Conquest and colonization

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Timeline: Conquest and colonization

Years: c. 1520 BCE - 2005	Subject: Social sciences, Politics
Publisher: HistoryWorld	Online Publication Date: 2012
Current online version: 2012	eISBN: 9780191737145

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BCE CE

Year	Event
c. 1520 BCE	Thutmose I extends Egyptian control as far up the Nile as Abu Hamad Go to Thutmose I in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3100-1000 BCE Politics Africa North Africa Egypt
c. 1300 BCE	Mycenae prevails as the dominant power throughout the Peloponnese and the entire Aegean Go to Mycenaean civilization in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3100-1000 BCE Politics Europe Greece
c. 850 BCE	Citium, in Cyprus, is the first of many Phoenician colonies in the Mediterranean Go to Phoenicians in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1000-600 BCE Politics The Phoenicians Asia West Asia Lebanon and Syria Europe
c. 814 BCE	The traditional date of the founding of Carthage (supposedly by the mythical queen Dido, but in practice by Phoenicians) Go to Carthage in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1000-600 BCE Politics The Phoenicians Africa North Africa
722 BCE	The Assyrians overwhelm the north of Israel and the ten northern tribes vanish from history - the majority of them probably dispersed or sold into slavery Go to Sargon II (705 bc) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1000-600 BCE Assyria and Babylon Politics Judaism Asia West Asia Lebanon and Syria Palestine and Israel
c. 700 BCE	The island of Sicily is colonized from the eastern Mediterranean by both Phoenicians and Greeks Go to Sicily in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1000-600 BCE Politics The Phoenicians Sicily Europe Greece Italy
689 BCE	The Assyrian king, Sennacherib, destroys with great brutality the city of Babylon Go to Sennacherib (d.681 bc) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1000-600 BCE Assyria and Babylon Politics Mesopotamia Asia West Asia Iraq
c. 667 BCE	Byzantium (the future Constantinople) is founded as a colony of Megara, a Greek city-state Go to Byzantium in Oxford Dictionary of the Classical World (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1000-600 BCE Politics Turkey Europe Greece
663 BCE	The Egyptian city of Memphis falls to an Assyrian army, soon to be followed by Thebes Go to Ashurbanipal in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1000-600 BCE Assyria and Babylon Politics Africa North Africa Egypt Lebanon and Syria
612 BCE	The Medes and the Babylonians destroy Nineveh and bring to an end the power of Assyria Go to Nineveh in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1000-600 BCE Assyria and Babylon Politics Mesopotamia Asia West Asia Iraq
586 BCE	After a long siege Jerusalem is taken by Nebuchadnezzar and the city, including Solomon's Temple, is destroyed Go to Nebuchadnezzar II (c.630–562 bc) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 6th century BCE Assyria and Babylon Politics Judaism Jerusalem Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel
c. 550 BCE	Larache is founded as a Carthaginian colony on the Atlantic coast of Africa Go to Larache (Morocco) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 6th century BCE Politics Africa North Africa
546 BCE	Sardis, the capital city of the Lydian ruler Croesus, is taken by the Persians Go to Croesus in Oxford Dictionary of the Classical World (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 6th century BCE Politics Asia West Asia Turkey
539 BCE	A Persian army captures Babylon and brings it into the empire of Cyrus the Great Go to Cyrus in The Oxford Guide to People and Places of the Bible (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 6th century BCE Assyria and Babylon Politics Mesopotamia Asia Central Asia Iran (Persia) West Asia Iraq
525 BCE	The Persians defeat an Egyptian army at Pelusium and then capture Memphis Go to Pelusium in The Oxford Classical Dictionary (3 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 6th century BCE Politics Africa North Africa Egypt
416 BCE	The Athenians, capturing Melos, kill all the males of the island and sell the women and children into slavery Go to Mēlos in Oxford Dictionary of the Classical World (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 5th century BCE Peloponnesian Wars Ancient Athens Politics Slavery War Europe Greece Society Wars and Revolutions
409 BCE	A Carthaginian army lands near Marsala to begin the long involvement of Carthage in Sicily Go to Sicily in The Oxford Companion to Classical Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 5th century BCE Politics Sicily Africa North Africa Europe Greece Italy
396 BCE	The Romans capture the nearby Etruscan town of Veii, beginning a long process of territorial expansion Go to Veii in The Oxford Classical Dictionary (3 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century BCE Politics Europe Greece Italy
335 BCE	Before departing for the east, Alexander destroys Thebes and enslaves the Thebans for rebelling against the League of Corinth Go to Thebes in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century BCE Politics Europe Greece
332 BCE	While in Egypt, Alexander founds Alexandria – the best known of the many towns he establishes to spread Greek culture Go to Alexandria in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century BCE Politics Alexandria Africa North Africa Egypt Greece
331 BCE	Moving northeast into Mesopotamia, Alexander again defeats Darius III (at Gaugamela), leaving Persia open to his advances Go to Gaugamēla in Oxford Dictionary of the Classical World (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century BCE Politics Asia Central Asia Iran (Persia)
327 BCE	Alexander takes a major new step, leaving Persian territory and moving through the mountain passes into India Go to Alexander III (“The Great”) in The Oxford Guide to People and Places of the Bible (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century BCE Politics Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) Pakistan Greece
c. 320 BCE	Ptolemy begins to transform Alexandria into a centre of Greek culture, founding his famous 'museum' and library Go to Alexandrian Library in The Oxford Companion to Classical Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century BCE Politics Alexandria Africa North Africa Egypt
301 BCE	Some 20 years after the death of Alexander the Great one of his generals, Ptolemy, extends his rule from Egypt to include Jerusalem Go to Ptolemy in Oxford Dictionary of the Classical World (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century BCE Politics Jerusalem Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel
281 BCE	Pyrrhus lands in Italy, with 25,000 men and 20 elephants, to fight for the Greek colony of Tarentum against the Romans Go to Pyrrhus of Epiros (319–272 bc) in The Oxford Companion to Military History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3rd century BCE Politics War Europe Greece Italy
241 BCE	At the end of the First Punic War, Sicily becomes Rome's first overseas province Go to Sicily in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3rd century BCE Punic Wars Politics War Sicily Europe Greece Italy Wars and Revolutions
c. 240 BCE	Spain, with its mines of gold, silver and copper, is a hotly disputed region between Carthage and Rome Go to Punic wars in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3rd century BCE Punic Wars Politics War Europe Spain Wars and Revolutions
227 BCE	Sardinia and Corsica are annexed by Rome, becoming the second Roman overseas province Go to Sardinia in The Oxford Companion to Classical Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3rd century BCE Punic Wars Politics War Europe Greece Italy Wars and Revolutions
201 BCE	Carthaginian Spain is handed over to Rome to become two new provinces, at the end of the Second Punic War Go to Punic wars in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3rd century BCE Punic Wars Politics War Rome Europe Greece Spain Wars and Revolutions
196 BCE	The Romans, after defeating Macedon, announce at the Isthmian Games that all Greek states are now free under Roman protection Go to Flāminī'nus, Titus Qui'nctius (c.229–174 bc) in The Oxford Companion to Classical Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 2nd century BCE Politics Europe Greece Italy
121 BCE	The Romans establish a province in the south of France, still acknowledged in the name Provence Go to Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur (France) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 2nd century BCE Politics Europe France
86 BCE	Sulla, campaigning to the east, besieges Athens and then allows his army to loot the city Go to Sulla, Publius Cornelius (c.138–78bc) in The Oxford Companion to Military History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century BCE Ancient Athens Politics War Europe Greece Italy
80 BCE	The 26-year-old Pompey conducts such a successful campaign in Africa that his soldiers hail him as Pompey the Great Go to Pompey ‘the Great’ (106–48 bc) in The Oxford Companion to Military History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century BCE Politics Africa North Africa
64 BCE	Pompey takes Antioch and brings Syria under control as a Roman province Go to Pompey ‘the Great’ (106–48 bc) in The Oxford Companion to Military History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century BCE Politics Asia West Asia Lebanon and Syria
63 BCE	Pompey captures Jerusalem, bringing Judaea under Roman control Go to Pompey ‘the Great’ (106–48 bc) in The Oxford Companion to Military History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century BCE Politics Judaism Jerusalem Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel
58 BCE	At the end of his year as consul, Caesar travels north to become governor of northern Italy and southern France Go to Caesar, Julius in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century BCE Politics Europe France Greece Italy
55 BCE	Julius Caesar makes the first of his two invasions of Celtic Britain Go to Gallic wars in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century BCE Roman Britain Celts Politics British Isles Europe Greece Society Britain
54 BCE	Julius Caesar returns to Britain for a second visit, this time reaching north of the Thames into the kingdom of Cassivellaunus Go to Cassivellaunus in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century BCE Roman Britain Politics British Isles Europe Greece Britain
52 BCE	The Celtic leader Vercingetorix inflicts an unaccustomed defeat on Julius Caesar, at Gergovia, but is captured later in the year Go to Vercingetorix in A Dictionary of Celtic Mythology (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century BCE Celts Politics Battles Europe France Greece Society In his winter quarters Julius Caesar writes The Gallic War, an account of his own achievements in suppressing the Gauls Go to Gaul in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century BCE Literature Politics Europe France Greece
47 BCE	Julius Caesar concludes a campaign in Asia Minor so speedily that he declares, succinctly, Veni, vidi, vici ('I came, I saw, I conquered') Go to veni, vidi, vici in The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century BCE Politics Asia West Asia Turkey
46 BCE	A town is founded by Julius Caesar on the ruined site of Carthage, and eventually flourishes as Colonia Julia Carthago Go to Carthage (Tunisia, USA) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century BCE Politics Africa North Africa
30 BCE	With the annexation of Egypt, the entire Mediterranean falls under Roman control Go to Augustus (63 bc–ad 14) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century BCE Politics Africa North Africa Egypt
c. 20 BCE	The Netherlands, or 'low countries' around the Rhine delta, enter history as the Roman province of Germania Inferior Go to Germania in The Oxford Classical Dictionary (3 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century BCE Roman empire Politics Europe Belgium Netherlands Empires
9	The defeat of three Roman legions in the Teutoberg Forest by Arminius, establishes the Rhine as a natural boundary of the Roman empire Go to Teutoburger Wald, battle of (ad 9) in The Oxford Companion to Military History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Roman empire Politics Battles Germany Empires
c. 40	The death of Cymbeline is a prelude to the renewed Roman invasion of Celtic Britain Go to Cymbeline (c.42 ad) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Roman Britain Celts Politics British Isles Europe Society Britain
43	The Romans invade Britain and the tribal leader Caractacus fails to hold them in an encounter near the Medway Go to Caractacus in The Concise Oxford Companion to English Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Roman empire Roman Britain Politics Europe Empires Britain The emperor Claudius catches up with the Roman army, waiting at the Thames for him to lead the final victory over the English tribes Go to Claudius (ad 41–54) in The Oxford Companion to British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Roman empire Roman Britain Politics Europe Empires Britain
