (778–840) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 9th century Politics Europe
814	Charlemagne dies and his son Louis the Pious inherits the whole, now greatly extended, Frankish empire Go to Louis I (778–840) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 9th century Politics Europe
843	Kenneth king of the Scots is accepted also as king of the Picts, providing the traditional founding event of the kingdom of Scotland Go to Picts in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 9th century Politics Scotland British Isles Europe Britain
c. 850	The caliphs in Baghdad begin to employ Turkish slaves, or Mamelukes, in their armies Go to Mamelukes in The Oxford Companion to Military History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 9th century Caliphs Politics Slavery War Turks Mesopotamia Asia West Asia Iraq Society
865	The Bulgarian king Boris I is baptized in the Greek Orthodox faith, bringing his people within the Byzantine fold Go to Orthodox Church in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 9th century Byzantine empire Politics Religion Christianity Europe Empires
c. 866	The eastern part of the Persian empire comes under the control of the Saffarid dynasty Go to Saffarid dynasty (861–1003) in The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 9th century Politics Asia Central Asia Iran (Persia)
c. 870	Ahmad ibn Tulun, a Mameluke, seizes power in Egypt - establishing his own Tulunid dynasty Go to Ibn Tulun, Ahmad (884) in The Oxford Dictionary of Islam (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 9th century Politics Africa North Africa Egypt
871	The young Alfred leads the English in their first significant victory over the Danes, at Ashdown Go to Ashdown, battle of (871) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 9th century Politics British Isles Europe Denmark Britain
877	The Fujiwara family creates for itself a new hereditary office, that of imperial chancellor, through which it effectively rules Japan Go to Fujiwara in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 9th century Politics Asia East Asia Japan
878	Rhodri Mawr, or Rhodri the Great, is widely accepted as king of almost the whole of Wales Go to Rhodri Mawr (‘the Great’) in The Kings and Queens of Britain (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 9th century Politics Wales British Isles Europe Britain
c. 900	A Tamil kingdom, established by the Cholas, controls the whole of south India and will last for two centuries Go to Tamils in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 9th century 10th century Politics Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) India (republic) The Samanids, replacing the Saffarids, transform their capital at Bukhara into a centre of Persian culture Go to Samanids in Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 9th century 10th century Politics Asia Central Asia
903	The leader of a peasant uprising captures and kills the Chinese emperor, bringing to an end the T'ang dynasty Go to T'ang in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 10th century Politics Protest and rebellion Asia East Asia China
919	Henry I is elected king of the east Frankish kingdom, consisting of four great feudal duchies - Bavaria, Swabia, Saxony and Franconia Go to Henry I (b. 1068) in The Kings and Queens of Britain (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 10th century Politics Germany
929	Wenceslas, a prince of the Premsylid family, is murdered on his way into church - and becomes Bohemia's patron saint Go to Wenceslas, St (c.907–29) in The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 10th century Politics Religion Christianity Bohemia Czech Republic
935	Wank Kon changes the name of his kingdom to Koryo, meaning 'high and beautiful', thus providing the rest of the world with the name Korea Go to Korea in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 10th century Politics Asia East Asia Korea
c. 950	The Byzantine empire enjoys a revival, bringing the Slavs within the Greek Orthodox fold and winning victories against the Muslims Go to Slavs in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 10th century Byzantine empire Politics Religion Christianity Europe Empires
960	A warlord, Zhao Kuangyin, establishes a new Chinese dynasty - the Song Go to Song in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Art Terms (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 10th century Politics Asia East Asia China Harald Bluetooth is baptized a Christian and unites the whole of Denmark as a single kingdom. Go to Gwynedd in The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 10th century Politics Religion Christianity Europe Denmark
965	Mieszko, pagan chieftain of the Poles, marries a Christian Czech princess and brings all his people into the Roman Catholic fold Go to Mieszko I (c.935–992) in Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 10th century Politics Religion Christianity Catholic and orthodox Europe Poland
975	The Hungarian king Gezá and his family are baptized as Roman Catholics, beginning a long link between Hungary and Rome Go to Árpád dynasty in The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 10th century Politics Religion Christianity Catholic and orthodox Europe Hungary
976	Brian Boru becomes king of Munster and leader of the Irish campaign against the Vikings Go to Brian Boru (d. 1014) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 10th century Politics British Isles Europe Ireland Britain Leopold, of the Babenberg family, becomes margrave of Austria and founds a dynasty which lasts for three centuries Go to margrave in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 10th century Politics Austria
987	Hugh Capet, a Frankish noble elected king of west Francia, establishes the royal dynasty of France. Go to Hugh Capet , king of France (941–96) in The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 10th century Politics Europe France Hugh Capet is the first in an unbroken line of twelve generations on the throne of France Go to Hugh Capet , king of France (941–96) in The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 10th century Politics Europe France Vladimir, the prince of Kiev, decides that Greek Orthodoxy is the most suitable religion for the Russian people Go to Orthodox Church in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 10th century Politics Religion Christianity Catholic and orthodox Europe Russia
1014	Brian Boru, aged 73, achieves a major victory over the Vikings at Clontarf but is killed in his tent after the battle Go to Clontarf, battle of (1014) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 11th century Politics Battles British Isles Europe Ireland Britain
1017	Canute, joint king of Denmark, is accepted also as king of England after subduing the country and marrying Ethelred's widow Go to Canute (1035) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 11th century Politics British Isles Europe Denmark Britain
c. 1020	Count Radbot builds himself a 'hawk's castle' or Habichstburg, near Zurich, from which the Habsburg dynasty takes its name Go to Habsburg in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 11th century Holy Roman empire Austrian empire Habsburgs Politics Austria Empires
1024	Conrad II is elected as the German king, beginning the dynasty variously known as Franconian or Salian Go to Salian in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 11th century Holy Roman empire Politics Germany Empires
c. 1030	Yaroslav builds up his Russian kingdom and turns his capital, Kiev, into a spectacular Christian city Go to Kiev (Ukraine) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 11th century Politics Europe Russia
1042	Edward the Confessor, the rightful heir in the Anglo-Saxon royal line, becomes king of England Go to Frederick II (1194–1250) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 11th century Politics British Isles Europe Britain
c. 1050	Ife emerges as a powerful kingdom in the equatorial forest of the lower Niger Go to Ife (Osun/Nigeria) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 11th century Politics Africa West Africa Germany
1055	Togrul Beg enters Baghdad and is granted by the caliph the title of sultan, which becomes hereditary in his Seljuk dynasty Go to Sultan in The Oxford Dictionary of Islam (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 11th century Caliphs Politics Mesopotamia Asia West Asia Iraq
1057	Duncan's son, Malcolm, kills Macbeth in battle at Lumphanan - and in the following year is himself crowned at Scone Go to Malcolm III (d. 1093) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 11th century Politics War Scotland British Isles Europe Britain
1066	On his death bed in Westminster, Edward the Confessor designates Harold - foremost among England's barons - as his successor Go to Frederick II (1194–1250) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 11th century Politics British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain Edward the Confessor is buried in his new abbey church at Westminster, consecrated only the previous week Go to Westminster Abbey in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 11th century Politics British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain On the day of Edward's burial, Harold is crowned king - almost certainly in the same abbey church at Westminster Go to Harold II (c. 1022–66) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 11th century Politics British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain Harold, hurrying south to confront the Normans after his victory at Stamford Bridge, is defeated and killed at Hastings Go to Harold II (c. 1022–66) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 11th century Politics Battles British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain William the Conqueror is crowned on Christmas Day at Westminster - giving the new abbey church two coronations and a royal funeral in its first year Go to William I (1028–87) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 11th century Politics British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
c. 1071	The campaigns of Alp Arslan, culminating in 1071, give the Seljuk Turks a lasting presence in Anatolia Go to Malik Shah ibn Alp Arslan (1072/73–92) in The Oxford Dictionary of Islam (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 11th century Politics Turks Asia West Asia Turkey
1085	Toledo is captured from the Muslims by Alfonso VI of Castile, who continues the city's traditions of religious tolerance Go to Alfonso VI of Castile (1065–1109) in The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 11th century Politics Religion Christianity Islam Europe Spain
1087	On the death of his father, William the Conqueror, William II becomes king of England Go to William II (c. 1056–1100) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 11th century Politics British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1091	Roger I, the first Norman count of Sicily, completes the conquest of the island from the Muslims Go to Roger I in The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 11th century Politics Sicily Europe Italy
1099	Konya, in central Turkey, becomes the capital of the Seljuk Turks, who call themselves sultans of Rum Go to Seljuk Turks in The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 11th century Politics Turks Asia West Asia Turkey
1100	On the death of his brother, William II, Henry I becomes king of England Go to Henry I (b. 1068) in The Kings and Queens of Britain (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 11th century 12th century Politics British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1120	The White Ship strikes a rock off the Cherbourg peninsula drowning William the Aetheling, heir to the English throne Go to White Ship in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 12th century Politics British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1135	On the death of Henry I, his nephew Stephen moves quickly to keep Henry's daughter Matilda off the English throne Go to Stephen , king of England (c.1097–1154) in The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 12th century Politics British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
c. 1136	Walter FitzAlan takes a post as steward with the Scottish king, thus establishing the Stewart family and later dynasty Go to Stuart, house of in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 12th century Politics Scotland British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1138	Conrad III, of the Hohenstaufen family, is elected German king - a title which remains in the family for more than a century, bringing with it that of Holy Roman emperor Go to Hohenstaufen in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 12th century Holy Roman empire Politics Germany Empires
c. 1150	The city of Angkor and the great temple of Angkor Wat are created by the Khmer dynasty in Cambodia Go to Angkor in A Dictionary of Asian Mythology (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 12th century Politics Asia East Asia Southeast Asia Vietnam
1152	Frederick Barbarossa becomes king of Germany and Holy Roman emperor, greatly extending the power of the empire during a long reign Go to Frederick I (1123–90) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 12th century Holy Roman empire Politics Germany Empires
1154	Henry II, coming to the throne of England, is king or feudal overlord of an unbroken swathe of territory from the Tweed to the Pyrenees Go to Henry II (1133–89) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 12th century Politics British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe France Rulers and politicians Britain
1156	Vienna is adopted by the Babenberg rulers as the capital city of Austria Go to Babenberg in The Oxford Companion to German Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 12th century Politics Austria
1171	Saladin deposes the Fatimid caliph and brings Egypt back to orthodoxy, acknowledging the rule of the Sunni caliph in Baghdad Go to Saladin (1138–93) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 12th century Caliphs Politics Religion Islam Africa North Africa Egypt The English king, Henry II, acknowledges Rhys ap Gruffydd as the lord of south Wales Go to Rhys ap Gruffydd (1132–97) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 12th century Politics Wales British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1174	The Scottish king, William the Lion, is captured raiding into Northumberland and is taken south with his feet tied beneath his horse Go to William I (1143–1214) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 12th century Politics Scotland British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1185	The triumph of the Minamoto clan in Japan in 1185 leads to an uneasy relationship between the brothers Yoritomo and Yoshitsune Go to Minamoto Yoritomo (1147–99) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 12th century Politics Asia East Asia Japan
1189	The English king Henry II is succeeded by his third son as Richard I Go to Richard I (b. 8 Sept. 1157) in The Kings and Queens of Britain (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 12th century Politics British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1190	A year after succeeding to the throne of England, Richard I sets off east as one of the leaders of the third crusade Go to Crusades in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Crusades Britain 1066-1500 12th century Politics Conquest and colonization Religion Christianity British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Wars and Revolutions Britain The third crusade suffers an early disaster when its first leader, the emperor Frederick Barbarossa, is drowned crossing the Calycadnus river Go to Frederick I (c.1122–90) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Crusades 12th century Politics Conquest and colonization Religion Christianity Asia West Asia Turkey Wars and Revolutions
1192	Richard I, returning from the Holy Land in disguise, is recognized in an inn near Vienna and is imprisoned until England pays a massive ransom Go to Richard I (b. 8 Sept. 1157) in The Kings and Queens of Britain (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 12th century Politics Conquest and colonization British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Austria Rulers and politicians Britain
1197	The three-year old Frederick II has a claim to the thrones of both Sicily and Germany on the death of his father, the emperor Henry VI Go to Henry VI (1165–97) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 12th century Holy Roman empire Politics Sicily Europe Germany Italy Empires
1199	On the death of his brother, Richard I, John becomes king of England Go to John (1167–1216) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 12th century Politics British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1206	Temujin, elected chief of all the Mongol tribes, takes the name Genghis Khan Go to Genghis Khan (1162–1227) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Politics Asia East Asia
1215	John, the king of England, fixes his seal to Magna Carta, which the barons place before him in a meadow called Runnymede Go to Magna Carta in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 13th century Politics British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1216	On the death of his father, King John, Henry III becomes king of England Go to Henry III (1207–72) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 13th century Politics British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
c. 1220	Llewellyn ap Iorwerth acquires such authority over other Welsh chieftains that he is informally referred to as the prince of Wales Go to prince of Wales in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 13th century Politics Wales British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1222	Andrew II accepts the Golden Bull, a charter of liberties demanded by the nobles of Hungary Go to Andrew II of Hungary (1177–1235) in Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Politics Europe Hungary
1225	Magna Carta is reissued slightly modified when Henry III comes of age; in the version which becomes enshrined in English law Go to Henry III (b. 1 Oct. 1207) in The Kings and Queens of Britain (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 13th century Politics British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
c. 1230	Ogadai, son of Genghis Khan, turns his father's headquarters at Karakorum into a capital city Go to Karakorum in The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Politics Asia East Asia
1232	The kingdom of Granada is established with a Berber noble, Muhammad I, as the first king Go to acorn cup in The Oxford Dictionary of the Renaissance (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Politics Europe Spain
c. 1240	A warlord, Sundiata, conquers Ghana and establishes the kingdom of Mali Go to Sundiata Keita (1210?–1260?) in Encyclopedia of Africa (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Politics Africa West Africa Haakon IV is the first ruler to build up a strong Norway, some two centuries after the region becomes a single kingdom Go to Haakon IV (1204–63) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Politics Europe Norway Alexander, a Russian prince, defeats a Swedish army on the frozen river Neva, thus winning his name Alexander Nevksy Go to Alexander Nevsky (1220–1263) in The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Politics Battles Europe Russia
1248	Birger Jarl establishes a dynasty which brings all Sweden under a single rule Go to Sweden in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Politics Europe
1250	The last sultan of Saladin's dynasty is murdered by slaves in the palace guard, and Mameluke rule is reintroduced in Egypt Go to Saladin (1138–93) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Politics Africa North Africa Egypt
1252	Alexander Nevsky, appointed grand prince of Vladimir in 1252, thrives by collaborating with the Mongols of the Golden Horde Go to Alexander Nevsky (1220–1263) in The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Politics Europe Russia
1254	The death of the last Hohenstaufen ruler, Conrad IV, leaves a vacancy on the German throne which is not filled for nineteen years Go to Conrad IV (1228–54) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Holy Roman empire Politics Germany Empires
1260	The Bohemian prince Otakar II, ruler also of Austria, extends his territories after defeating the Hungarians at Kressenbrunn Go to Bohemia in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Holy Roman empire Politics Bohemia Czech Republic Empires At Ayn Jalut, near Nazareth, the Egyptian Mamelukes defeat the Mongol army of Hulagu - the first military setback for the Mongols Go to Mongol empire in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Politics Battles Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel
1262	The Norwegian king, Haakon IV, annexes Iceland as his personal fief, bringing to an end the commonwealth established in AD 930 Go to Haakon IV (1204–63) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Politics Conquest and colonization Europe Norway
1264	Kublai defeats his brother Ariq Böge and thus establishes his position as Great Khan of the Mongols Go to Kublai Khan (1216–94) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Politics Asia East Asia China
1267	In a treaty agreed at Shrewsbury, the English king Henry III acknowledges Llewellyn ap Gruffydd as the prince of Wales Go to prince of Wales in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 13th century Politics Wales British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
c. 1270	The Assassins are systematically destroyed by Baybars, the Mameluke sultan of Egypt Go to Baybars I in The Oxford Dictionary of Islam (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Politics War Africa North Africa Egypt Asia West Asia
1271	The Mongol leader Kublai Khan chooses a name for his new dynasty in China, calling it Ta Yuan ('Great Origin') Go to Kublai Khan (1216–94) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Politics Asia East Asia China
1272	Edward I is in Sicily when he becomes king of England, on the death of his father, Henry III Go to Edward I (b. 18 June 1239) in The Kings and Queens of Britain (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 13th century Politics British Isles Sicily British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1273	The period without a German king, known as the Great Interregnum, ends with the election of a Habsburg prince, Rudolf I Go to Habsburg in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Holy Roman empire Austrian empire Habsburgs Politics Austria Empires
1278	At Dürnkrut Rudolf I defeats and kills Otakar II, his rival for Austria - thus bringing the Austrian territories into the Habsburg domain Go to Habsburg in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Holy Roman empire Austrian empire Habsburgs Politics War Austria Empires
1279	With the fall of Hangzhou, the Song imperial capital, Kublai Khan's new Yüan dynasty is secure Go to Song (960–1279) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Politics War Asia East Asia China
1282	An uprising by Llewellyn ap Gruffydd, the prince of Wales, ends with his own death and the subjugation of Wales by the king of England, Edward I Go to Edward I (b. 18 June 1239) in The Kings and Queens of Britain (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 13th century Politics Conquest and colonization War Wales British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
c. 1285	Osman inherits the leadership of the tribal group later known by a version of his name, as the Ottoman Turks Go to Ottoman empire in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Byzantine empire 13th century Politics Turks Muslim empires Ottoman empire Asia West Asia Turkey Empires
1289	Edward I of England arranges for his 5-year-old heir to marry Margaret the Maid of Norway, the 7-year-old heiress to the kingdom of Scotland Go to Margaret, Maid of Norway (c. 1283–90) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 13th century Politics Scotland British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Norway Rulers and politicians Britain
1290	The death of Margaret, child heiress to the Scottish throne, results in John de Balliol being chosen as king Go to John Balliol (b. c.1250) in The Kings and Queens of Britain (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 13th century Politics Scotland British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1296	Edward I invades Scotland, massacres the people of Berwick, captures John de Balliol and brings to Westminster the Stone of Scone Go to Scone, stone of in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 13th century Politics War Scotland British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1297	William Wallace's victory over the English at Stirling Bridge enables him to rule Scotland on behalf of John de Balliol Go to Wallace, William (d. 1305) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 13th century Politics Battles Scotland British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1301	Edward I, conqueror of Wales, bestows the cherished title 'prince of Wales' on his own heir, the future Edward II Go to prince of Wales in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 14th century Politics Wales British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain Andrew III of Hungary dies without an heir, bringing to an end four centuries of rule by the descendants of Arpad Go to Árpád dynasty in The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 14th century Politics Europe Hungary
1306	After the murder of his rival, in a church in Dumfries, Robert de Bruce is crowned king of Scots at Scone Go to Robert I (‘the Bruce’) (b. 11 July 1274) in The Kings and Queens of Britain (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 14th century Politics Terrorism and assassination Scotland British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1307	The English king Edward I dies campaigning near Carlisle, on an expedition north against his Scottish rival Robert the Bruce Go to Edward I (b. 18 June 1239) in The Kings and Queens of Britain (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 14th century Politics War Scotland British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain On the death of his father, Edward I, Edward II becomes king of England Go to miniature painting in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 14th century Politics British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1309	The hiatus on the Hungarian throne ends when the Angevin contender is crowned as Charles I Go to Angevin in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 14th century Politics Europe Hungary
1314	After years of guerrilla warfare, Robert de Bruce defeats the English conclusively at Bannockburn - and becomes at last secure in his kingdom Go to Robert I (‘the Bruce’) (b. 11 July 1274) in The Kings and Queens of Britain (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 14th century Politics Battles Scotland British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1316	Edward Bruce is crowned king of Ireland at Dundalk, but his uprising ends two years later when he is killed in battle with the English Go to Bruce, Edward (d. 1318) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 14th century Politics British Isles Europe Ireland Britain
1320	Wladyslaw I is crowned king of Poland in Cracow, which he makes his capital city Go to Cracow (Australia, Poland) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 14th century Politics Europe Poland
1326	Edward II is captured and imprisoned by his queen, Isabella, and her lover, Mortimer Go to miniature painting in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 14th century Politics British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1327	Isabella forces Edward II to renounce the English throne in favour of their 15-year-old son, Edward III Go to Bruce, Edward (d. 1318) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 14th century Politics British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain Edward II, imprisoned by his wife and her lover, dies in Berkeley castle - almost certainly the victim of murder Go to miniature painting in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 14th century Politics British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1328	When Charles IV dies, for the first time in more than 400 years of the Capetian dynasty there is no son or brother to inherit the French crown Go to Capetian (987–1328) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Hundred Years' War 14th century Politics War Europe France Wars and Revolutions The English finally accept a treaty, in Edinburgh, declaring that Robert de Bruce is king of a Scotland 'free and divided from the kingdom of England' Go to Bruce, Robert (1210–95) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 14th century Politics Scotland British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain A French cousin, Philip of Valois, is selected to succeed Charles IV - in preference to an English cousin, Edward III Go to Philip VI (1293–1350) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Hundred Years' War 14th century Politics War Europe France Wars and Revolutions
1329	On the death of his father, Robert the Bruce, David II becomes king of Scotland Go to David II (1324–71) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 14th century Politics Scotland British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1333	The long reign of Casimir III, known as the Great, is a time of prosperity and achievement in Poland Go to Casimir III (1310–70) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 14th century Politics Europe Poland
1337	Philip VI of France confiscates Guienne, a fief belonging to Edward III of England - whose response begins the Hundred Years' War Go to Hundred Years War in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Hundred Years' War Britain 1066-1500 14th century Politics War British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe France Rulers and politicians Wars and Revolutions Britain
1338	A new dynasty, the Ashikaga shogunate, comes into power after a member of the family, Takauji, wins a civil war Go to Ashikaga in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 14th century Politics Asia East Asia Japan
1340	Edward III, in Ghent, publicly assumes the title and the arms of the king of France Go to Bruce, Edward (d. 1318) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Hundred Years' War Britain 1066-1500 14th century Politics War British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe France Rulers and politicians Wars and Revolutions Britain
1346	Charles IV, king of Bohemia, German king and Holy Roman emperor, makes Prague a glittering centre of learning and architecture Go to Charles IV (1316–78) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 14th century Holy Roman empire Politics Bohemia Czech Republic Empires
1356	Charles IV establishes a permanent group of seven electors - four hereditary German rulers and the archbishops of Mainz, Cologne and Trier Go to Charles IV (1316–78) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 14th century Holy Roman empire Politics Austria Empires The battle of Poitiers ends, on the third day, with victory for the English and the capture of the French king, John II Go to Poitiers, Battle of (19 September 1356) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Hundred Years' War 14th century Politics War Battles Europe France Wars and Revolutions
1360	After four years of captivity in Bordeaux and London, the French king John II is released for a promised ransom of 3 million gold crowns Go to Charles IV (1316–78) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Hundred Years' War 14th century Politics War Europe France Wars and Revolutions
1368	Chu Yüan-chang drives the Mongols out of Beijing and declares a new dynasty - the Ming Go to Ming in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 14th century Politics Asia East Asia China On the fall of the Yuan dynasty, replaced by the Ming, Tibet declares its independence from China Go to Tibet in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 14th century Politics Asia East Asia China
1369	The marriage of the duke of Burgundy to the heiress of Flanders lays the foundation for the great territorial expansion of Burgundy Go to Burgundy in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 14th century Politics Europe Belgium France Netherlands