60	Boudicca launches a devastating attack on Roman soldiers and settlers, destroying their headquarters at Colchester Go to Boudicca (62 ad) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Roman empire Roman Britain Politics Protest and rebellion Europe Empires Britain
66	The Zealots play a prominent part in the uprising which expels the Romans from Jerusalem Go to Zealots in A Concise Companion to the Jewish Religion (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Roman empire Politics Protest and rebellion Judaism Jerusalem Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel Empires
70	Titus recovers Jerusalem for Rome, after four years of Jewish rule Go to Titus (ad 39–81) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Roman empire Politics Judaism Jerusalem Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel Empires The complete destruction of the Jewish Temple follows the fall of Jerusalem to the Romans Go to Jewish Revolt in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Roman empire Politics Persecution and repression Religion Judaism Jerusalem Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel Empires
77	Agricola, appointed Roman governor of Britain in AD 77, establishes Chester as a stronghold from which to control the Welsh tribes Go to Agricola in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Roman empire Roman Britain Politics Wales Europe Empires Britain
83	Agricola defeats the tribes of Scotland at an unidentified place called Mons Graupius, probably almost as far north as Aberdeen Go to Agricola in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Roman empire Roman Britain Politics Scotland Europe Empires Britain
106	After two campaigns by Trajan the rich region of Dacia (today's Romania) is brought under Rome's control Go to Dacia in Oxford Dictionary of the Classical World (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 2nd century Politics Europe
122	The emperor Hadrian, visiting Britain, orders the construction of a great wall from coast to coast to keep out the Caledonian tribes Go to Hadrian's Wall in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 2nd century Roman empire Roman Britain Politics Europe Empires Britain
135	After the Roman recovery of Jerusalem from Simon Bar-Cochba, all Jews are expelled from the city Go to Bar Cochba in The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (3 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 2nd century Roman empire Politics Judaism Jerusalem Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel Empires
c. 142	The emperor Antoninus Pius gives orders for the construction of a defensive earthwork, to the north of Hadrian's Wall Go to Antoninus Pius in The Oxford Classical Dictionary (3 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 2nd century Roman empire Roman Britain Politics Europe Empires Britain
165	The Romans annexe Doura-Europus, giving it its most prosperous period as a frontier town between the Roman and Persian empires Go to Europus in The Oxford Classical Dictionary (3 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 2nd century Roman empire Politics Asia West Asia Lebanon and Syria Empires
c. 380	Roman legions begin to be withdrawn from Britain, leaving the Celtic population increasingly vulnerable Go to Stilicho in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century Roman empire Roman Britain Celts Politics Europe Society Empires Britain
406	The Vandals cross the Rhine into Gaul and move into Spain, from which the Visigoths soon push them on into Africa Go to Vandals in The Oxford Companion to Classical Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 5th century Roman empire Politics Migration Europe France Spain Society Empires
c. 450	Angles, Saxons and other Germanic groups invade southern England and steadily push the Celts westwards Go to Saxons in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 5th century Celts Politics Migration British Isles Europe Society Britain
c. 500	The city of Tiwanaku develops to the south of Lake Titicaca, and soon dominates the surrounding region Go to Tiahuanaco, Bolivia in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 5th century 6th century Politics Latin America South America
533	The Byzantine general Belisarius recovers Carthage from the Vandals Go to Vandal in The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 6th century Byzantine empire Politics Africa North Africa Empires
535	Belisarius lands in Sicily at the start of a five-year campaign to recover Ravenna for the Byzantine emperor Go to Ravenna in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 6th century Byzantine empire Politics Sicily Europe Italy Empires
c. 550	Most of Spain is by now in the hands of the Visigoths, though for a while the Byzantines win back territories in the south Go to Visigoths (west *Goths) in The Oxford Companion to Classical Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 6th century Byzantine empire Politics Migration Europe Spain Society Empires
614	Jerusalem falls to the Persian emperor Khosrau II after a siege of a month, and it is said that 60,000 Christians are massacred Go to Khosrau II (628 ad) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 7th century Byzantine empire Politics Jerusalem Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel Empires
637	The Arabs defeat a Persian army at Kadisiya and then sack the city of Ctesiphon, effectively bringing to an end the Sassanian dynasty Go to Sassanian Period in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 7th century Politics Muslim empires Mesopotamia Asia Central Asia Iran (Persia) West Asia Iraq Empires
638	The Arab capture of Jerusalem brings Palestine and Syria under Muslim control Go to Jerusalem in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 7th century Byzantine empire Politics Religion Islam Jerusalem Muslim empires Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel Empires
642	The unopposed capture of Alexandria by the Arabs completes the Muslim conquest of Egypt Go to Alexandria in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 7th century Byzantine empire Politics Religion Islam Alexandria Muslim empires Africa North Africa Egypt Empires
643	The Coptic Christians of Egypt become isolated after the Muslim conquest Go to Copt in The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 7th century Politics Religion Christianity Islam Africa North Africa Egypt
c. 650	The Vikings develop the fast and narrow longships with which they raid across the North Sea Go to longship noun in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 7th century Politics British Isles Europe Britain
670	The Arabs establish a garrison town at Kairouan, as a base for the conquest of northwest Africa Go to Corvey in The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 7th century Byzantine empire Politics Religion Islam Muslim empires Africa North Africa Empires
698	Carthage is captured from the Byzantines by the Arabs and is finally destroyed, though Tunis will later rise nearby Go to Carthage in The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 7th century Byzantine empire Politics Africa North Africa Empires
c. 700	Shortage of manpower in the Muslim armies causes a change of policy, with non-Arabs now allowed to convert to Islam Go to armies, Islamic in The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 7th century 8th century Politics Religion Islam Muslim empires Asia West Asia Empires
711	Muslim Arabs cross from north Africa into Spain and drive the Visigoths from Toledo Go to Toledo in The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 8th century Politics Religion Islam Muslim empires Africa North Africa Europe Spain Empires
712	Muslims, arriving from Persia through Baluchistan, occupy the region of Sind in western India Go to Sind in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 8th century Politics Religion Islam Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) Pakistan
718	Retreating from the Arab onslaught, the Visigoths establish a kingdom of last resort in the extreme north of Spain, in Asturias Go to Asturias (Philippines, Spain) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 8th century Politics Migration Muslim empires Europe Spain Society Empires
732	The Muslim advance into France is halted when Charles Martel defeats the Arabs between Poitiers and Tours Go to Poitiers in The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 8th century Politics Religion Christianity Islam Battles Muslim empires Europe France Empires
751	A battle at the Talas river, between the Chinese and the Arabs, is a decisive victory for the Arabs Go to Zhambyl in The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 8th century Politics Muslim empires Asia Central Asia Empires
756	Pepin III, after recovering Byzantine territories in Italy from the Lombards, hands control of the region to the pope in Rome Go to Patrimony of St Peter in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 8th century Byzantine empire Politics Papacy Europe Italy Empires
772	Charlemagne destroys a great Saxon shrine, the Irminsul - the start of a 30-year campaign against his pagan neighbours in what is now Germany Go to Seide (Europe) in A Dictionary of World Mythology (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 8th century Politics Germany
774	After two campaigns in Lombardy, Charlemagne establishes himself as king of the Lombards in northern Italy Go to Lombardy (Canada, Italy) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 8th century Politics Europe Italy
793	The monks of Lindisfarne become the first known overseas victims of a Viking raid Go to Vikings in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 8th century Politics British Isles Europe Britain
827	The Arabs get a foothold in Sicily and begin a slow process, not complete till AD 965, of squeezing the Byzantines out of the island Go to Sicily in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 9th century Byzantine empire Politics Religion Islam Sicily Europe Italy Empires
838	Vikings from Norway capture Dublin and establish a Norse kingdom in Ireland Go to Dublin in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 9th century Politics British Isles Europe Ireland Norway Britain
c. 850	Vikings are by now securely established in the Orkneys, Shetlands and Hebrides, and in much of the Scottish mainland down to Loch Ness Go to Shetland in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 9th century Politics Scotland British Isles Europe Britain
866	A great army of Danes captures York - the first step in the establishment of Danelaw in eastern England Go to Danby, Thomas Osborne, 1st Earl of (1632–1712) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 9th century Politics British Isles Europe Denmark Britain
874	Vikings arrive in Iceland and form a settlement on the site of modern Reykjavik Go to Reykjavík (Iceland) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 9th century Politics Europe
886	Alfred captures London from the Danes, pressing them back into the region of Danelaw where their rule is, for the moment, tolerated Go to Alfred (849–99) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 9th century Politics British Isles Europe Denmark Britain
c. 895	The Magyars, under the leadership of Arpad, establish themselves in Hungary Go to Magyars in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 9th century Politics Migration Europe Hungary Society
920	After years of raiding up the Shannon, the Vikings capture Limerick Go to Limerick city in The Oxford Companion to Irish History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 10th century Politics British Isles Europe Ireland Britain
c. 950	Toltecs move into the valley of Mexico from the north and establish a capital city at Tula Go to Toltecs in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 10th century Mesoamerican civilization Politics Migration Society Latin America Central America Mexico
987	The Mayan city of Chichén Itzá is captured by the Toltecs Go to Toltecs in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 10th century Mesoamerican civilization Politics Latin America Central America Mexico
c. 1000	A Muslim dynasty is established at Gao, on the Niger Go to Gao (Mali) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 10th century 11th century Politics Religion Islam Africa West Africa Germany Turks from Ghazni, raiding into northwest India, renew the pressure of Islam on the subcontinent Go to Ghazni (Afghanistan) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 11th century Politics Turks Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) Pakistan
c. 1050	Islam reaches Kanem-Bornu, a joint kingdom encompassing the eastern and western shores of Lake Chad Go to Kanem-Bornu in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 11th century Politics Religion Islam Africa Central Africa East Africa A Muslim dynasty is established at Kilwa, on the east African coast Go to Kilwa in The Oxford Companion to Archaeology (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 11th century Politics Religion Islam Africa East Africa
1062	Berber tribesmen, the Almoravids, establish a base at Marrakech from which they conquer northwest Africa and move into Spain Go to Almoravids (1046–1157) in The Oxford Dictionary of Islam (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 11th century Politics Africa North Africa
1066	The Normans, as seen in the Bayeux tapestry, invade England in Viking longships with fortified platforms for archers Go to Bayeux Tapestry in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 11th century Politics War British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe France Rulers and politicians Britain
c. 1080	Norman earls are given territories on the marches of Wales, with the specific task of raiding their neighbours Go to Normans in The Kings and Queens of Britain (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 11th century Politics Wales British Isles Europe Britain
1094	Rodrigo Diaz, known as El Cid, drives out the Muslims and wins Valencia Go to El Cid (Campeador) (c. 1040–99) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 11th century Politics Europe Spain
1095	Pope Urban II preaches the first crusade, urging the Christians of Europe to march east to recover Jerusalem from the Muslims Go to Urban II, Bl (c.1035–99) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Byzantine empire Crusades 11th century Politics Religion Christianity Papacy Jerusalem Empires Wars and Revolutions
1096	Peter the Hermit, an old monk on a donkey, leads the largest of the popular groups from Germany on the first crusade Go to Peter the Hermit (d. 1115) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Crusades 11th century Politics Religion Christianity Monasticism Germany Wars and Revolutions
1099	Crusaders capture the holy city of Jerusalem and massacre the Muslim and Jewish inhabitants Go to Crusades in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Byzantine empire Crusades 11th century Politics Religion Christianity Islam Judaism Jerusalem Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel Empires Wars and Revolutions
c. 1100	The Assassins, a sect of Nizari Ismailis, begin to acquire strongholds in Persia Go to Ismailis in The Oxford Dictionary of Islam (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 11th century 12th century Politics Asia Central Asia Iran (Persia)
c. 1109	The crusaders now rule the Latin kingdom of Jerusalem, the principality of Antioch and the counties of Tripoli and Edessa Go to Crusades in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Byzantine empire Crusades 12th century Politics Jerusalem Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel Empires Wars and Revolutions
1144	The city of Edessa is captured by Zangi, a Mameluke general, in the first setback for the crusaders in the Middle East Go to Mameluke in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Crusades 12th century Politics War Asia West Asia Lebanon and Syria Wars and Revolutions
1147	Rival Berber tribesmen, the Almohads, evict the Almoravids from Marrakech and soon conquer the whole north African coast Go to Almohads (1130–1269) in The Oxford Dictionary of Islam (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 12th century Politics Africa North Africa Alfonso I takes Lisbon from the Muslims, with the unexpected help of some passing English crusaders Go to Lisbon in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Crusades 12th century Politics Europe Portugal Wars and Revolutions The second crusade is led east by two kings, Louis VII of France and Conrad III of Germany Go to Louis VII (c.1120–80) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Crusades 12th century Politics Religion Christianity Europe France Germany Wars and Revolutions Seville falls to the Almohads, from north Africa, who make it their Spanish capital Go to Almohads (1130–1269) in The Oxford Dictionary of Islam (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 12th century Politics Europe Spain
1148	By the time Louis VII and Conrad III reach the Holy Land they have lost more than half their joint armies to Muslim attacks Go to Louis VII (c.1120–80) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Crusades 12th century Politics Religion Christianity Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel Wars and Revolutions Louis VII and Conrad III do grave harm to the Latin Kingdom by a feeble attack that merely alienates the previously friendly city of Damascus Go to Latin kingdom of Jerusalem in The Oxford Companion to Western Art (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Crusades 12th century Politics Religion Christianity Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel Wars and Revolutions
c. 1150	After centuries of raiding the northern part of Sri Lanka, the Tamils establish a settled Hindu presence in the island Go to Tamils in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 12th century Politics Religion Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) Sri Lanka
1154	The inhabitants of Damascus surrender their city to Nur ed-Din, helping him greatly in his campaign against the Latin kingdom of Jerusalem Go to Latin kingdom of Jerusalem in The Oxford Companion to Western Art (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 12th century Politics Protest and rebellion Jerusalem Asia West Asia Lebanon and Syria
1169	Normans land in Ireland, seize Wexford, and in the following year capture Waterford and Dublin Go to Normans in The Kings and Queens of Britain (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 12th century Politics British Isles Europe Ireland Britain
1171	Henry II, the king of England, summons the Irish and Norman lords to do homage to him in Dublin Go to Henry II (1133–89) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 12th century Politics British Isles Europe Ireland Britain
1187	Saladin destroys the Christian army of the Latin kingdom in a battle below the Horns of Hattin Go to Hattin, battle of (1187) in The Oxford Companion to Military History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Crusades 12th century Politics Battles Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel Wars and Revolutions Saladin captures various Crusader fortresses and walled cities, including Acre Go to Acre in The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Crusades 12th century Politics War Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel Wars and Revolutions Saladin takes Jerusalem and treats the Christian inhabitants with a consideration unusual for the time Go to Saladin (1138–93) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Crusades 12th century Politics War Jerusalem Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel Wars and Revolutions
1190	A year after succeeding to the throne of England, Richard I sets off east as one of the leaders of the third crusade Go to Crusades in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Crusades Britain 1066-1500 12th century Politics Dynasties and royalty Religion Christianity British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Wars and Revolutions Britain The third crusade suffers an early disaster when its first leader, the emperor Frederick Barbarossa, is drowned crossing the Calycadnus river Go to Frederick I (c.1122–90) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Crusades 12th century Politics Dynasties and royalty Religion Christianity Asia West Asia Turkey Wars and Revolutions
1191	The Muslim garrison of Acre surrenders to Richard I, who orders the massacre of 2700 of its members Go to Acre in The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Crusades 12th century Politics Religion Christianity Islam Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel Wars and Revolutions
1192	Richard I, returning from the Holy Land in disguise, is recognized in an inn near Vienna and is imprisoned until England pays a massive ransom Go to Richard I (b. 8 Sept. 1157) in The Kings and Queens of Britain (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 12th century Politics Dynasties and royalty British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Austria Rulers and politicians Britain
1202	The fleet of the fourth crusade departs from Venice - only to be diverted from its purposes by Venetian guile Go to Crusades in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Byzantine empire Crusades 13th century Politics Religion Christianity Venice Europe Italy Empires Wars and Revolutions A German order, the Knights of the Sword, begins the forcible conversion of Latvia and Estonia to Christianity Go to Knights of the Sword in Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Politics Religion Christianity Europe
1204	The French king, Philip II, takes Normandy from the English, and follows this success by taking Anjou a year later Go to Philip II (1165–1223) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Politics Europe France The crusaders of the fourth crusade besiege, take and destroy the Christian city of Constantinople Go to Istanbul in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Byzantine empire Crusades 13th century Politics Religion Christianity Catholic and orthodox Turkey Europe Empires Wars and Revolutions Venice takes the useful islands of Corfu and Crete as part of the spoils of the fourth crusade Go to Crusades in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Crusades 13th century Politics Venice Europe Greece Italy Wars and Revolutions
c. 1205	Many of the treasures adorning the church of San Marco in Venice are loot taken from Constantinople during the fourth crusade Go to Venice in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Byzantine empire Crusades 13th century Politics Religion Christianity Catholic and orthodox Venice Turkey Europe Italy Empires Wars and Revolutions
c. 1220	Within a span of less than ten years, from 1215, Genghis Khan and the Mongols plunder from China to eastern Europe Go to Mongols in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Politics Asia Central Asia
c. 1225	The Teutonic knights undertake a new form of crusade, attempting to subdue the pagan Prussians who occupy part of the Baltic coast Go to Teutonic Knight in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Politics Germany
1228	Frederick II, leader of the sixth crusade, briefly recovers Jerusalem for the Christians by negotiating with the Muslims Go to Frederick II (1712–86) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Crusades 13th century Politics Religion Christianity Islam Jerusalem Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel Wars and Revolutions
1231	The Mongols conquer the Korean peninsula, subsequently using it as a base for two expeditions against Japan Go to Mongols in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Politics Asia East Asia Korea
1237	Batu Khan and his Mongols sweep into Russia, where they and their descendants become known as the Golden Horde Go to Golden Horde in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Politics Migration Asia Central Asia West Asia Europe Russia Society
1241	Mongols of the Golden Horde defeat the Poles at Legnica and ravage the city of Cracow Go to Golden Horde in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Politics Migration Battles Europe Poland Society Mongols of the Golden Horde reach Hungary, where they graze their horses for the summer before withdrawing to the Volga Go to Golden Horde in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Politics Migration Europe Hungary Society
1256	Hulagu and his horde of Mongols cross the Amu Darya river and move against Muslim Persia Go to Mongol empire in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Politics Migration Asia Central Asia Iran (Persia) Society
1258	When Hulagu and his Mongol army reach Baghdad, in 1258, it is said that 800,000 of the inhabitants are killed - and the caliph is kicked to death Go to Mongol empire in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Caliphs Politics Mesopotamia Asia West Asia Iraq
1262	The Norwegian king, Haakon IV, annexes Iceland as his personal fief, bringing to an end the commonwealth established in AD 930 Go to Haakon IV (1204–63) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Politics Dynasties and royalty Europe Norway
1269	The Marinids, a Berber tribe, take Marrakech and bring to an end Almohad rule in Morocco Go to Almohad in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Politics Migration Africa North Africa Society
1282	An uprising by Llewellyn ap Gruffydd, the prince of Wales, ends with his own death and the subjugation of Wales by the king of England, Edward I Go to Edward I (b. 18 June 1239) in The Kings and Queens of Britain (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 13th century Politics Dynasties and royalty War Wales British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1283	Edward I begins a series of powerful castles - Harlech, Caernarfon and Conwy in this year alone - to subdue the Welsh Go to Harlech castle in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 13th century Politics Wales British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1291	In the space of a few months the Muslims take the last four crusader castles, Tyre, Sidon, Acre and finally Beirut Go to Acre in The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Byzantine empire Crusades 13th century Politics Religion Christianity Empires Wars and Revolutions