1371	On the death of his uncle, David II, Robert Stewart becomes king of Scotland as Robert II Go to Robert II (1316–90) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 14th century Politics Scotland British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1377	10-year-old Richard II follows his grandfather, Edward III, on the English throne Go to Richard II (1367–1400) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 14th century Politics British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain Jogaila inherits a pagan Lithuanian kingdom which has been extended as far south as Kiev Go to Lithuania in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 14th century Politics Conquest and colonization Europe
1380	Dimitri, grand prince of Moscow, leads other Russian princes in a crushing victory over the Mongols on the Kulikovo plain Go to Kulikovo Pole, battle of (8 September 1380) in The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 14th century Politics Battles Europe Russia
1384	Gian Galeazzo Visconti, the signore of Milan, sets about enlarging his territory - seizing Vicenza, Verona and Padua between 1384 and 1388 Go to Visconti, Gian Galeazzo (1351–1402) in The Oxford Dictionary of the Renaissance (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Renaissance 14th century Italian Renaissance Politics War Europe Italy
1385	The victory at Aljubarrota, securing the Portuguese throne for John I, is commemorated in the Dominican abbey called Batalha Go to Batalha (Portugal) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 14th century Politics Battles Europe Portugal
1386	Jadwiga, 12-year-old queen of Poland, marries Jogaila, her 34-year-old pagan neighbour - uniting the crowns of Poland and Lithuania Go to Lithuania in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 14th century Politics Europe Poland
1389	With a victory near Falköping, Margaret becomes regent of Sweden as well as Denmark and Norway Go to Sweden in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 14th century Politics Battles Europe Denmark Norway
1390	On the death of his father, Robert II, Robert III becomes king of Scotland Go to Robert III (c. 1337–1406) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 14th century Politics Scotland British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1392	Charles VI, king of France, suffers the first of many violent fits of madness Go to Charles VI (1368–1422) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Hundred Years' War 14th century Politics War Europe France Wars and Revolutions Yi Song-gye founds the Yi dynasty, which rules in Korea until the twentieth century Go to Korea in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 14th century Politics Asia East Asia Korea
1393	The Ottoman sultan Bayazid I brings the Slav kingdom of Bulgaria under his control Go to Bulgaria in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Byzantine empire 14th century Politics Conquest and colonization Turks Muslim empires Ottoman empire Europe Empires
1397	The Golden Pavilion in Kyoto is built by the shogun Yoshimitsu as his own villa Go to shogun in The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 14th century Architecture Politics Asia East Asia Japan With the coronation of the 16-year-old Eric of Pomerania, the crowns of Denmark, Norway and Sweden are formally united for the first time Go to Acciaiuoli family in The Oxford Dictionary of the Renaissance (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 14th century Politics Europe Denmark Norway
1398	Timur devastates Delhi and loots treasure to take back to Samarkand on 120 elephants Go to Tamerlane (1336–1405) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 14th century Politics War Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) India (republic)
1399	Henry of Bolingbroke returns to England to lead an armed rebellion against his cousin the king Go to Henry IV (1366–1413) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 14th century Politics British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain Richard II surrenders at Conwy to the forces led by Henry of Bolingbroke Go to Richard II (1367–1400) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 14th century Politics British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain Richard II is deposed by parliament and Boliingbroke is proclaimed king of England, as Henry IV, introducing the royal house of Lancaster Go to Henry IV (1366–1413) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 14th century Politics British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain Richard II cedes his crown to Bolingbroke, as Henry IV, and a few months later dies in Pontefract castle - probably starved to death Go to Richard II (1367–1400) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 14th century Politics British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1400	Richard II dies in Pontefract castle, almost certainly starved to death on the orders of the new king - insecure on his throne as an undeniable usurper Go to Richard II (1367–1400) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 14th century 15th century Politics British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain The Welsh rise against the English and proclaim Owain Glyn Dwr as their own prince of Wales Go to Owain Glyn Dwr (b. c.1359) in The Kings and Queens of Britain (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 14th century 15th century Politics Protest and rebellion Wales British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1402	The Ottoman sultan Bayazid is defeated and captured near Ankara by Timur, who keeps the sultan in captivity until his death the following year Go to Tamerlane (1336–1405) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Politics Battles Turks Muslim empires Ottoman empire Asia West Asia Turkey Empires
1404	Owain Glyn Dwr captures Aberystwyth and Harlech from the English and sets up an independent Welsh administration Go to Owain Glyn Dwr (b. c.1359) in The Kings and Queens of Britain (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 15th century Politics War Wales British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1405	Timur is buried in a mausoleum (the Gur Amir) in Samarkand, a city which becomes an inspiration to his descendants Go to Samarkand in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Architecture Politics Asia Central Asia
1406	On the death of his father, Robert III, James I becomes king of Scotland Go to James I (b. 25 July 1394) in The Kings and Queens of Britain (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 15th century Politics Scotland British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1407	Rivalry between factions of the French royal family results in the murder in Paris of the king's brother, Louis duke of Orléans, and the onset of civil war Go to Charles VI (1368–1422) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Hundred Years' War 15th century Politics War Europe France Wars and Revolutions
1408	Driven from Aberystwyth and Harlech, Owain Glyn Dwr loses support - and the last Welsh rebellion fades away Go to Owain Glyn Dwr (b. c.1359) in The Kings and Queens of Britain (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 15th century Politics Protest and rebellion Wales British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1410	Shah Rukh, son of Timur, begins rebuilding the city of Herat Go to Herāt (Afghanistan) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Architecture Politics Asia Central Asia Afghanistan
1413	Henry V succeeds his father, Henry IV, as king of England Go to Henry V (b. 16 Sept. 1387) in The Kings and Queens of Britain (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Hundred Years' War Britain 1066-1500 15th century Politics War British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Wars and Revolutions Britain
1419	John the Fearless, duke of Burgundy, is murdered by the Armagnac faction in the presence of the dauphin - escalating France's civil war Go to Aal, Johannes (c.1500–1551) in The Oxford Dictionary of the Renaissance (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Hundred Years' War 15th century Politics War Europe France Wars and Revolutions
1420	The treaty of Troyes, between the English and the Burgundian faction, grants Henry V the status of heir to the French throne Go to Troyes, treaty of (1420) in The Oxford Companion to British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Hundred Years' War Britain 1066-1500 15th century Politics War British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe France Rulers and politicians Wars and Revolutions Britain Henry V marries Catherine, daughter of the French king and sister of the rightful heir to the kingdom, the dauphin, who is on the opposing side Go to Henry V (b. 16 Sept. 1387) in The Kings and Queens of Britain (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Hundred Years' War Britain 1066-1500 15th century Politics War British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe France Rulers and politicians Wars and Revolutions Britain
1421	The third Ming emperor moves the capital from Nanjing to Beijing and begins laying out the Forbidden City Go to Lithuania in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Politics Asia East Asia China
1422	The dauphin proclaims himself Charles VII of France, but with Paris in the hands of his enemies he is known as the king of Bourges Go to Charles VII (1403–61) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Hundred Years' War 15th century Politics War Europe France Wars and Revolutions Henry VI, son of Henry V and Catherine of France, is king of England and theoretically king of France before his first birthday Go to Henry VI (b. 6 Dec. 1421) in The Kings and Queens of Britain (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Hundred Years' War Britain 1066-1500 15th century Politics War British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe France Rulers and politicians Wars and Revolutions Britain
c. 1425	The Temple of Heaven in Beijing is built for the third emperor of the Ming dynasty Go to Temple of Heaven in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Politics Asia East Asia China
1428	A peasant girl, Joan of Arc, hears the voices of saints urging her to relieve the siege of Orléans Go to Joan of Arc, St (1412–31) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Hundred Years' War 15th century Politics Religion Christianity War Europe France Wars and Revolutions
1429	Joan of Arc wins her way into the presence of Charles VII at Chinon and persuades him, eventually, to trust her Go to Charles VII (1403–61) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Hundred Years' War 15th century Politics Religion Christianity War Europe France Wars and Revolutions Joan of Arc leads French forces in the successful relief of Orléans Go to Joan of Arc, St (1412–31) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Hundred Years' War 15th century Politics Religion Christianity War Europe France Wars and Revolutions Joan of Arc stands nearby while Charles VII is anointed at Reims, then kneels before him and for the first time calls him her king Go to Charles VII (1403–61) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Hundred Years' War 15th century Politics Religion Christianity War Europe France Wars and Revolutions
1430	Joan of Arc is captured in a skirmish with the Burgundians, who subsequently hand her over to the English Go to Joan of Arc, St (1412–31) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Hundred Years' War 15th century Politics Religion Christianity War Europe France Wars and Revolutions
1431	Joan of Arc, tried by the Inquisition on behalf of the English in Rouen, is burned at the stake as a relapsed heretic Go to Inquisition in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Hundred Years' War 15th century Politics Religion Christianity War Europe France Wars and Revolutions
1433	Cosimo de' Medici, arrested by a rival faction, escapes with his life thanks to bribes and well-placed friends Go to Medici, Cosimo de (1389–1464) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Renaissance 15th century Italian Renaissance Politics Europe Italy
1437	Charles VII enters Paris, marking conclusively the end of the French civil war Go to Charles VII (1403–61) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Hundred Years' War 15th century Politics War Europe France Wars and Revolutions On the death of his father, James I, James II becomes king of Scotland Go to James II (b. 10 Oct. 1430) in The Kings and Queens of Britain (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 15th century Politics Scotland British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1438	The office of Holy Roman emperor becomes a hereditary title within the Habsburg dynasty Go to Habsburg in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Holy Roman empire Austrian empire Politics Austria Empires After a decisive victory over the Chanca people, a young Inca prince seizes the throne in Peru and takes the name Pachacuti Go to Inca in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Civilizations of Peru Incas Andean Civilizations Politics War Latin America Peru South America
c. 1440	Cuzco, city of the Incas, grows rapidly in power after Pachacuti ('transformer of the earth') becomes emperor Go to Inca in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Civilizations of Peru Incas Andean Civilizations Politics Latin America Peru South America
1442	Naples is captured by Alfonso V, breaking the link with France and uniting Sicily and Naples as an Aragonese kingdom Go to Alfonso V (1396–1458) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Politics Sicily Europe Italy
c. 1450	Christian boys, trained as slaves in the personal service of the Turkish sultan, acquire considerable power as the elite corps of janissaries Go to Janissaries in The Oxford Dictionary of Islam (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Politics Turks Muslim empires Ottoman empire Asia West Asia Turkey Europe Empires Francesco Sforza, a soldier of fortune, wins power in Milan Go to Sforza in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Renaissance 15th century Italian Renaissance Politics Europe Italy
1453	Constantinople falls to a 21-year-old Muslim conqueror, Mehmed II, bringing the Ottoman Turks their capital city Go to Mehmed II (1430–81) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Byzantine empire 15th century Politics War Turks Muslim empires Ottoman empire Asia West Asia Turkey Europe Empires The Christian emperor Constantine XI dies in the fighting in Constantinople, as the Greek Byzantine empire yields to that of the Ottoman Turks Go to Constantine XI Palaiologos (12 Mar. 1449–29 May 1453) in The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Byzantine empire 15th century Politics War Turks Muslim empires Ottoman empire Asia West Asia Turkey Europe Empires
1455	An engagement at St Albans is the first battle in the 30-year struggle between the white and red roses of York and Lancaster Go to Wars of the Roses in The Oxford Dictionary of Local and Family History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 15th century Politics War Battles British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1458	Matthias Corvinus begins a long reign which brings Moravia, Silesia and much of Austria within the Hungarian kingdom Go to Matthias I (1443–90) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Politics Europe Poland
1460	On the death of his father, James II, James III becomes king of Scotland Go to James III (b. May 1452) in The Kings and Queens of Britain (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 15th century Politics Scotland British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1461	The first success in the Wars of the Roses goes to the white rose, with the Yorkist prince crowned as Edward IV Go to Edward IV (1442–83) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 15th century Politics War British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain Henry VI flees to Scotland, abandoning the kingdom to the usurping Edward IV Go to Henry VI (1421–71) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 15th century Politics Scotland British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1462	Mehmed II, conqueror of Constantinople, begins to build Topkapi Sarayi as his palace Go to Mehmed II (1430–81) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Byzantine empire 15th century Architecture Politics Muslim empires Ottoman empire Turkey Europe Empires