1295	The new Mameluke dynasty in Egypt begins a systematic campaign to drive the Crusaders out of the Middle East Go to Crusades in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Byzantine empire Crusades 13th century Politics Religion Christianity Empires Wars and Revolutions
1303	The Knights Templars withdraw from the island of Arwad, the last foothold of the crusaders in the Middle East Go to Knight Templar in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Byzantine empire Crusades 14th century Politics Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel Empires Wars and Revolutions
1308	The Teutonic knights seize the coastal area round Gdansk, cutting off Poland's access to the sea Go to Teutonic Knight in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 14th century Politics Europe Germany Poland
1354	Gallipoli is taken by the Ottoman Turks, giving them their first foothold in Europe Go to Ottoman empire in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Byzantine empire 14th century Politics Migration Turks Muslim empires Ottoman empire Asia West Asia Turkey Europe Society Empires
1377	Jogaila inherits a pagan Lithuanian kingdom which has been extended as far south as Kiev Go to Lithuania in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 14th century Politics Dynasties and royalty Europe
1383	Timur begins twenty years of almost continuous conquest with the capture and destruction of Herat Go to Tamerlane (1336–1405) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 14th century Politics War Asia Central Asia Afghanistan
1389	Victory at Kosovo gives the Ottoman Turks control over Serbia, which becomes a vassal state Go to Ottoman empire in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Byzantine empire 14th century Politics Battles Turks Muslim empires Ottoman empire Europe Empires
1393	The Ottoman sultan Bayazid I brings the Slav kingdom of Bulgaria under his control Go to Bulgaria in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Byzantine empire 14th century Politics Dynasties and royalty Turks Muslim empires Ottoman empire Europe Empires
1406	Pisa is captured by Florence, to be followed a few years later by the purchase of the seaport of Livorno Go to Pisa in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Renaissance 15th century Italian Renaissance Politics War Florence Europe Italy
1410	The Poles defeat the Teutonic knights between Tannenberg and Grunwald, bringing the coastal strip around Gdansk into the Polish kingdom Go to Teutonic Knight in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Politics Battles Europe Poland The Viking settlement in Greenland ends, after 400 years, when the last ship leaves the colony and sails for Norway Go to Greenland in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Politics Europe Norway
c. 1420	The Portuguese, discovering the lush and uninhabited island of Madeira, send colonists to settle it Go to Madeira in The Oxford Companion to Architecture (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Politics European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Portuguese empire Africa Europe Portugal Empires
1443	Skanderbeg, Albania's national hero, begins his long campaign of successes against the Turks Go to Afonso V (1432–81) in The Oxford Dictionary of the Renaissance (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Politics Turks Muslim empires Ottoman empire Europe Empires The Hungarian general Janos Hunyadi takes Sofia from the Turks and in the next few months liberates most of Bulgaria, Serbia and Albania Go to Hunyadi, János (c.1387–1456) in The Oxford Dictionary of the Renaissance (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Politics War Turks Europe
1444	A Turkish army routs the Hungarians at Varna on the Black Sea, beginning a process which brings the Turks to the gates of Belgrade by 1456 Go to Varna in The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Politics Battles Turks Europe
1445	A Muslim ruler is established in Malacca, forming the first of many Muslim dynasties in the Malay archipelago Go to Malacca in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Politics Religion Islam Asia East Asia Southeast Asia
1446	Portugal claims ownership of the region of Guinea, subsequently the centre of their slave trade on the west African coast Go to slave trade, African in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Politics Commerce and industry Slavery European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Portuguese empire Africa West Africa Europe Society Empires
1456	The Turks, besieging Belgrade, are dispersed by a peasant army inspired by the preaching of a Franciscan friar, St John of Capistrano Go to John of Capistrano (1386–1456) in The Oxford Dictionary of Saints (5 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Politics War Turks Europe
1460	The Turks complete the occupation of Greece, which remains within the Ottoman empire until the nineteenth century Go to Ottoman empire in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Byzantine empire 15th century Politics Turks Muslim empires Ottoman empire Turkey Europe Greece Empires
1463	The Chimu empire in Peru is conquered by the Incas under the leadership of Pachacuti's son Topa Go to Topa Inca (1493) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Civilizations of Peru Incas Andean Civilizations Politics Dynasties and royalty War Latin America Peru South America
1464	Mehmed II and the Ottoman Turks conquer Bosnia, where a large number of noble families convert to Islam Go to Mehmed II (1430–81) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Politics Dynasties and royalty War Turks Muslim empires Ottoman empire Europe Empires
1468	Skanderbeg dies and Albania becomes fully absorbed into the Ottoman empire Go to Afonso V (1432–81) in The Oxford Dictionary of the Renaissance (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Politics Turks Muslim empires Ottoman empire Europe Empires
1478	Ivan III subdues proudly independent Novgorod, removing the city's famous bell Go to Ivan III (1440–1505) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Politics Europe Russia
1483	The Portuguese establish a further presence on the west coast of Africa, at the mouth of the Congo river Go to Congo in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Politics European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Portuguese empire Africa Central Africa East Africa Europe Empires
1487	The Inca empire is extended to the north and a second capital is established at Quito Go to Quito (Ecuador) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Civilizations of Peru Incas Andean Civilizations Politics Latin America Peru South America
1489	Venice's annexation of Cyprus completes a useful chain of islands stretching to the eastern Mediterranean Go to Cyprus in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Politics Venice Europe Italy
1490	On the death of Matthias Corvinus, in 1490, the Habsburgs recover Vienna from the Hungarians Go to Habsburg in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Austrian empire Habsburgs Politics Europe Austria Hungary Empires
1492	The army of Ferdinand and Isabella besieges and takes the city of Granada, completing the long reconquest of Spain from the Muslims Go to Ferdinand V (1452–1516) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Politics Dynasties and royalty War Europe Spain
1496	Diego Columbus, brother of the explorer, establishes the first secure Spanish colony at Santo Domingo Go to Santo Domingo (Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Mexico, Nicaragua) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Politics European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America Caribbean
c. 1500	The Portuguese establish trading posts in east Africa, on the coast of Mozambique Go to Mozambique in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century 16th century Politics Commerce and industry European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Portuguese empire Africa South Africa Europe Society Empires European diseases bring death on a massive scale to an American population that has no immunity Go to Aboriginals and European diseases in The Oxford Companion to Canadian History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century 16th century Politics Medicine European empires from 1415 Europe Empires Latin America
1502	Vasco da Gama wins a trading treaty for Portuguese merchants after bombarding the Indian port of Calicut into submission Go to da Gama, Vasco (c. 1469–1524) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Politics Commerce and industry European empires from 1415 Portuguese empire Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) India (republic) Europe Society Empires
1503	The Portuguese set up a trading post on the east African island of Zanzibar Go to Zanzibar in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Politics Commerce and industry European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Portuguese empire Africa East Africa Europe Society Empires
1505	The Portuguese establish a presence in Sri Lanka, trading in the island's crop of cinnamon Go to Sri Lanka in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Politics Commerce and industry European empires from 1415 Portuguese empire Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) Sri Lanka Europe Society Empires
1510	The Portuguese seize Goa and make it their colonial capital in India Go to Goa (India) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Politics European empires from 1415 Portuguese empire Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) India (republic) Europe Empires
1511	The Portuguese take control of Malacca, in the Malay peninsula, as a base for trade further east Go to Malacca in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Politics Commerce and industry European empires from 1415 Portuguese empire Asia East Asia Southeast Asia Europe Society Empires
1512	The Portuguese make treaties in the Moluccas (or Spice Islands), to trade in cloves and nutmeg Go to Moluccas in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Politics Commerce and industry European empires from 1415 Portuguese empire Asia East Asia Southeast Asia Europe Society Empires
1513	Vasco Núñez de Balboa reaches the Pacific coast and claims the ocean for the king of Spain Go to Balboa, Vasco Núñez de (1475–1519) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Mesoamerican civilization Politics Exploration European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Society Empires Latin America Central America Mexico
1514	The Portuguese capture Hormuz and establish a garrison to control the Gulf of Oman Go to Hormuz in The Oxford Encyclopedia of Maritime History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Politics European empires from 1415 Portuguese empire Asia West Asia Europe Empires
1515	The Spanish complete the conquest of Cuba and establish the town of Havana Go to Havana (Cuba, USA) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Politics European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America Caribbean Cuba
1519	The Spanish conquistador Hernando Cortes lands on the coast of Mexico with 600 men, 16 horses and about 20 guns Go to Cortés, Hernando (1485–1547) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Mesoamerican civilization Politics War European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America Central America Mexico Cortes and his tiny force capture Montezuma, ruler of the mighty Aztec empire, in his palace at Tenochtitlan Go to Cortés, Hernán (1485–1547) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Mesoamerican civilization Politics War European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America Central America Mexico
1520	Cortes loses control of Tenochtitlan and has to escape in haste with his men during 'the Sorrowful Night' Go to Cortés, Hernán (1485–1547) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Mesoamerican civilization Politics War European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America Central America Mexico
1521	The Turkish sultan, Suleiman I, marches into the kingdom of Hungary and captures Belgrade Go to Suleiman I (1494–1566) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Politics Dynasties and royalty War Turks Muslim empires Ottoman empire Europe Empires After a little more than a year Cortes recaptures Tenochtitlan and finally establishes Spanish control over Mexico Go to Cortés, Hernán (1485–1547) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Mesoamerican civilization Politics War European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America Central America Mexico
1525	The conquistadors, settling on land granted to them after the conquest, begin the long process of European emigration to America Go to conquistadores in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Mesoamerican civilization Politics European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America Central America Mexico
1530	Ahmad ibn Ibrahim leads Muslim Somalis in a holy war against Christian Ethiopia, destroying churches and shrines Go to Ethiopia in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Politics Religion Christianity Islam Africa East Africa Ethiopia Francisco Pizarro sails from Panama to attempt the conquest of Peru Go to Pizarro, Francisco (c. 1478–1541) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Civilizations of Peru Incas Andean Civilizations Politics European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America Central America Peru South America
1531	The Aztec Virgin of Guadalupe appears to an Indian near Mexico City and tells him she is 'one of his kind' Go to Virgin of Guadalupe in The Oxford Companion to World Mythology (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Politics Religion Christianity Latin America Central America Mexico Francisco Pizarro leads 168 men, with about 30 horses, into the territory of the Inca empire Go to Pizarro, Francisco (1471–1541) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Civilizations of Peru Incas Andean Civilizations Politics European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America Peru South America
1532	Pizarro and his tiny force ambush and massacre the Inca court in Cajamarca, capturing Atahualpa himself alive Go to Pizarro, Francisco (1471–1541) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Civilizations of Peru Incas Andean Civilizations Politics European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America Peru South America Atahualpa agrees to buy his freedom from the Spaniards with a room full of gold and another of silver Go to Atahualpa (1533) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Civilizations of Peru Incas Andean Civilizations Politics European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America Peru South America
1533	Although the ransom has been paid, Atahualpa is executed by the Spaniards — who ensure that he dies a Christian Go to Atahualpa (1533) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Civilizations of Peru Incas Andean Civilizations Politics European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America Peru South America The Spanish conquistadors capture and sack the Inca capital of Cuzco, high in the Andes Go to Cuzco in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Civilizations of Peru Incas Andean Civilizations Politics European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America Peru South America
1534	The Portuguese force the local ruler to cede to them the island of Bombay Go to Bombay in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Politics European empires from 1415 Portuguese empire Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) Europe Empires
1536	Manco Inca begins a siege of the Spaniards in Cuzco that lasts for a year Go to Cuzco in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Civilizations of Peru Incas Andean Civilizations Politics European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America Peru South America
1537	With the end of the siege of Cuzco, and the flight of Manco Inca, the Spanish have full control of Peru Go to Peru (and USA) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Civilizations of Peru Incas Andean Civilizations Politics European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America Peru South America
1541	Suleiman I takes Buda (now Budapest), and by 1547 the Turks occupy almost the whole of Hungary Go to Suleiman I (c. 1494–1566) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Politics Dynasties and royalty War Turks Muslim empires Ottoman empire Europe Hungary Empires
1542	New Laws are passed in Spain, in an attempt to protect the Indians on the encomiendas of Spanish America Go to encomiendas in The Oxford Dictionary of the Renaissance (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Politics European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America Central America South America
1545	Rich seams of silver are discovered at Potosi, in modern Bolivia Go to Potosí in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Politics European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America South America
1548	La Paz is founded on the trade route between Lima and the newly discovered silver mines at Potosi Go to La Paz (Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, El Salvador, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Philippines, Uruguay, USA) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Politics Commerce and industry European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Society Empires Latin America South America
1549	The first Portuguese governor general of Brazil selects Bahia (now Salvador) as his capital Go to Bahia (Brazil) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Politics European empires from 1415 Portuguese empire Europe Empires Latin America Brazil South America
1557	The Portuguese establish a trading post on Macao, a small peninsula off the south coast of China Go to Macao in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Politics Commerce and industry European empires from 1415 Portuguese empire Asia East Asia Southeast Asia Europe Society Empires
1571	The Spanish governor general, Legazpi, makes his capital at Manila,and names the surrounding islands the Philippines after Philip II Go to Philippines in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Politics European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Asia East Asia Southeast Asia Europe Empires
1573	Venice cedes the island of Cyprus to the Turks, in spite of the Christian victory at Lepanto two years earlier Go to Lepanto, Battle of in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Politics Turks Venice Europe Italy
1583	Humphrey Gilbert claims Newfoundland on behalf of England's queen Elizabeth Go to Gilbert, Sir Humphrey (c. 1539–83) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Politics British empire European empires from 1415 Europe Empires North America Canada
1585	Roanoke Island, off the coast of North Carolina, is settled by the first English colonists in America – with disastrous results Go to Roanoke Island in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Politics British colonial America British empire European empires from 1415 Europe Empires North America United States The English artist John White paints the everyday life of the Secotan Indians of America Go to White, John (1585–93) in The Oxford Companion to American Literature (6 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Arts Painting American painting British painting Politics Social and domestic American art American Indians British colonial America European empires from 1415 Europe Society Empires Britain North America United States
1587	A new group of English settlers arrives at Roanoke Island and makes a second attempt at a settlement Go to Roanoke Island in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics British Isles British colonial America British empire European empires from 1415 Europe Empires Britain North America United States Virginia Dare becomes the first English child to be born in America, on Roanoke Island Go to Dare, Virginia in New Oxford American Dictionary (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics British Isles British colonial America British empire European empires from 1415 Europe Empires Britain North America United States
1590	An English ship, the first to arrive at Roanoke Island since 1587, finds no remaining trace of the settlers or their settlement Go to Roanoke Island in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics British Isles British colonial America British empire European empires from 1415 Europe Empires Britain North America United States
1607	The earls of Tyrone and Tyrconnel sail from Ireland with their families, in the event known as the Flight of the Earls Go to Flight of the Earls (1607) in The Oxford Companion to British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics British Isles Europe Ireland Britain Colonists establish the first lasting British settlement in the new world, at Jamestown Go to Jamestown in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics British colonial America British empire European empires from 1415 Europe Empires North America United States
1608	John Smith claims (many years later) that when captured by Indians he was saved from execution by Pocahontas, daughter of the chief Go to Pocahontas (c. 1595–1617) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics American Indians British colonial America British empire Empires North America United States
1609	Castaways from an English vessel reach Bermuda, which becomes the first British island in the new world Go to Bermuda in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics British empire European empires from 1415 Europe Empires Latin America Caribbean
1613	The American Indian princess Pocahontas is taken hostage by Jamestown colonists in the first Anglo-Powhatan war Go to Pocahontas (c. 1595–1617) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics American Indians British colonial America British empire European empires from 1415 Europe Empires North America United States
1614	Pocahontas is baptized a Christian and marries John Rolfe, one of the Jamestown colonists Go to Pocahontas (c. 1595–1617) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics American Indians British colonial America British empire European empires from 1415 Europe Empires North America United States
1616	John Smith publishes A Description of New England, an account of his exploration of the region in 1614 Go to Smith, John (1580–1631) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Literature American literature English literature Literature in English Politics Exploration British Isles American Indians British colonial America British empire European empires from 1415 Europe Society Empires Britain North America United States
1619	Jan Pieterszoon Coen destroys the town of Jakarta, on the coast of Java, and rebuilds it as a Dutch trading centre under the name Batavia Go to Jakarta (Java/Indonesia) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics Dutch empire European empires from 1415 Asia East Asia Europe Empires
1620 September 16	The Pilgrims (or Pilgrim Fathers), a group of 102 English settlers, sail in the Mayflower to the new world Go to Pilgrims in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Reformation Britain 1500-1750 Politics British Isles British colonial America British empire European empires from 1415 Europe Empires Britain North America United States
1620 November 1121	Ten days after their first landfall, at Cape Cod, the adult males on the Mayflower agree a form of government for their new colony Go to Pilgrims in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics British colonial America British empire European empires from 1415 Europe Empires North America United States
1620 December 26	The Pilgrims on the Mayflower select a place for their settlement, and give it the name of Plymouth, their port of departure in England Go to Pilgrims in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics British colonial America British empire European empires from 1415 Europe Empires North America United States
1620	William Bradford begins a journal of the Pilgrims' experience in New England, subsequently published (in 1856) as History of Plymouth Plantation Go to Plimmoth Plantation, History of in The Concise Oxford Companion to American Literature (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Literature American literature Literature in English Politics British colonial America British empire European empires from 1415 Europe Empires North America United States
1621 autumn	The Mayflower settlers in Plymouth offer thanksgiving for their first harvest, eating turkeys in a celebration shared by local Indians Go to Pilgrims in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics Social and domestic American Indians British colonial America British empire European empires from 1415 Europe Society Empires North America United States
1621	William Bradford, one of the Pilgrims from the Mayflower, is elected governor of the new Plymouth Colony Go to Bradford, William (1590–1657) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics Democracy and dissent British colonial America British empire European empires from 1415 Europe Empires North America United States The Dutch West India Company is chartered to trade and found colonies anywhere along the entire American coast Go to Dutch West India Company in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics Dutch empire European empires from 1415 Europe Netherlands Empires
1622	A sudden attack by Powhatan Indians, led by their chieftain Opechancanough against the English colony at Jamestown, results in the death of more than 300 settlers Go to Powhatan Indians in The Concise Oxford Companion to American Literature (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics War American Indians British colonial America British empire European empires from 1415 Europe Empires North America United States
c. 1625	The Dutch gradually exclude the Portuguese from the immensely lucrative trade in cloves from the Spice Islands (or Moluccas) Go to Molucca Islands in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics Commerce and industry Dutch empire European empires from 1415 Portuguese empire Asia East Asia Southeast Asia Europe Society Empires