1463	The Chimu empire in Peru is conquered by the Incas under the leadership of Pachacuti's son Topa Go to Topa Inca (1493) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Civilizations of Peru Incas Andean Civilizations Politics Conquest and colonization War Latin America Peru South America
1464	After his death in 1464, Cosimo de' Medici acquires the posthumous title pater patriae – father of the fatherland Go to Paros in Oxford Dictionary of the Classical World (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Renaissance 15th century Italian Renaissance Politics Europe Italy Mehmed II and the Ottoman Turks conquer Bosnia, where a large number of noble families convert to Islam Go to Mehmed II (1430–81) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Politics Conquest and colonization War Turks Muslim empires Ottoman empire Europe Empires
1469	The Orkneys and Shetlands come into the possession of James III of Scotland with the dowry of Margaret of Denmark Go to Margaret of Denmark (b. c.1457) in The Kings and Queens of Britain (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 15th century Politics Scotland British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Denmark Rulers and politicians Britain The marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella unites the crowns of Aragon and Castile, creating virtually a unified Spain Go to Amenhotep in The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Politics Europe Spain
1471	Topa succeeds his father, Pachacuti, as emperor of the Incas Go to Topa Inca (1493) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Civilizations of Peru Incas Andean Civilizations Politics Latin America Peru South America
1477	Maximilian, heir to Austria, weds Mary, heiress to Burgundy, in the first of the great marriage alliances which form the Habsburg empire Go to Habsburg in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Holy Roman empire Austrian empire Politics Europe Austria France Empires
1480	Ivan III, grand prince of Russia, becomes the first to deny the Mongols of the Golden Horde their annual tribute of tax Go to Ivan III (1440–1505) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Politics Protest and rebellion Europe Russia
1483	The English king Edward IV dies and his succeeded by his 12-year-old son as Edward V Go to Edward V (b. 2 Nov. 1470) in The Kings and Queens of Britain (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 15th century Politics British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain The two royal princes, Edward V and his younger brother, are confined in the Tower of London by their uncle - soon to be Richard III Go to Richard III (1452–85) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 15th century Politics British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain Richard III has himself proclaimed king by a parliament held at Westminster, and begins a short reign of only two years Go to Richard III (1452–85) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 15th century Politics British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1485	Matthias Corvinus, king of Hungary, captures Vienna and makes the city his capital Go to Matthias I (1443–90) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Austrian empire Habsburgs Politics Europe Austria Hungary Empires Henry Tudor kills Richard III at Bosworth Field and takes the crown as Henry VII Go to Henry VII (1457–1509) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 15th century Politics Battles British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1486	Henry VII, whose mother is Lancastrian, marries the Yorkist heiress Elizabeth and thus unites the roses - in the Tudor rose Go to Tudor in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 15th century Politics British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1488	On the death of his father, James III, James IV becomes king of Scotland Go to James IV (1473–1513) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 15th century Politics Scotland British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1492	The army of Ferdinand and Isabella besieges and takes the city of Granada, completing the long reconquest of Spain from the Muslims Go to Ferdinand V (1452–1516) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Politics Conquest and colonization War Europe Spain Bayazid II, the Turkish sultan, makes a special point of welcoming in Istanbul the Jews expelled from Spain Go to Istanbul (Turkey) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Politics Religion Islam Judaism Turks Muslim empires Ottoman empire Turkey Europe Empires
1493	On Topa's death his son Huayna Capac succeeds to the throne as Inca emperor Go to Topa Inca (1493) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Civilizations of Peru Incas Andean Civilizations Politics Latin America Peru South America
1494	Charles VIII, king of France, marches through the Alps with an army of 30,000, to claim the throne of Naples Go to Charles VIII (1470–98) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Renaissance 15th century Italian Renaissance Politics War Europe France Italy Piero de' Medici and his brothers flee from Florence, after a mob ransacks the Medici palace Go to Medici, Piero I de' (1416–69) in The Oxford Dictionary of the Renaissance (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Renaissance 15th century Italian Renaissance Politics Florence Europe Italy
1495	Charles VIII captures Naples in February and is crowned there in May, but is forced back across the Alps before the end of the year Go to Charles VIII (1470–98) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Renaissance 15th century Italian Renaissance Politics War Europe France Italy
1496	Philip, heir to Austria, marries Joanna, a daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain, in the second of the great Habsburg marital alliances Go to Habsburg in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Holy Roman empire Austrian empire Habsburgs Politics Europe Austria Spain Empires
1501	The 14-year-old Ismail I is enthroned as shah of a new Persian dynasty, the Safavids Go to Ismail I, Shah of Iran (1487–1524) in The Oxford Companion to Military History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Politics Asia Central Asia Iran (Persia)
1503	The marriage of James IV, king of Scotland, to Margaret Tudor, daughter of Henry VII, leads a century later to the Union of the Crowns Go to James IV (b. 17 Mar. 1473) in The Kings and Queens of Britain (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics Scotland British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1504	Babur captures Kabul, making it and eastern Afghanistan the first possession of the Mughal empire Go to Mughal Empire in The Oxford Dictionary of Islam (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Politics Mughal empire Muslim empires Asia Central Asia Afghanistan Empires
1509	On the death of his father, and as the result of the death of his elder brother Arthur, Henry VIII becomes king of England Go to Henry VIII (1491–1547) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1513	James IV of Scotland dies at Flodden, in the disastrous defeat of his army by the English Go to James IV (b. 17 Mar. 1473) in The Kings and Queens of Britain (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics War Battles Scotland British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain On the death of his father at Flodden, the one-year-old James V becomes king of Scotland Go to James V (b. 10 Apr. 1512) in The Kings and Queens of Britain (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics Scotland British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1515	Louis XII is succeeded on the French throne by his cousin and son-in-law, Francis I Go to Francis I (1494–1547) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Politics Europe France
1516	The death of Ferdinand II results in Spain becoming part of the Habsburg empire, under the rule of Charles V (as Charles I of Spain) Go to Habsburg in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Holy Roman empire Austrian empire Politics Europe Austria Spain Empires Catherine of Aragon gives birth to a daughter, Mary, who becomes the only one of her six children to live beyond infancy Go to Catherine of Aragon (1485–1536) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1517	The Ottoman sultan, Selim I, captures Cairo and ends Mameluke rule in the middle east Go to Selim I (c. 1470–1520) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Politics War Turks Muslim empires Ottoman empire Africa North Africa Egypt Asia West Asia Empires From Bosnia to Egypt and Arabia, the Ottoman Turks now rule the largest Muslim empire since the early caliphate Go to Ottoman empire in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Caliphs Politics Turks Muslim empires Ottoman empire Africa North Africa Asia West Asia Europe Empires
1521	The Turkish sultan, Suleiman I, marches into the kingdom of Hungary and captures Belgrade Go to Suleiman I (1494–1566) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Politics Conquest and colonization War Turks Muslim empires Ottoman empire Europe Empires
1523	The Vasa dynasty in Sweden begins with the seizing of the throne by Gustavus I Go to Gustavus I (Vasa) (1496–1560) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Politics Europe
1525	The Inca emperor, Huayna Capac, dies in an epidemic of a western disease, smallpox Go to smallpox in Concise Medical Dictionary (8 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Civilizations of Peru Incas Andean Civilizations Politics Latin America Peru South America Ruling respectively from Cuzco and Quito, Huáscar and Atahualpa compete for the empire of their father, Huayna Capac Go to Atahualpa (1533) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Civilizations of Peru Incas Andean Civilizations Politics Latin America Peru South America
1526	In a battle at Panipat Babur defeats the sultan of Delhi, launching the Mughal empire in India Go to Babur (1483–1530) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Politics Battles Mughal empire Muslim empires Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) India (republic) Empires The Hungarian king, Louis II, is killed in battle at Mohacs, where the Turks win a crushing victory Go to Protestant in The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Politics Battles Turks Europe Hungary
1527	Francis I begins to transform Fontainebleau into a palace, employing artists who establish the mannerist school of Fontainebleau Go to Fontainebleau School in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Architecture French architecture Politics Europe France Victory at Khanua, over a Hindu confederation of Rajput rulers, brings Babur a tenuous control over most of northwest India Go to Babur (1483–1530) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Politics Battles Mughal empire Muslim empires Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) Empires Gustavus I of Sweden fills his coffers by appropriating the property of Catholic churches and monasteries Go to Gustavus I (1496–1560) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Reformation Politics Religion Christianity Europe
1528	Discussion of Henry VIII's proposed divorce hinges on rival verses from the Old Testament, in Deuteronomy and Leviticus Go to Henry VIII (1491–1547) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Reformation Britain 1500-1750 Politics Religion Christianity Judaism British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1530	Atahualpa defeats and kills his half-brother Huáscar, thus winning control of the entire Inca empire Go to Atahualpa (1533) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Civilizations of Peru Incas Andean Civilizations Politics Latin America Peru South America The first Mughal emperor, Babur, dies in India and is succeeded by his son, Humayun Go to Babur (1483–1530) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Politics Mughal empire Muslim empires Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) Empires
1533	In a secret ceremony Henry VIII marries Anne Boleyn, though he has not yet succeeded in divorcing Catherine of Aragon Go to Henry VIII (1491–1547) in The Oxford Dictionary of the Renaissance (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Politics Thomas Cranmer, the archbishop of Canterbury, declares Henry VIII's marriage to Catherine of Aragon null and void Go to Cranmer, Thomas (1489–1556) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Reformation Britain 1500-1750 Politics British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain Anne Boleyn has a child (the future Elizabeth I) but not of the sex her husband wanted Go to Elizabeth I (1533–1603) in The Oxford Dictionary of the Renaissance (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1534	Henry VIII's Act of Supremacy forces prominent figures in English public life to accept him on oath as head of the Church of England Go to Church of England in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Reformation Britain 1500-1750 Politics Religion Christianity British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1536	Henry VIII begins the process of gathering in the wealth of England's monasteries Go to Henry VIII (1491–1547) in The Oxford Dictionary of the Renaissance (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Reformation Britain 1500-1750 Politics Religion Christianity British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain Christian III seizes the wealth of Danish churches and monasteries, before turning his attention to those of Norway Go to Christian III (1503–59) in The Oxford Dictionary of the Renaissance (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Reformation Politics Religion Christianity Europe Denmark Norway Henry VIII's queen, Anne Boleyn, is beheaded in the Tower of London on unsubstantiated charges of adultery Go to Anne Boleyn (b. c.1501) in The Kings and Queens of Britain (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain Henry VIII marries Jane Seymour, eleven days after the execution of Anne Boleyn Go to Jane Seymour (b. c.1509) in The Kings and Queens of Britain (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Politics
1537	Jane Seymour gives birth to Henry VIII's long-awaited male heir (the future Edward VI) Go to Edward VI (b. 12 Oct. 1537) in The Kings and Queens of Britain (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain Jane Seymour dies twelve days after giving birth to Henry VIII's heir, the future Edward VI Go to Jane Seymour (b. c.1509) in The Kings and Queens of Britain (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1541	Suleiman I takes Buda (now Budapest), and by 1547 the Turks occupy almost the whole of Hungary Go to Suleiman I (c. 1494–1566) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Politics Conquest and colonization War Turks Muslim empires Ottoman empire Europe Hungary Empires
1542	A one-week-old Scottish infant, daughter of James V, inherits the throne as Mary Queen of Scots Go to Mary, Queen of Scots (1542–87) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics Scotland British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1543	Humayun, driven west into Afghanistan by Sher Shah, loses his family's new inheritance in India Go to Humayun (1508–56) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Politics War Mughal empire Muslim empires Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) Empires
1547	On the death of Henry VIII his 10-year-old son becomes king of England as Edward VI Go to Edward VI (b. 12 Oct. 1537) in The Kings and Queens of Britain (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain Ivan IV is crowned tsar of Russia and becomes known as Ivan the Terrible Go to Ivan IV (1530–84) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Politics Europe Russia
1550	The Mongols, increasingly dominated by their neighbours in Manchuria, submit to them and are accepted by the Manchus as vassals Go to vassal noun in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Politics Asia East Asia
1553	Mary I succeeds to the English throne, and devotes her energies to the restoration of the Catholic faith Go to Mary I (1516–58) in The Oxford Dictionary of the Renaissance (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Reformation Britain 1500-1750 Politics Religion Christianity British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1554	Mary I causes grave offence in England by her marriage to the Catholic heir to the king of Spain Go to Philip II (1527–98) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics Religion Christianity British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Spain Rulers and politicians Britain