1626	Peter Minuit purchases the island of Manhattan from local Indians and calls the place New Amsterdam Go to Minuit, Peter in New Oxford American Dictionary (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics American Indians Dutch empire European empires from 1415 Europe Empires North America United States
1627	A British colony is founded in Barbados and within fifteen years has 18,000 settlers Go to Barbados (West Indies) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics British empire European empires from 1415 Europe Empires Latin America Caribbean
c. 1630	Rival Dutch, English and French colonies are established in Guiana, the northeast coast of south America Go to Guiana in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics British empire Dutch empire European empires from 1415 French empire Europe Empires Latin America South America John Winthrop, appointed governor of the new Massachusetts Bay Company, sails from England with 700 settlers Go to Winthrop, John (1588–1649) in The Oxford Companion to British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Britain 1500-1750 Politics British Isles British colonial America British empire European empires from 1415 Europe Empires Britain North America United States John Winthrop selects the site of Boston for the first Massachusetts settlement Go to Winthrop, John (1588–1649) in The Oxford Companion to British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics British colonial America British empire European empires from 1415 Europe Empires North America United States John Winthrop, arriving in Massachusetts, begins the journal that is eventually published as The History Of New England Go to Winthrop, John (1588–1649) in The Oxford Companion to British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics British colonial America British empire European empires from 1415 Europe Empires North America United States
1632	Maryland is granted to Lord Baltimore as a haven for English Roman Catholics Go to Baltimore, George Calvert, 1st Lord (c. 1580–1632) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics British colonial America British empire European empires from 1415 Europe Empires North America United States
1633	Williamsburg, first known as Middle Plantation, is founded in Virginia Go to Williamsburg in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics British colonial America British empire European empires from 1415 Europe Empires North America United States
1636	Rhode Island is founded by Roger Williams as a colony based on the principle of religious tolerance Go to Williams, Roger (c. 1603–83) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Reformation Politics Religion Christianity British colonial America British empire European empires from 1415 Europe Empires North America United States
1637	War between English colonists and Pequot Indians brings disaster to the Pequots but safeguards the settlement of Connecticut Go to Pequot War (1636–1637) in The Oxford Companion to United States History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics War American Indians British colonial America British empire European empires from 1415 Europe Empires North America United States
1638	The French build a trading station on the estuary of the Senegal river in west Africa Go to Senegal River in Encyclopedia of Africa (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics Commerce and industry European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa French empire Africa West Africa Europe Society Empires
1641	The Dutch expel the Portuguese from their trading posts in Malacca Go to Malacca in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics Commerce and industry Dutch empire European empires from 1415 Portuguese empire Asia East Asia Southeast Asia Europe Society Empires
1644	The British East India Company completes the construction of Fort St George in Madras Go to East Flanders in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics Commerce and industry British empire European empires from 1415 Mughal empire Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) India (republic) Europe Society Empires
1647	Peter Stuyvesant begins a 17-year spell as director-general of the Dutch colony of New Netherland in North America Go to Stuyvesant, Peter (1610–72) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics Dutch empire European empires from 1415 Europe Empires North America United States
1649	The Russian empire, expanding eastwards through Siberia, reaches the Pacific coast Go to Siberia (Russia) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics European empires from 1415 Asia East Asia Europe Russia Empires Cromwell captures the royalist stronghold of Drogheda and massacres some 2800 people Go to Drogheda in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics War British Isles Europe Ireland Britain
1650	To protect their market, the Dutch destroy all clove trees in the Moluccas except on two islands, Amboina and Ternate Go to Molucca Islands in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics Commerce and industry Dutch empire European empires from 1415 Asia East Asia Southeast Asia Europe Society Empires
1652	Jan van Riebeeck establishes a Dutch settlement at the Cape of Good Hope Go to Riebeeck, Jan van (1610–77) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics Dutch empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa South Africa South Africa (republic) Europe Empires
1655	The British, settling in Jamaica, soon turn the island into the major slave market of the West Indies Go to Jamaica (and Cuba, USA) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics Slavery British empire European empires from 1415 Europe Society Empires Latin America Caribbean
1656	After a six-month siege, the Dutch capture Colombo from the Portuguese in Sri Lanka Go to Colombo in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics Dutch empire European empires from 1415 Portuguese empire Asia South Asia Sri Lanka Europe Empires
1657	The Dutch in South Africa purchase slaves to do domestic and agricultural work Go to Dutch East India Company in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics Slavery Dutch empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa South Africa South Africa (republic) Europe Society Empires
1658	Parliamentary reprisals against the rebellious Irish result in two thirds of Ireland's land being owned by the English or the Scots Go to Cromwell, Oliver (1599–1658) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics British Isles Europe Ireland Britain The Dutch expel the Portuguese from the last of their trading posts in Sri Lanka Go to Sri Lanka in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics Commerce and industry Dutch empire European empires from 1415 Portuguese empire Asia South Asia Sri Lanka Europe Society Empires
1660	Louis XIV grants New France the status of a royal province and greatly increases the flow of colonists to north America Go to New France in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics European empires from 1415 French empire Europe Empires North America Canada
1661	The British establish Fort James on an island in the Gambia river Go to Gambia River in Encyclopedia of Africa (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics Commerce and industry British empire European empires from 1415 Africa West Africa Europe Society Empires
1664	Peter Stuyvesant accepts the reality of the military situation and yields New Amsterdam to the British without a shot being fired Go to Stuyvesant, Peter (1610–72) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics British colonial America British empire Dutch empire European empires from 1415 Europe Empires North America United States
1666	New Amsterdam is renamed New York by the recently established English regime Go to New York (USA) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics British colonial America British empire Dutch empire European empires from 1415 Europe Empires North America United States
1667	In the treaty of Breda, England keeps New Amsterdam and New Netherland, and Holland keeps the English-held territory of Surinam Go to Anglo‐Dutch Wars in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics British colonial America Dutch empire European empires from 1415 Europe Empires Latin America South America North America United States
1668	The Jesuits establish a mission at Sault Sainte Marie which becomes the starting point for French exploration south of the Great Lakes Go to Sault Sainte Marie (Canada, USA) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics Religion Christianity Monasticism European empires from 1415 French empire Europe Empires North America Canada England's East India Company is granted a lease on Bombay by Charles II, who has received it from his Portuguese bride Go to Catherine of Braganza (1638–1705) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics Commerce and industry British empire European empires from 1415 Mughal empire Portuguese empire Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) India (republic) Europe Society Empires
1669	Robert de La Salle makes his first exploration of the Ohio valley, providing the basis for France's later claim to the area Go to La Salle, René Robert Cavelier, Sieur de (1643–87) in The Oxford Companion to American Literature (6 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics European empires from 1415 French empire Europe Empires North America United States
1674	Samuel Sewall begins a diary of daily life in Boston, Massachusetts, that will span a period of more than fifty years Go to Sewall, Samuel (1652–1730) in The Oxford Companion to United States History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Literature American literature Literature in English Politics Social and domestic Society North America United States
1675	A sudden uprising by the Wampanoag Indians against the new England settlements begins the conflict known as King Philip's War Go to King Philip's War (1675–76) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics War American Indians British colonial America British empire European empires from 1415 Europe Empires North America United States
1681	Charles II grants William Penn the charter for the region that becomes Pennsylvania, in settlement of a debt to Penn's father Go to Penn, William (1644–1718) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics British colonial America British empire European empires from 1415 Europe Empires North America United States
1682	Robert de la Salle travels down the Mississippi to its mouth and claims the entire region for France, naming it Louisiana Go to La Salle, René Robert Cavelier, Sieur de (1643–87) in The Oxford Companion to American Literature (6 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics European empires from 1415 French empire Europe Empires North America United States William Penn approves the Great Law, allowing complete freedom of religious belief in Pennsylvania Go to Penn, William (1644–1718) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics Religion Christianity British colonial America British empire European empires from 1415 Europe Empires North America United States William Penn achieves peace for Pennsylvania by negotiating a treaty with the local Lenape (or Delaware) tribes Go to Penn, William (1644–1718) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics American Indians British colonial America British empire European empires from 1415 Europe Empires North America United States
1683	Mennonites and other from Germany (later known as the Pennsylvania Dutch) begin to settle in Penn's liberal colony Go to Penn, William (1644–1718) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics Religion Christianity British colonial America British empire European empires from 1415 Europe Empires North America United States
c. 1690	France by now has six fortified trading settlements around the coast of India, of which Pondicherry is the most important Go to Pondicherry (India) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics Commerce and industry European empires from 1415 French empire Mughal empire Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) India (republic) Europe Society Empires John Strong, landing on some remote Atlantic islands, names them after Viscount Falkland, treasurer of the British navy Go to Falkland Islands in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics British empire European empires from 1415 Falkland Islands Europe Empires Latin America South America
1696	Peter the Great makes an unexpected raid down the river Don and captures Azov from the Crimean Tatars Go to Peter I (1672–1725) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics European empires from 1415 Europe Russia Empires Fort St William is built by the East India Company in the Ganges delta, and subsequently develops into Calcutta Go to Calcutta in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics Commerce and industry British empire European empires from 1415 Mughal empire Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) India (republic) Europe Society Empires