1555	The Peace of Augsburg achieves a compromise which for a while solves the religious tensions deriving from the Reformation Go to Augsburg, Peace of (1555) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Reformation Politics Religion Christianity Germany Civil war within India enables Humayun to win a battle at Sirhind and recover the Mughal throne Go to Humayun (1508–56) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Politics Battles Mughal empire Muslim empires Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) Empires
1556	Charles V abdicates, handing the Netherlands and Spain to his son Philip and the title of Holy Roman emperor to his brother Ferdinand Go to Charles V (1500–58) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Holy Roman empire Austrian empire Habsburgs Politics Europe Austria Spain Empires Humayun dies and Akbar, the greatest of the Mughal emperors, inherits the throne at the age of thirteen Go to Akbar (b. 1542) in A Dictionary of Hinduism (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Politics Mughal empire Muslim empires Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) Empires The division by Charles V of his territories means that there are now two Habsburg empires, Austrian and Spanish Go to Charles V (1500–58) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Holy Roman empire Austrian empire Politics Europe Austria Spain Empires
1558	Elizabeth I succeeds peacefully to the throne of England, after the turmoil of Mary's Catholic reign Go to Elizabeth I (1533–1603) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain Mary Queen of Scots marries the heir to the French throne, who a year later succeeds as Francis II Go to Mary, Queen of Scots (1542–87) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics Scotland British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe France Rulers and politicians Britain With its strong French connection, the Scottish royal name of Stewart begins to be spelt Stuart (there being no 'w' in native French words) Go to Stuart in A Dictionary of First Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics Scotland British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1560	A year after Mary has become queen of France, her husband Francis II dies Go to Mary, Queen of Scots (1542–87) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe France Rulers and politicians Britain
1561	Mary Queen of Scots returns from France to Edinburgh, and to an inevitable clash with John Knox Go to Mary, Queen of Scots (1542–87) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Reformation Britain 1500-1750 Politics Religion Christianity Scotland British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1565	Mary Queen of Scots marries her Catholic cousin, Henry Darnley Go to Darnley, Henry Stuart (1545–67) in The Oxford Dictionary of the Renaissance (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics Scotland British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1566	Mary Queen of Scots' secretary, David Rizzio, is dragged from her presence and stabbed to death Go to Rizzio, David (c. 1533–66) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics Scotland British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain Mary Queen of Scots' husband Darnley is treacherously involved in the murder of her secretary, Rizzio Go to Darnley, Henry Stuart (1545–67) in The Oxford Dictionary of the Renaissance (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics Scotland British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1567	Darnley is murdered, almost certainly at the instigation of Mary Queen of Scots' lover, Bothwell, whom she marries just three months later Go to Bothwell, James Hepburn in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics Scotland British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain A casket of letters seems to incriminate Mary Queen of Scots herself in the murder of her husband, Darnley Go to Mary, Queen of Scots (1542–87) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics Scotland British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain The events of this year give the Protestant nobility the occasion and opportunity of deposing Mary Queen of Scots Go to Mary, Queen of Scots (1542–87) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics Scotland British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain On the removal of Mary from the Scottish throne, her one-year-old son succeeds her as James VI Go to James I (1566–1625) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics Scotland British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1568	Mary Queen of Scots flees across the border to seek the help of her English cousin, Elizabeth, but finds herself kept under close guard Go to Mary, Queen of Scots (1542–87) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics Scotland British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1569	A rebellion in the north of England aims to put Mary Queen of Scots on the English throne Go to Mary, Queen of Scots (1542–87) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics Protest and rebellion Scotland British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1571	Roberto di Ridolfi, a Florentine banker, coordinates a scheme to win the English throne for Mary Queen of Scots Go to Ridolfi Plot (1571) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics Scotland British Isles Florence British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1573	William of Orange declares himself a Calvinist and assumes the leadership of the united provinces of the Netherlands Go to William I (the Silent) (1533–84) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Politics Europe Netherlands Oda Nobunaga takes power into his own hands, after ruling for a while through the Ashikaga shogun Go to Oda Nobunaga (1534–82) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Politics Asia East Asia Japan
1575	Stefan Báthory, prince of Transylvania, is elected king of Poland Go to Stefan Bátory (1533–86) in The Oxford Dictionary of the Renaissance (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Politics Europe Poland
1580	A Spanish army marches into Portugal to claim the crown for the king of Spain, Philip II Go to Philip II (1527–98) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Politics Europe Portugal Spain
1586	Anthony Babington is involved in a plot to assassinate Elizabeth and place Mary Queen of Scots on the English throne Go to Babington Plot (1586) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics Scotland British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1587	Mary Queen of Scots, implicated in the Babington plot, is beheaded in Fotheringay castle Go to Babington Plot (1586) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics Scotland British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain 16-year-old Abbas I, subsequently one of the greatest of shahs, inherits the throne of Persia Go to Abbas I (1571–1629) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Politics Asia Central Asia Iran (Persia)
1588	The House of Orange becomes the leading family of the new Dutch republic Go to Orange, House of in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Politics Europe Netherlands
1593	Henry IV becomes a Catholic so as to secure Paris and the throne of France Go to Henry IV in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Reformation Politics Religion Christianity Europe France
1598	James VI of Scotland argues in an anonymous book that kings, appointed by God, are above human law Go to James VI (1566–1625) in The Oxford Dictionary of the Renaissance (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics Scotland British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1603	The warlord Tokugawa Ieyasu is awarded the title of shogun, beginning nearly three centuries of the Tokugawa shogunate Go to Tokugawa in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics Asia East Asia Japan James VI of Scotland inherits peacefully the crown of his English cousin Elizabeth, and becomes James I of England Go to James VI (1566–1625) in The Oxford Dictionary of the Renaissance (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics Scotland British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain The accession of James I and VI to the throne of England brings the union of the crowns of England and Scotland Go to James VI (1566–1625) in The Oxford Dictionary of the Renaissance (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics Scotland British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1605	On the death of Akbar, his son Jahangir succeeds to the Mughal throne Go to Jahangir (1569–1627) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics Mughal empire Muslim empires Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) Empires
1610	Henry IV is assassinated in a Paris street by a Roman Catholic, François Ravaillac Go to Henry IV in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics Terrorism and assassination Europe France After the assassination of Henry IV, his wife Marie de Médicis becomes regent for the 9-year-old Louis XIII Go to Marie de Médicis (1573–1642) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics Europe France
1613	Michael Romanov is elected tsar, beginning a new dynasty on the Russian throne Go to Romanov in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics Europe Russia
1619	The Protestant Frederick V (elector palatine of the Rhine) is elected king by the rebellious Bohemian nobles Go to Frederick V (1596–1632) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Austrian empire Politics Protest and rebellion Religion Christianity Bohemia Austria Czech Republic Empires
1620	The battle of the White Mountain, to the west of Prague, ends the brief reign of Frederick V in Bohemia Go to Frederick V (1596–1632) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Austrian empire Politics Battles Bohemia Austria Czech Republic Empires
c. 1625	Three brothers among the Dahomey people establish a long-lasting kingdom in the Bight of Benin Go to Dahomey in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics Africa West Africa On the death of his father, James VI and I, Charles I becomes king of England and Scotland Go to Charles I (1600–49) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics Scotland British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1632	The Swedish army wins another convincing victory at Lützen, but Gustavus II dies leading a cavalry charge Go to Gustavus II (Adolphus) (1594–1632) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics Battles Europe Germany Sweden
1642	Charles I comes in person to the House of Commons, but fails in his attempt to arrest the Five Members whom he accuses of treason Go to five members (1642) in The Oxford Companion to British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: English Civil War 17th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics War British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Wars and Revolutions Britain Charles I leaves London and heads for the north of England, where his support is the strongest Go to Charles I (1600–49) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: English Civil War 17th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics War British Isles Europe Wars and Revolutions Britain Henrietta Maria, the wife of Charles I, travels to Holland, taking with her the English crown jewels Go to Henrietta Maria in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: English Civil War 17th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics War British Isles Europe Wars and Revolutions Britain The Mongols depose the ruling dynasty of Tibet and offer the country to the Dalai Lama, to be ruled by him with Mongol military support Go to Dalai Lama noun in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics Asia East Asia Charles I withdraws to Oxford, where he establishes his court for the rest of the war Go to English Civil War (1642–49) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: English Civil War 17th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics War British Isles Europe Wars and Revolutions Britain
1643	Louis XIV inherits the throne of France at the age of four Go to Louis XIV (1638–1715) in The New Oxford Companion to Literature in French (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics Europe France
1644	The last Ming emperor hangs himself, and China acquires a new and final dynasty - the Qing Go to Qing in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics Asia East Asia China
1646	A young Hindu prince, Shivaji, captures Bijapur in a campaign against Muslim rulers that will result in his establishing a Maratha empire Go to Maratha in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics War Mughal empire Muslim empires Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) Empires
1647	Charles I is held at his palace of Hampton Court, as a prisoner of Cromwell and parliament Go to Charles I (1600–49) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: English Civil War 17th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics War British Isles Europe Wars and Revolutions Britain
1649	Charles I, brought to trial before 135 commissioners in Westminster Hall, refuses to recognise the court's validity Go to Charles I (1600–49) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: English Civil War 17th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics War British Isles Europe Wars and Revolutions Britain After a trial lasting a week in Westminster Hall, Charles I is convicted of treason for fighting a war against parliament Go to Charles I (1600–49) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: English Civil War 17th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics War British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Wars and Revolutions Britain Charles I is beheaded on a scaffold erected in the street in London's Whitehall Go to Charles I (1600–49) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: English Civil War 17th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics War British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Wars and Revolutions Britain Charles II, in the Hague, inherits the English and Scottish thrones of his executed father, Charles I Go to Charles II (1630–85) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: English Civil War 17th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics War Scotland British Isles Europe Wars and Revolutions Britain Parliament in London abolishes the monarchy in England, as 'unnecessary, burdensome, and dangerous' Go to Rump Parliament in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: English Civil War 17th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics War British Isles Europe Wars and Revolutions Britain
1651	Charles II returns to Scotland and is crowned king of Scots in the traditional manner at Scone Go to Charles II (1630–85) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: English Civil War 17th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics War Scotland British Isles Europe Wars and Revolutions Britain
1654	Queen Christina, a secret convert to Catholicism, abdicates in Sweden and travels to Rome Go to Christina (1626–89) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics Europe
1658	For the final years of his life Shah Jahan is held a prisoner, by his son Aurangzeb, in Agra's Red Fort Go to Shah Jahan (1592–1666) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics Mughal empire Muslim empires Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) India (republic) Empires