1697	In the Treaty of Rijswijk, Spain cedes the western half of Hispaniola to France, which names its new colony Saint-Domingue Go to Haiti in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics European empires from 1415 French empire Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America Caribbean
1698	A fleet from Oman evicts the Portuguese from Mombasa and Zanzibar Go to Mombasa in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Portuguese empire Africa East Africa Europe Empires Scotland makes a disastrous attempt to establish a colony in Darien, on the isthmus of Panama Go to Darien venture in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics European empires from 1415 Europe Empires Latin America Central America
c. 1700	In the years after the battle of the Boyne, Catholic ownership of land in Ireland is reduced to just 14% of the total Go to Boyne, Battle of the (1 July 1690) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Politics Religion Christianity British Isles Europe Ireland Britain
1720	The Dalai Lama in Lhasa accepts Chinese imperial protection, which lasts until 1911 Go to Dalai Lama noun in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Politics Asia East Asia China
1732	Georgia is granted to a group of British philanthropists, to give a new start in life to debtors Go to Oglethorpe, James Edward in The Oxford Essential Dictionary of the U.S. Military (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Politics British colonial America British empire European empires from 1415 Europe Empires North America United States
1749	A French official travels down the Ohio valley, placing markers to claim it for France Go to New France in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century French and Indian War Politics War European empires from 1415 French empire Europe Empires Wars and Revolutions North America United States
1756	122 people die after being locked overnight in a small room in Calcutta, in an incident that becomes known as the Black Hole of Calcutta Go to Black Hole of Calcutta in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Politics British empire European empires from 1415 Mughal empire Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) Europe Empires
1757	Robert Clive defeats the nawab of Bengal at the battle of Plassey, and places his own man on the throne Go to Clive, Robert (1725–74) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Politics War British empire European empires from 1415 Mughal empire Muslim empires Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) Europe Empires
1764	A French expedition from St Malo, founding a colony on East Falkland, name the islands Les îsles Malouines Go to Falkland Islands in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Politics British empire European empires from 1415 French empire Falkland Islands Europe Empires Latin America South America
1772	Russia, Prussia and Austria agree a treaty enabling them to divide the spoils in the first partition of Poland Go to Poland, Partitions of in The Oxford Companion to German Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Austrian empire Habsburgs Politics European empires from 1415 Europe Austria Germany Poland Russia Empires The first partition of Poland begins the process of Lithuania being progressively absorbed into Russia Go to Poland, Partitions of in The Oxford Companion to German Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Politics European empires from 1415 Europe Poland Russia Empires
1774	The Spanish, now in sole occupation of the Falkland Islands, call them Las Islas Malvinas Go to Falkland Islands in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Politics British empire European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Falkland Islands Europe Empires Latin America South America
1775	Pioneer Daniel Boone and other backwoodsmen cut the road west that will bring settlers to Kentucky Go to Boone, Daniel (c. 1734–1820) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Politics North America United States
1779	Joseph Banks tells a committee of the House of Commons that the east coast of Australia is suitable for the transportation of convicted felons Go to Banks, Sir Joseph (1743–1820) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Britain 1750-1900 Politics Migration Great Britain - from 1707 British Isles British empire European empires from 1415 Australia and Oceania Europe Society Empires Australia Britain
1783	The empress Catherine the Great annexes the Crimean peninsula, giving Russia a presence in the Black Sea Go to Catherine II (1729–96) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Politics European empires from 1415 Europe Russia Empires
1787	The Continental Congress passes the Northwest Ordinance, a plan for the establishment of new states north and west of the Ohio river Go to Northwest Ordinance in The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Politics North America United States The First Fleet (eleven ships carrying about 750 convicts) leaves Portsmouth for Australia Go to First Fleet in The Oxford Companion to Australian History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Britain 1750-1900 Politics Great Britain - from 1707 British Isles British empire European empires from 1415 Australia and Oceania Europe Empires Australia Britain
1788	After a journey of eight months from England the First Fleet reaches Australia, anchoring in Botany Bay Go to First Fleet in The Oxford Companion to Australian History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Politics Migration British empire European empires from 1415 Australia and Oceania Europe Society Empires Australia Arthur Phillip, selecting a suitable coastal site for the first penal colony in Australia, names the place Sydney Cove Go to Sydney (Australia, Canada) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Politics British empire European empires from 1415 Australia and Oceania Europe Empires Australia
1790	A second fleet arrives in Sydney, bringing more convicts and a regiment, the New South Wales Corps, to keep order Go to New South Wales Corps in The Oxford Companion to Australian History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Politics Migration British empire European empires from 1415 Australia and Oceania Europe Society Empires Australia
1791	An Indian raid on an American military camp beside the Maumee river leaves more than 600 US soldiers dead Go to Harmar's Defeat in The Oxford Essential Dictionary of the U.S. Military (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Politics American Indians North America United States
1793	Russia and Prussia agree on a second partition of Poland Go to Poland, Partitions of in The Oxford Companion to German Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Politics European empires from 1415 Europe Germany Poland Russia Empires
1795	With the Dutch entering the war on the side of the French, Britain seizes their valuable Cape colony in South Africa Go to Cape Colony in Encyclopedia of Africa (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century French Revolutionary Wars Politics War British empire Dutch empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa South Africa South Africa (republic) Europe Empires Wars and Revolutions Poland's neighbours – Russia, Prussia and Austria – are all on hand for the final partition of the kingdom Go to Poland (and Kiritmati, USA) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Politics Europe Poland
1796	George Washington selects the Cherokee Indians for an experiment in adaptation to 'civilization' Go to Cherokee in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Politics American Indians US presidents Rulers and politicians North America United States
1797	Napoleon achieves the peace of Campo Formio, by which Austria cedes the Austrian Netherlands and northern Italy to France Go to French Revolutionary Wars (1792–1802) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century French Revolutionary Wars Austrian empire Habsburgs Napoleonic era Politics War Europe Austria Empires Wars and Revolutions By the Treaty of Campo Formio the free republic of Venice, created by Napoleon, is handed over to Austrian rule Go to French Revolutionary Wars (1792–1802) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century French Revolutionary Wars Austrian empire Habsburgs Napoleonic era Politics War Venice Europe Austria Italy Empires Wars and Revolutions
1798	Napoleon, with distinguished scientists in his fleet, sails to invade Egypt Go to Napoleon I (1769–1821) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century French Revolutionary Wars Politics War Africa North Africa Europe Wars and Revolutions The British acquire a foothold in the Persian Gulf by making Oman a protectorate Go to Oman in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Politics British empire European empires from 1415 Asia West Asia Europe Empires
1799	Tipu Sultan, ruler of Mysore, is killed fighting the British at Seringapatam Go to Tipu Sultan (c. 1753–99) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Politics War British empire Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) Empires
1800	Toussaint L'Ouverture emerges as the leader of Saint-Domingue, ruling without French colonial control Go to Toussaint L'Ouverture in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century 19th century Politics European empires from 1415 French empire Europe Empires Latin America Caribbean
1801	Toussaint L'Ouverture invades the neighbouring Spanish colony of Santo Domingo, and becomes ruler of the whole island of Hispaniola Go to Hispaniola in The Oxford Companion to Ships and the Sea (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics European empires from 1415 French empire Europe Empires Latin America Caribbean A powerful French force arrives in Saint-Domingue and recovers control of the colony, offering generous terms to the native leaders Go to Toussaint L'Ouverture, Pierre Dominique (c. 1743–1803) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics European empires from 1415 French empire Europe Empires Latin America Caribbean
1802	The Treaty of Amiens restores the Cape of Good Hope to the Netherlands Go to Amiens, treaty of (1802) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics British empire Dutch empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa South Africa South Africa (republic) Europe Empires
1804	The city of Hobart is founded on the southern coast of Tasmania Go to Hobart in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics British empire European empires from 1415 Australia and Oceania Europe Empires Australia
1806	The British recapture the Cape of Good Hope from the Dutch Go to Cape of Good Hope in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Napoleonic Wars 19th century Politics War British empire Dutch empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa South Africa South Africa (republic) Europe Empires Wars and Revolutions The Creole militia of Buenos Aires drive out an English force which has captured the city Go to Beresford, Gen William Carr (1764–1854) in The Oxford Companion to Military History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Latin America Brazil South America
1807	Napoleon and the Russian tsar Alexander I meet on a raft at Tilsit and set about carving up Europe Go to Tilsit, Treaties of (7) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Napoleonic Wars 19th century Napoleonic era Politics War European empires from 1415 Europe France Russia Empires Wars and Revolutions
1809	The British impose the so-called Hottentot Code, protecting Africans at the Cape but also tying them to employers' farms Go to Hottentot in The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa South Africa South Africa (republic) Europe Empires The Treaty of Fort Wayne is the climax of seven years in which William Henry Harrison has acquired millions of acres from the American Indians Go to Harrison, William Henry (1773–1841) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics North America United States Ranjit Singh, maharaja of the Punjab, agrees an eastern boundary between himself and the British in the Treaty of Amritsar Go to Ranjit Singh (1780–1839) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics British empire European empires from 1415 Mughal empire Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) Europe Empires Napoleon annexes the Papal States and is excommunicated by the pope, Pius VII Go to Pius VII (1742–1823) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Napoleonic Wars 19th century Napoleonic era Politics Religion Christianity Papacy War Europe Italy Wars and Revolutions In the Treaty of Hamina (or Fredrikshamn), Sweden cedes Finland to Russia as an autonomous grand duchy Go to Finland (and USA) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics European empires from 1415 Europe Finland Russia Empires The Fulani establish a capital at Sokoto, from which they dominate the Hausa kingdoms of northern Nigeria Go to Fulani empire of Sokoto in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Africa West Africa Germany
1811	An American army attacks and destroys Tecumseh's base at Prophetstown Go to Tecumseh (1768–1813) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics North America United States