1660	Monck persuades Charles II to sign, at Breda in Holland, a declaration of policies to heal the wounds of the Civil War Go to Monck, George, 1st Duke of Albemarle (1608–70) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: English Civil War 17th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics War British Isles Europe Wars and Revolutions Britain The new Convention Parliament in Westminster invites Charles II to return as king Go to Convention Parliaments in The Oxford Companion to British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: English Civil War 17th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics War British Isles Europe Wars and Revolutions Britain Charles II lands at Dover and is given a warm welcome in London four days later Go to Charles II (1630–85) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: English Civil War 17th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics War British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Wars and Revolutions Britain The Act of Indemnity, pardoning all offences since 1637 except those of the regicides, is given the royal assent Go to Indemnity and Oblivion, Act of (1660) in The Oxford Companion to British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: English Civil War 17th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics War British Isles Europe Wars and Revolutions Britain
1661	The body of Oliver Cromwell is hanged, drawn and quartered at Tyburn Go to Cromwell, Oliver (1599–1658) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: English Civil War 17th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics War British Isles Europe Wars and Revolutions Britain
1665	A new Danish constitution (the Kongeloven or King's Law) makes the monarchy hereditary and grants the king absolute power Go to Lex Regia/Kongeloven in The Oxford Companion to the Book (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics Europe Denmark
c. 1669	The duke of York, heir to the English and Scottish thrones, is secretly received into the Roman Catholic church Go to James II (1633–1701) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics Scotland British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1685	James II succeeds to the throne in Britain and immediately introduces pro-Catholic policies Go to James II (1633–1701) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics Religion Christianity British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1687	The Hungarian diet grants the Habsburg dynasty in Austria a hereditary right to the crown of St Stephen Go to Leopold I (1640–1705) in The Oxford Companion to German Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Holy Roman empire Austrian empire Politics Europe Austria Hungary Empires
1688	A son (the future 'Old Pretender') is born to James II, giving Britain a Catholic heir to the throne Go to James II (1633–1701) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain English grandees invite William III of Orange and his wife Mary, daughter of James II, to claim the British throne Go to William III (1650–1702) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Netherlands Rulers and politicians Britain William III of Orange lands with an army at Torbay and marches to London with almost no opposition from supporters of James II Go to William III (1650–1702) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1689	Parliament in Westminster makes the restrictive Bill of Rights the condition on which William III and Mary II are crowned Go to Bill of Rights (1689) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain James II, landing in Ireland, is acclaimed as king in Dublin by enthusiastic Irish Catholics Go to James II (1633–1701) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics Religion Christianity British Isles Europe Ireland Britain The 17-year-old Peter the Great becomes co-tsar of Russia with his half-brother Ivan V Go to Peter I (1672–1725) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics Europe Russia
1690	The Church of Scotland finally wins recognition as an independent Presbyterian body Go to Presbyterianism noun in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics Religion Christianity Scotland British Isles Europe Britain
1694	The joint monarch of England, Mary II, dies - leaving her husband, William III, to reign alone Go to William III (1650–1702) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1700	Charles II, the childless king of Spain. leaves all his territories to Philip of Anjou, a grandson of the French king, Louis XIV Go to Philip V (1683–1746) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century 18th century Politics Europe Spain Peter the Great sets up numerous schools and commercial enterprises to enable Russia to compete in Europe Go to Peter I (1672–1725) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century 18th century Politics Commerce and industry Europe Russia Society
1701	The Act of Settlement declares that no Catholic may inherit the English crown Go to Settlement, Act of (1701) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics Religion Christianity British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1702	On the death of her brother-in-law, William III, Anne becomes queen of England and Scotland Go to Anne (1665–1714) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics Scotland British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1703	Peter the Great falls for a Lithuanian serf, Catherine, who becomes his life-long companion Go to Peter I (1672–1725) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Politics Europe Russia
1707	The death of Aurangzeb introduces the long period of decline of the Mughal empire Go to Aurangzeb Sixth emperor of Mughal India (1658–1707) in The Oxford Dictionary of Islam (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Politics Mughal empire Muslim empires Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) Empires
1712	The tsar formally marries Catherine, his mistress for nearly ten years (though they may have married secretly five years earlier) Go to Peter I (1672–1725) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Politics Europe Russia
1713	The emperor Charles VI issues a Pragmatic Sanction, declaring that the remaining Habsburg empire can be inherited through the female line Go to Charles VI (1685–1740) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Habsburgs Politics Empires
1714	On the death of Queen Anne, the Act of Settlement delivers the British crown to the elector of Hanover, as George I Go to George I (1660–1727) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics Great Britain - from 1707 British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1715	Louis XIV dies after seventy-two years on the throne Go to Louis XIV (1638–1715) in The New Oxford Companion to Literature in French (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Politics Europe France
1716	The Habsburg emperor Charles VI has a son, but the child dies within the year Go to Charles VI (1685–1740) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Habsburgs Politics Austria Empires
1718	The tsarevitch Alexis, heir to Peter the Great, dies from violence inflicted on him in prison Go to Peter I (1672–1725) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Politics Europe Russia
1721	In a ceremony in St Petersburg's cathedral Peter the Great has himself proclaimed 'emperor of all Russia' Go to Peter I (1672–1725) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Politics Europe Russia
1725	The Russian tsar Peter the Great dies and is succeeded by his wife as the empress Catherine I Go to Peter I (1672–1725) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Politics Europe Russia
1727	On the death of his father, George I, George II becomes king of Great Britain Go to George II (1683–1760) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics Great Britain - from 1707 British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain Handel composes Zadok the Priest for the crowning of George II, and it has been sung at every subsequent British coronation Go to Handel, George Frideric (1685–1759) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Baroque Britain 1500-1750 Performing arts Music Politics Great Britain - from 1707 British Isles Europe Britain
1733	An alliance between the French and Spanish Bourbons is the first of what become known as the Family Compacts Go to Bourbons in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Politics Europe France Spain
1736	The leader of a gang of tribal brigands seizes the Persian throne and takes the name Nadir Shah Go to Nadir Shah (1688–1747) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Politics Asia Central Asia Iran (Persia)
1737	Florence loses her independence when the last Medici duke of Tuscany dies Go to Medici in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Politics Florence Europe Italy
1738	In the Treaty of Vienna, France accepts the Pragmatic Sanction of Charles VI – the last of the European powers to do so Go to Pragmatic Sanction in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Politics Austria
1740	Frederick II, inheriting the throne in Prussia, establishes a cultured and musical court Go to Frederick II (1712–86) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Politics Germany The Habsburg emperor Charles VI dies and is succeeded by his elder daughter, the 23-year-old Maria Theresa Go to Maria Theresa (1717–80) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Habsburgs Politics Austria Empires
1744	Muhammad ibn Saud begins the expansion of power that will lead eventually to the establishment of Saudi Arabia Go to Saud, Muhammad ibn al- (1746–65) in The Oxford Dictionary of Islam (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Politics Asia West Asia The Muslim reformer Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab makes an alliance with Muhammad ibn Saud, of significance to the later Saudi dynasty Go to Saud, Muhammad ibn al- (1746–65) in The Oxford Dictionary of Islam (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Politics Religion Islam Asia West Asia
1747	A tribal leader, Ahmad Shah Abdali, is elected king of the Afghans in an event seen as the foundation of the Afghan nation Go to Durrani Dynasty in The Oxford Dictionary of Islam (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Politics Asia Central Asia Afghanistan
1760	On the death of his grandfather, George II, George III becomes king of Great Britain Go to George III (1738–1820) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Britain 1750-1900 Politics Great Britain - from 1707 British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1764	The Russian empress Catherine the Great secures the throne of Poland for one of her lovers, as Stanislaw II Go to Catherine II (1729–96) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Politics Europe Russia
1772	Gustavus III achieves a coup d'état which brings executive power in Sweden back into royal hands Go to Gustav III (1746–1792) in Encyclopedia of the Enlightenment (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Politics Europe
1781	Joseph II passes an Edict of Toleration, for the first time allowing Protestant worship in Habsburg territories Go to Joseph II (1741–90) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Holy Roman empire Austrian empire Politics Religion Christianity Austria Empires
1785	The French queen Marie Antoinette is wrongly implicated in a scandal involving a diamond necklace Go to Marie Antoinette (1755–93) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century French Revolution Politics Europe France Wars and Revolutions
1791	Louis XVI and his family attempt to flee from Paris to the border but are captured at Varennes Go to Louis XVI (1754–93) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century French Revolution French Revolutionary Wars Politics War Europe France Wars and Revolutions
1793	Louis XVI is guillotined after a majority of just one in the national Convention has voted for death without delay Go to Louis XVI (1754–93) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century French Revolution French Revolutionary Wars Politics War Europe France Wars and Revolutions
1799	A Sikh maharajah, Ranjit Singh, captures Lahore and makes it his capital in his campaign to unify the Punjab Go to Ranjit Singh in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Politics Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) A Portuguese prince regent, the future John VI, rules on behalf of his deranged mother, Queen Maria Go to John VI (1767–1826) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Politics Europe Portugal Napoleon abandons his army in Egypt and returns hastily to Paris at a time of great political opportunity Go to Napoleon I (1769–1821) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century French Revolution French Revolutionary Wars Napoleonic era Politics War Africa North Africa Egypt Europe France Wars and Revolutions Napoleon contrives a military coup that ends the Directory and gives him sweeping powers as First Consul Go to Napoleon I (1769–1821) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century French Revolution French Revolutionary Wars Napoleonic Wars Napoleonic era Politics War Europe France Wars and Revolutions
1804	Napoleon has himself proclaimed emperor of France by the Senate Go to Napoleon I (1769–1821) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Napoleonic era Politics Europe France Napoleon crowns himself emperor of the French in a magnificent ceremony in Notre Dame Go to Napoleon I (1769–1821) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Napoleonic Wars 19th century Napoleonic era Politics War Europe France Wars and Revolutions
1805	Napoleon has himself crowned king of Italy in the cathedral in Milan Go to Napoleon I (1769–1821) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Napoleonic Wars 19th century Napoleonic era Politics War Europe Italy Wars and Revolutions
1806	Francis II formally brings to an end the 1000-year-old Holy Roman Empire, to keep it from the clutches of Napoleon Go to Francis II (1768–1835) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Holy Roman empire 19th century Austrian empire Habsburgs Napoleonic era Politics Austria Empires Napoleon announces that Holland is to be a kingdom, with his 28-year-old brother Louis Bonaparte on the throne Go to Bonaparte, Louis (1778–1846) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Napoleonic era Politics Europe France Netherlands
1807	The Portuguese royal family flees to Brazil on the approach of a French army led by Jean-Andoche Junot Go to John VI (1769–1826) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Napoleonic Wars 19th century Napoleonic era Politics War Europe Portugal Wars and Revolutions Latin America Brazil South America
1808	A French army under Joachim Murat advances on Madrid, causing the Spanish royal family to flee Go to Murat, Joachim (c. 1767–1815) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Napoleonic Wars 19th century Napoleonic era Politics War Europe Spain Wars and Revolutions Napoleon transfers his brother Joseph Bonaparte from the throne of Naples to that of Spain Go to Bonaparte, Joseph (1768–1844) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Napoleonic Wars 19th century Napoleonic era Politics War Europe Spain Wars and Revolutions Napoleon gives the throne of Naples, vacated by his brother Joseph, to Joachim Murat Go to Murat, Joachim (c. 1767–1815) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Napoleonic Wars 19th century Napoleonic era Politics War Europe Italy Wars and Revolutions The Portuguese royal family and their entourage arrive in Rio de Janeiro Go to John VI (1769–1826) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Latin America South America
1809	Napoleon arranges to have his marriage to Josephine annulled so that he can marry the daughter of an emperor Go to Joséphine (1763–1814) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Napoleonic era Politics Europe France
1810	Napoleon marries the Austrian archduchess Marie Louise, daughter of the emperor Francis I Go to Marie Louise (1791–1847) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Austrian empire Habsburgs Napoleonic era Politics Europe Austria France Empires A French marshal, Jean Bernadotte, is offered the position of crown prince and heir to the Swedish throne Go to Charles XIV (1763–1844) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Napoleonic Wars 19th century Napoleonic era Politics War Europe France Sweden Wars and Revolutions
1811	The British king George III, suffering from porphyria, is deemed unfit to govern and his eldest son becomes Prince Regent Go to George III (1738–1820) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Britain 1750-1900 Politics Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1813	The head of the house of Orange becomes, for the first time, the sovereign prince of the Netherlands Go to Orange, House of in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Europe Netherlands
1814	Napoleon abdicates at Fontainebleau and the French senate invites Louis XVIII to return to reclaim his throne Go to Louis XVIII (1755–1824) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Napoleonic Wars 19th century Napoleonic era Politics War Europe France Wars and Revolutions Ferdinand VII, restored to Spain, imposes a reactionary regime and persecutes his liberal opponents Go to Ferdinand VII (1784–1833) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Napoleonic Wars 19th century Politics War Europe Spain Wars and Revolutions Napoleon goes into exile on the island of Elba, which he immediately treats as a miniature state in need of improvement Go to Elba in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Napoleonic Wars 19th century Napoleonic era Politics War Europe France Italy Wars and Revolutions
1815	Napoleon slips away from Elba with a fleet of small vessels and lands on the coast of France Go to Napoleonic Wars (1803–15) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Napoleonic Wars 19th century Napoleonic era Politics War Europe France Wars and Revolutions Napoleon is sent to a more secure place of exile, the rocky Atlantic island of St Helena Go to St Helena in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Napoleonic Wars 19th century Napoleonic era Politics War Africa South Africa Wars and Revolutions
1816	Shaka wins control of the Zulu and begins to build them into a formidable military machine Go to Shaka (1787–1828) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Africa South Africa South Africa (republic)
1817	On the death of Princess Charlotte, not one of seven princes has an heir to succeed to the British throne in the next generation Go to Charlotte Augusta, Princess (1796–1817) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Britain 1750-1900 Politics Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1818	A leader of the Ismaili sect is granted, by the shah of Persia, the hereditary title of Aga Khan Go to Aga Khan in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Religion Islam Asia Central Asia Iran (Persia)
1820	The British king George III dies after 59 years on the throne – a longer reign than any of his predecessors Go to George III (1738–1820) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Britain 1750-1900 Politics Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain On the death of his father, George III, the Prince Regent succeeds to the British throne as George IV Go to George IV (1762–1830) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Britain 1750-1900 Politics Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1821	The 22-year-old Portuguese prince, Dom Pedro, is made regent of Brazil Go to Pedro I (1798–1834) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Portuguese empire Empires Latin America Brazil South America Napoleon dies on St Helena, after six years of captivity Go to Napoleon I (1769–1821) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Napoleonic era Politics Africa South Africa During his coronation George IV has the doors of Westminster Abbey closed against his queen, Caroline Go to Caroline of Brunswick (1768–1821) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Britain 1750-1900 Politics Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1822	The Portuguese regent, Dom Pedro, proclaims the independence of Brazil and three months later is crowned emperor, as Pedro I Go to Pedro I (1798–1834) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Portuguese empire Empires Latin America Brazil South America
1823	With the help of an army from France, the Spanish king Ferdinand VII is freed from confinement and restored to his throne Go to Ferdinand VII (1784–1833) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Europe Spain
1824	The Portuguese prince Dom Miguel briefly topples his father, John VI, from the throne Go to John VI (1769–1826) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Europe Portugal The reactionary Charles X succeeds to the throne of France on the death of his brother Louis XVIII Go to Charles X (1757–1836) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Europe France
1826	Pedro I, emperor of Brazil, inherits the throne of Portugal (as Pedro IV) but continues to rule from Brazil Go to Pedro I (1798–1834) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Europe Portugal Latin America Brazil South America
1828	Dom Miguel swears allegiance to his brother, the Portuguese king Pedro IV, and becomes regent Go to Pedro I (1798–1834) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Europe Portugal Shaka is murdered by his half-brother Dingaan, who becomes leader of the Zulu in his place Go to Dingaan (1843) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Africa South Africa South Africa (republic) Dom Miguel betrays his allegiance to his brother Pedro IV and usurps the Portuguese throne in a bloodless coup Go to Pedro I (1798–1834) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Europe Portugal
1830	William IV succeeds his brother George IV as the British king Go to William IV (1765–1837) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Britain 1750-1900 Politics Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain The death of the last infant cousin senior to her in the royal succession makes Victoria heir to the British throne Go to Victoria (1819–1901) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Britain 1750-1900 Politics Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain Louis-Philippe, the Citizen King, is welcomed in Paris in a new role – as 'king of the French, by the will of the people' Go to Louis Philippe (1773–1850) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Europe France Milosh Obrenovich wins recognition for an autonomous Serbia, with himself as prince Go to Obrenović in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Europe
1831	Pedro I abdicates in Brazil and returns to Europe to recover his Portuguese throne (as Pedro IV) Go to Pedro I (1798–1834) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Latin America Brazil South America
1832	Greece wins independence from the Turks, with the 17-year-old Otto of Bavaria as king Go to Greek War of Independence (1821–32) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Turks Ottoman empire Europe Greece Empires
1833	Civil war breaks out in Spain between supporters of Ferdinand VII's three-year-old daughter, Isabella II, and of his brother Don Carlos Go to Isabella II (1830–1904) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics War Europe Spain
1834	Pedro IV removes his usurping brother Dom Miguel from the Portuguese throne and restores it to his daughter, Maria II Go to Pedro I (1798–1834) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Europe Portugal
1837	Zanzibar becomes the main place of residence of the sultan of Oman Go to Zanzibar (Tanzania) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Africa East Africa Asia West Asia
1839	In the Bedchamber Crisis, Queen Victoria shows steely determination in refusing to dismiss politically committed ladies of her bedchamber Go to Bedchamber crisis (1839) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Britain 1750-1900 Politics Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1840	With Boer help, Mpande removes his brother Dingaan from the Zulu throne and takes his place Go to Dingaan (1843) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Africa South Africa South Africa (republic) Napoleon's remains are brought to Paris for burial in Les Invalides, as the Napoleonic legend grows Go to Invalides, Les in The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Napoleonic era Politics Europe France Queen Victoria gives Kew Gardens to the nation, as a botanic garden of scientific importance Go to Kew Gardens in The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Britain 1750-1900 Politics Social and domestic Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Society Britain Muhammad Ali, officially viceroy for the Turkish sultan, establishes his own ruling dynasty on the throne of Egypt Go to Muhammad Ali (1769–1849) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Turks Muslim empires Ottoman empire Africa North Africa Egypt Empires Victoria marries Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and soon, with nine children, they provide the very image of the ideal Victorian family Go to Victoria (1819–1901) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Britain 1750-1900 Politics Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain The 14-year-old Dom Pedro, son of Pedro I, becomes emperor of Brazil as Pedro II Go to Pedro II (1825–91) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Latin America Brazil
1848	A revolution in Paris in February removes Louis-Philippe and introduces France's second republic Go to Louis Philippe (1773–1850) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Protest and rebellion Europe France 18-year-old Francis Joseph becomes emperor of Austria when his uncle, Ferdinand I, abdicates at the end of a year of unrest Go to Franz Joseph (1830–1916) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Austrian empire Habsburgs Politics Austria Empires
1849	Delegates of the German states offer the imperial crown of a united Germany to Frederick William IV, the king of Prussia, who rejects it Go to Frederick William IV (1795–1861) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Germany The Habsburgs recover power in both Austria and Hungary Go to Habsburg in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Austrian empire Habsburgs Politics Austria Empires
1851	The president of France, Louis Napoleon, stages a coup d'état, rounding up his political opponents during a long December night Go to Napoleon III (1808–73) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Europe France
1852	Louis Napoleon, asking the French people to approve his elevation to emperor as Napoleon III, receives a resounding yes in the plebiscite Go to Napoleon III (1808–73) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Democracy and dissent Europe France
1855	An Ethiopian baron usurps the throne and proclaims himself emperor, as Theodore II Go to Ethiopia in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Africa East Africa Ethiopia
1858	The last Mughal emperor, Bahadur Shah II, is deposed by the British and exiled to Rangoon, in Burma Go to Mogul Empire (1526–1857) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Politics European empires from 1415 Mughal empire Muslim empires Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) Europe Empires
1861	Victor Emmanuel II is proclaimed king of a united Italy, with only Rome and Venetia remaining outside his realm Go to Victor Emmanuel II (1820–78) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Rome Europe Italy Prince Albert dies of typhoid, plunging Victoria into forty years of widowhood and deep mourning Go to Albert, prince consort (1819–61) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Britain 1750-1900 Politics Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1864	The French arrange for the coronation of the Austrian archduke Maximilian as emperor of Mexico Go to Maximilian (1832–67) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Latin America Central America Mexico
1867	Francis Joseph, emperor of Austria, is also crowned king of Hungary – to become ruler of the 'dual monarchy' of Austria-Hungary Go to Austria‐Hungary in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Austrian empire Habsburgs Politics Austria Empires
1870	Napoleon III is among 83,000 French prisoners captured by the Germans at Sedan in the Franco-Prussian war Go to Sedan, Battle of (1 September 1870) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics War Europe France A French government of national defence deposes Napoleon III and proclaims the third French republic Go to Third Republic, French in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Europe France
1871	The Prussian king, William I, is proclaimed emperor of a united Germany in the palace at Versailles Go to Deutsch-Französischer Krieg in The Oxford Companion to German Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics War German empire Europe France Germany Empires
1872	Cetshwayo becomes king of Zululand, on the death of his father Mpande Go to Cetchewayo, Chief (d. 1884) in The Oxford Companion to Military History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Africa South Africa South Africa (republic)
1875	The return to Spain of Isabella's son, as Alfonso XII, offers an end to forty years of royal feuding Go to Isabel II of Spain (1830–1904) in The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Europe Spain
1887	Queen Victoria's golden jubilee brings her back into the public's affection Go to Golden Jubilee (1887) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Britain 1750-1900 Politics Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1889	Menelik II is crowned emperor in Ethiopia, bringing the crown back to the Solomon dynasty Go to Menelik II (1844–1913) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Africa East Africa Ethiopia A coup removes emperor Pedro II from his throne in Brazil, putting in his place a military dictatorship Go to Pedro II (1812–91) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Latin America Brazil South America
c. 1897	Diamond Jubilee bonfires and fireworks all round Britain celebrate Victoria's sixty years on the throne Go to Diamond Jubilee (1897) in The Oxford Companion to British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Britain 1750-1900 Politics Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1900	Humbert I, the king of Italy, is assassinated by an Italian-American anarchist, Gaetano Bresci Go to anarchism in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century 1900s 20th century Politics Terrorism and assassination Europe Italy
1901	Queen Victoria dies at Osborne House, on the Isle of Wight, after 63 years on the throne Go to Victoria (1819–1901) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Victorian era 1900s 20th century Politics Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain Edward VII is already 59 when he succeeds his mother, Victoria, as Britain's monarch Go to Edward VII (1841–1910) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Edwardian era Victorian era 1900s 20th century Politics War Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain Anton Chekhov's Three Sisters has its premiere at the Moscow Art Theatre, directed by Stanislavsky Go to Three Sisters in The Oxford Dictionary of Plays (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1900s 20th century Politics Europe Russia
1903	King Alexander and Queen Draga of Serbia are murdered in their palace by army officers Go to Obrenović in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1900s 20th century Politics Europe
1905	The monk Grigory Rasputin exercises a powerful influence over the Russian empress Alexandra Go to Rasputin, Grigori Yefimovich (1871–1916) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1900s 20th century Politics Europe Russia
1906	Tsar Nicholas II issues a Fundamental Law emphasizing his own autocratic power Go to Nicholas II (b. 18 May 1868) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1900s 20th century Politics Europe Russia Tsar Nicholas II summarily dismisses Russia's new duma when it has been sitting for only three months Go to Duma in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1900s 20th century Politics Europe Russia
1907	The Transvaal government presents to Edward VII the Cullinan diamond, now part of the British crown jewels Go to Cullinan diamond in The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Edwardian era 1900s 20th century Politics War British monarchs - from 1066 Africa South Africa South Africa (republic) Rulers and politicians
1908	The king of Portugal, Carlos I, and his heir, Luis Filipe, are shot as they ride in an open carriage in Lisbon Go to Portugal in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1900s 20th century Politics Terrorism and assassination Europe Portugal Prince Ferdinand of Bulgaria declares his country's independence from Ottoman rule and calls himself Tsar Ferdinand I Go to Ferdinand (1861–1948) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1900s 20th century Politics Turks Muslim empires Ottoman empire Europe Empires The last Manchu emperor, Puyi, is placed on the throne at the age of two on the death of his uncle, the Guanxu emperor Go to Puyi (1906–67) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1900s 20th century Politics Asia East Asia Japan The Empress Dowager Cixi dies the day after selecting the infant Puyi for the Chinese throne Go to Cixi (c. 1834–1908) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1900s 20th century Politics Asia East Asia Japan
1910	Edward VII dies in London, after just nine years on the throne Go to Edward VII (1841–1910) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Edwardian era 1910s 20th century Politics War Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain George V succeeds his father, Edward VII, on the British throne Go to George V (1865–1936) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Edwardian era 1910s 20th century Politics War Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 British prime ministers - from 1830 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain A republican revolution in Portugal deposes Manuel II, bringing to an end the Braganza dynasty and the Portuguese monarchy Go to Portugal in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Politics Europe Portugal
1911	The British monarch George V holds a great durbar in Delhi to celebrate his coronation as emperor of India Go to George V (1865–1936) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Politics British empire European empires from 1415 British monarchs - from 1066 Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) India (republic) Europe Empires Rulers and politicians
1912	The abdication of the child emperor Puyi brings to an end the Qing dynasty Go to Qing in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Politics Asia East Asia China
1914	June 28 - Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, is assassinated in Sarajevo by a Serbian nationalist, Gavrilo Princip Go to Francis Joseph I (b. 18 Aug. 1830) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: First World War 1910s 20th century Politics Terrorism and assassination War Europe Austria Wars since 1900
1915	Petrograd buzzes with rumours about Rasputin's dissolute life, including salacious hints that he is the lover of the empress Alexandra Go to Rasputin, Grigori Yefimovich (1871–1916) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Politics Europe Russia
1916	Ras Tafari, a member of the Ethiopian imperial family, deposes his distant relation the emperor and puts on the throne his aunt, Zauditu Go to Ethiopia in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Politics Africa East Africa Ethiopia Three members of the Russian imperial family assassinate the influential charlatan Grigory Rasputin Go to Rasputin, Grigori Yefimovich (1871–1916) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Politics Terrorism and assassination Social and domestic Europe Russia Society November 21 - the emperor Francis Joseph dies after 66 years on the thrones of Austria and Hungary, to be succeeded by his great-nephew Charles I Go to Francis Joseph (1830–1916) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: First World War 1910s 20th century Politics War Austria Wars since 1900
1917	March 11 - crowds demonstrating in Petrograd are fired on after tsar Nicholas II sanctions the use of force Go to Nicholas II (18 May 1868) in A Dictionary of Political Biography (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: First World War 1910s 20th century Politics Persecution and repression Protest and rebellion War Europe Russia Wars since 1900 March 15 - with his capital city in the hands of rebels, tsar Nicholas II abdicates Go to Nicholas II (18 May 1868) in A Dictionary of Political Biography (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: First World War 1910s 20th century Politics War Europe Russia Wars since 1900
1918	July 17 - Tsar Nicholas II and his wife and children are murdered by the Bolsheviks at Ekaterinburg Go to Nicholas II (18 May 1868) in A Dictionary of Political Biography (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: First World War 1910s 20th century Politics War Europe Russia Wars since 1900 October 4 - the Kaiser appoints a new chancellor, Prince Max von Baden, to negotiate an end to the war Go to Max von Baden, Prinz (1867–1929) in The Oxford Companion to German Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: First World War 1910s 20th century Politics War German empire Germany Empires Wars since 1900 November 10 - Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicates and goes into exile in the Netherlands Go to Wilhelm II (b. 27 Jan. 1859) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: First World War 1910s 20th century Politics War Germany Wars since 1900 November 13 - the deposition of the emperor Charles I by the Austrian government brings to a formal end the empire of Austria-Hungary and more than six centuries of Habsburg rule Go to Habsburg in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: First World War 1910s 20th century Politics War Austria Wars since 1900
1920	A national congress in Damascus proclaims Faisal king of an independent Syria Go to Faisal I (b. 20 May 1883) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Asia West Asia Lebanon and Syria French intervention in Syria forces Faisal off the throne and out of the country Go to Faisal I (b. 20 May 1883) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Asia West Asia Lebanon and Syria
1921	Abdullah ibn Hussein, of the Hashemite family, becomes emir of the new province of Transjordan Go to Abdullah ibn Hussein (b. 1880) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Asia West Asia Faisal, having lost Syria, is given the throne in the British mandated territory of Iraq Go to Faisal I (1885–1933) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Mesopotamia Asia West Asia Iraq
1926	25-year-old Hirohito succeeds to the imperial throne of Japan after five years as prince regent Go to Hirohito (b. 29 Apr. 1904) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1920s 20th century Politics Asia East Asia Japan
1930	The regent Ras Tafari becomes emperor of Ethiopia and takes the name Haile Selassie Go to Haile Selassie I (1892–1975) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1930s 20th century Politics Africa East Africa Ethiopia
1932	After gaining control of most of the Arabian peninsula, Ibn Saud gives his kingdom a new name, Saudi Arabia Go to Abd al-Aziz ibn Saud (b. 24 Nov. 1880) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1930s 20th century Politics Asia West Asia George V reads on radio a Christmas address (written by Rudyard Kipling), beginning an annual royal tradition Go to George V (b. 3 June 1865) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1930s 20th century Performing arts Politics Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1933	Fulgencio Batista, as army chief of staff, begins a long career running the affairs of Cuba Go to Batista y Zaldívar, Fulgencio (b. 16 Jan. 1901) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1930s 20th century Politics Latin America Caribbean Cuba
1936	George V dies and is succeeded on the British throne by his eldest son Edward VIII Go to Edward VIII (b. 23 June 1894) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1930s 20th century Politics Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 British prime ministers - from 1830 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain On the death of his father, Fuad I, the 16-year-old Farouk becomes king of Egypt Go to Farouk I (1920–1965) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1930s 20th century Politics Africa North Africa Egypt Wallis Simpson wins a decree nisi against her second husband and is therefore free to marry Edward VIII Go to Wallis Simpson, duchess of Windsor (b. 19 June 1896) in The Kings and Queens of Britain (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1930s 20th century Politics Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain Edward VIII informs Baldwin, the UK prime minister, that he intends to marry the American divorcée Wallis Simpson Go to Edward VIII (1894–1972) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1930s 20th century Politics Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 British prime ministers - from 1830 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain Edward VIII, forced to choose between the British throne and Wallis Simpson, opts for the path of love and abdicates Go to Abdication Crisis in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1930s 20th century Politics Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 British prime ministers - from 1830 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain Edward VIII is succeeded on the British throne by his brother, as George VI Go to George VI (b. 14 Dec. 1895) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1930s 20th century Politics Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 British prime ministers - from 1830 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1941	August - British and USSR troops invade Iran to depose the oil-rich Reza Shah, fearing that he may take the side of the Germans Go to Reza Shah Pahlavi (1878–1944) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s Second World War 20th century Politics War Asia Central Asia Iran (Persia) Wars since 1900 September 16 - with British and Russian support, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi succeeds his deposed father as shah of Iran Go to Pahlavi, Muhammad Reza Shah (b. 26 Oct. 1919) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s Second World War 20th century Politics War Asia Central Asia Iran (Persia) Wars since 1900
1945	August 14 - the emperor Hirohito, on the first occasion that his people have heard his voce, declares on radio that defeat must be accepted Go to Japan, surrender of in The Oxford Essential Dictionary of the U.S. Military (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s Second World War 20th century Performing arts Politics War Asia East Asia Japan Wars since 1900
1946	Victor Emmanuel III abdicates in favour of his son a month before a referendum on the Italian monarchy Go to Victor Emmanuel III (1869–1947) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s 20th century Politics Europe Italy January 1: the Japanese emperor Hirohito renounces his traditional divine status and declares that he is mortal Go to Hirohito in The Oxford Companion to the Politics of the World (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s Second World War 20th century Politics War Asia East Asia Japan Wars since 1900
1950	The British government bans hereditary ruler Seretse Khama from Bechuanaland because he has married a white woman Go to Khama, Sir Seretse (1921–80) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1950s 20th century Politics European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa South Africa Europe Empires
1952	George VI dies and is succeeded by his elder daughter as Elizabeth II Go to Elizabeth II (b. 21 Apr. 1926) in The Kings and Queens of Britain (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1950s 20th century Politics Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 British prime ministers - from 1830 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain A group of officers led by Gamal Abdel Nasser depose Egypt's king, Farouk, and send him into exile Go to Nasser, Gamal Abdel (1918–1970) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1950s 20th century Politics European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa North Africa Egypt Europe Empires King Adbullah's grandson Hussein (who was with him when he was assassinated in 1951) becomes king of Jordan Go to Al-Hashimi, Hussein bin‐Talal (14 Nov. 1935) in A Dictionary of Political Biography (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1950s 20th century Politics Asia West Asia
1953	The new queen of the United Kingdom, Elizabeth II, is crowned like all her predecessors since 1066 in Westminster Abbey Go to Westminster abbey in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1950s 20th century Politics Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1955	Norodom Sihanouk abdicates as king of Cambodia and becomes the country's prime minister Go to Sihanouk, Norodom (b. 31 Oct. 1922) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1950s 20th century Politics Asia East Asia Southeast Asia
1961	Hassan II begins a 38-year reign as the king of Morocco Go to Hassan II (b. 9 July 1929) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics Africa North Africa
1969	Idris I, king of Libya, is deposed in a bloodless coup led by Muammar al-Gaddafi Go to Gaddafi, Muammar al- (b. Sept. 1942) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics Africa North Africa
1970	Qaboos bin Sa'id seizes the throne from his father, Sultan Sa'id, in a palace coup in Oman Go to Al-Said, Qaboos bin Said (18 Nov. 1940) in A Dictionary of Political Biography (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1970s 20th century Politics Asia West Asia
1973	A military coup deposes Zahir Shah and brings to an end the hereditary monarchy in Afghanistan Go to Afghanistan in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1970s 20th century Politics Asia Central Asia Afghanistan
1974	An uprising organized in Ethiopia by the Dergue results in the arrest of Haile Selassie and his murder a year later Go to Haile Selassie I, Emperor (27 Jul. 1882) in A Dictionary of Political Biography (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1970s 20th century Politics Africa East Africa Ethiopia
1975	Franco dies and is succeeded as Spanish head of state by Juan Carlos, heir to the Bourbon throne Go to Juan Carlos I (b. 5 Jan. 1938) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1970s 20th century Politics Europe Spain
1981	Prince Charles marries Diana Spencer in St Paul's Cathedral in London Go to Diana, Princess of Wales (1961–1997) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1980s 20th century Politics Social and domestic Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Society Britain
1992	Charles and Diana, the Prince and Princess of Wales, announce that they have agreed to separate Go to Diana, Princess of Wales (1961–1997) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1990s 20th century Politics Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 Wales Europe Britain
1996	The divorce is finalized of Charles and Diana, the Prince and Princess of Wales Go to Diana, Princess of Wales (1961–1997) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1990s 20th century Politics Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 Wales Europe Britain
1997	Diana, the Princess of Wales, and her friend Dodi Fayed die after a car crash in Paris Go to Diana, Princess of Wales (1961–1997) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1990s 20th century Politics Europe France
1999	King Hussein of Jordan dies and is succeeded by his son as Abdullah II Go to Abdullah II bin Al Hussein (b. 30 Jan. 1962) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1990s 20th century Politics Asia West Asia
2001	Crown Prince Dipendra kills nine members of his own royal family at the court of Nepal Go to Nepal in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Terrorism and assassination Social and domestic Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) Society
2002	Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother, widow of the British king George VI, dies at the age of 102 Go to Elizabeth (1900–2002) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain Fifty years after her accession to the throne, the British queen Elizabeth II celebrates her Golden Jubilee Go to Elizabeth II (b. 21 Apr. 1926) in The Kings and Queens of Britain (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
2005	The Prince of Wales marries Camilla Parker Bowles, subsequently to be known as the Duchess of Cornwall Go to Charles, Prince of Wales (b. 14 Nov. 1948) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 Wales British Isles Europe Britain
2011	Prince William marries Kate Middleton in London's Westminster Abbey in a ceremony watched by millions of viewers around the world Go to Westminster abbey in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Britain

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date: 09 December 2023

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