1813	The Turks recapture Belgrade and sell thousands of Serb women and children into slavery Go to Belgrade (Serbia, USA) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Slavery Turks Europe Society
1814	Denmark cedes Norway to Sweden, in the Treaty of Kiel, following Bernadotte's successful Danish campaign Go to Charles XIV (1763–1844) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Europe Denmark Norway
1815	The congress of Vienna leaves the Cape of Good Hope in British hands Go to Vienna, Congress of (1814–15) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Napoleonic Wars 19th century Politics War British empire Dutch empire European empires from 1415 Africa South Africa South Africa (republic) Europe Empires Wars and Revolutions
1819	The Sikh maharajah of the Punjab, Ranjit Singh, conquers Kashmir, beginning a century and a half of Sikh dominance in the region Go to Ranjit Singh in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent)
1820	The newly independent republic of Argentina takes possession of Las Islas Malvinas (the Falklands) Go to Falkland Islands in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics British empire European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Falkland Islands Europe Empires Latin America Argentina South America The first big influx of British settlers, numbering some 5000, arrives at Cape Town in South Africa Go to Cape of Good Hope in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa South Africa South Africa (republic) Europe Empires
1821	An Egyptian army makes its camp at Khartoum, subsequently the capital of an Egyptian province in the Sudan Go to Khartoum in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Africa East Africa The Sante Fe Trail, from Missouri to New Mexico, is opened up by the US trader William Becknell Go to Santa Fe Trail in The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Commerce and industry Society North America United States Stephen Austin begins the process of American settlement in the Mexican province of Texas Go to Austin, Stephen (1793–1836) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics North America United States
1827	The Turkish governor of Algiers, flicking at the French consul with his fly whisk, finds that he has provoked a French blockade and eventually invasion Go to Algeria in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Turks European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa French empire Africa North Africa Europe Empires
1828	The Cherokees adopt an American-style constitution and publish the first American-Indian newspaper Go to Cherokee in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics American Indians North America United States
1829	James Stirling explores up the Swan River in western Australia to find a site for the settlement which he names Perth Go to Stirling, James (1791–1865) in The Oxford Companion to Australian History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics British empire European empires from 1415 Australia and Oceania Europe Empires Australia
1830	A French army invades Algeria, beginning the process which brings the region within the French empire Go to Algeria in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa French empire Africa North Africa Europe Empires Congress passes the Indian Removal Act, to push the American Indian tribes west of the Mississippi Go to Indian Removal Act in The Oxford Essential Dictionary of the U.S. Military (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics American Indians North America United States
1831	The last surviving Aborigines of Tasmania are moved by the British to a small island where they soon die out Go to Aborigine in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics British empire European empires from 1415 Australia and Oceania Europe Empires Australia
1833	Britain ejects the Argentinians from the Falklands and begins the process of settlement with British farmers Go to Falkland Islands in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics British empire European empires from 1415 Falkland Islands Europe Empires Latin America South America
1835	Melbourne, founded by settlers from Tasmania, develops as the centre of a sheep-rearing community Go to Melbourne in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics British empire European empires from 1415 Australia and Oceania Europe Empires Australia
1836	200 Texans, among them Davy Crockett, hold out for twelve days in San Antonio before being killed in the Alamo by a Mexican army Go to Alamo in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics North America United States Hendrik Potgieter sets off with some 200 Boers and their cattle at the start of the Great Trek to the north Go to Great Trek (1835–40) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa South Africa South Africa (republic) Europe Empires A site is selected for Adelaide and emigration begins from Britain to south Australia Go to Adelaide in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics British empire European empires from 1415 Australia and Oceania Europe Empires Australia Hendrik Potgieter and the Boers, protected by a laager at Vegkop, hold off an attack by a large force of Ndebele tribesmen Go to Great Trek (1835–40) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa South Africa South Africa (republic) Europe Empires
1837	After a victory at Vegkop, Boers massacre the inhabitants of a dozen Ndebele villages in secret dawn raids Go to Great Trek (1835–40) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa South Africa South Africa (republic) Europe Empires Piet Retief emerges as the new leader of the Great Trek, replacing Potgieter Go to Great Trek (1835–40) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa South Africa South Africa (republic) Europe Empires Potgieter defeats the Ndebele at the Marico river and drives them north of the Limpopo Go to Great Trek, the in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa South Africa South Africa (republic) Europe Empires Piet Retief reaches a provisional agreement with Dingaan, the Zulu leader, for a Boer settlement in southern Natal Go to Dingaan (1843) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa South Africa South Africa (republic) Europe Empires
1838	During a ceremony to celebrate their treaty with Dingaan, Piet Retief and his Boer companions are overpowered and killed Go to Dingaan (1843) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa South Africa South Africa (republic) Europe Empires Dingaan's warriors massacre Boer families in a series of dawn raids near the Bloukrans river Go to Dingaan (1843) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa South Africa South Africa (republic) Europe Empires Five American Indian tribes are forcibly escorted to a new Indian Territory west of the Mississippi in the process that becomes known as the Great Removal Go to Indian reservations in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics American Indians North America United States The river Ncome becomes known as the Blood River after thousands of Zulu die attacking Andries Pretorius and the Boers Go to Blood River, Battle of (16 December 1838) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa South Africa South Africa (republic) Europe Empires
1839	The British seize the strategic port of Aden and administer it as a province annexed to India Go to Aden in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Politics British empire European empires from 1415 Asia West Asia Europe Empires A British army invades Afghanistan and installs a puppet ruler, Shuja Shah, as the Afghan amir Go to Anglo‐Afghan Wars in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Politics War British empire European empires from 1415 Asia Central Asia Afghanistan Europe Empires Abd-el-Kader proclaims a holy war against the French in Algeria and begins a military campaign that will last for eight years Go to Abd al-Qadir (1883) in The Oxford Dictionary of Islam (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics War European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa French empire Africa North Africa Europe Empires Andries Pretorius sets up the Boer republic of Natalia, with its capital at Pietermaritzburg Go to Pretorius, Andries (1799–1853) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa South Africa South Africa (republic) Europe Empires British troops invade China after the Chinese authorities seize and destroy the opium stocks of British merchants in Canton Go to Opium Wars (1839–42) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Politics War British empire European empires from 1415 Asia East Asia China Europe Empires
1842	The British abandon Kabul, losing most of the garrison force in the withdrawal to India and bringing to an end the first Anglo-Afghan war Go to Anglo‐Afghan Wars in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Politics War British empire European empires from 1415 Asia Central Asia Afghanistan Europe Empires
1843	The British take control of the existing Boer republic and proclaim Natal a British protectorate Go to Natal in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Politics British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa South Africa South Africa (republic) Europe Empires
1844	James Polk pledges in his presidential campaign to include the self-proclaimed republic of Texas in the USA Go to Polk, James Knox in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics US presidents Rulers and politicians North America United States
1845	The expansionist slogan 'Manifest Destiny' is coined by journalist John L. O'Sullivan to emphasize the right of the USA to extend west to the Pacific Go to manifest destiny in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics North America United States
1847	Pretorius leads the last Boer families out of Natal and over the Drakensberg to the high veld Go to Pretorius, Andries (1799–1853) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa South Africa South Africa (republic) Europe Empires
1848	Harry Smith annexes for Britain the land between the Orange and Vaal rivers, calling it the Orange River Sovereignty Go to Free State in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Politics British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa South Africa South Africa (republic) Europe Empires
1849	A British victory at the Battle of Gujarat effectively ends the second Anglo-Sikh war, and is followed by annexation of the Punjab Go to Sikh Wars (1845–49) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Politics War British empire European empires from 1415 Mughal empire Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) Europe Empires Vancouver Island is given the status of a British crown colony, to be followed by British Columbia in 1858 Go to Vancouver Island in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Politics British empire European empires from 1415 Europe Empires North America Canada
1850	The British government buys the Danish fortresses on the Gold Coast, including Christiansborg castle in Accra Go to Ghana in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Politics British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa West Africa Europe Denmark Empires
1853	Russia occupies two Ottoman principalities, Moldavia and Wallachia, on the west coast of the Black Sea Go to Crimean War (1853–56) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Crimean War Politics War Turks Muslim empires Ottoman empire Europe Empires Wars and Revolutions
1854	The Boers establish the Orange Free State as an independent republic, with its own custom-built constitution Go to Free State in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Politics British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa South Africa South Africa (republic) Europe Empires
1858	Napoleon III and Cavour hatch a secret plan at Plombièes to tempt Austria into war in north Italy, and agree how to divide up the spoils Go to Cavour, Camillo Benso, Conte di (1810–61) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Europe France Italy The India Act places India under the direct control of the British government, ending the rule of the East India Company Go to India Acts in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Britain 1750-1900 Politics Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles British empire European empires from 1415 Mughal empire Muslim empires Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) Europe Empires Britain Under the Treaty of Aigun, Russia wins from China the valuable Pacific coastline down to Vladivostok Go to Vladivostok (Primorye Territory/Russia) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics European empires from 1415 Asia East Asia China Europe Empires Napoleon III sends forces to capture the port of Da Nang, beginning the French colonization of Vietnam Go to Napoleon III (1808–73) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics European empires from 1415 French empire Asia East Asia Southeast Asia Europe Empires
1859	A French and Piedmontese army liberates Milan from Austrian rule Go to Milan in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Austrian empire Politics Europe Austria France Italy Empires
1860	The treaty of Turin brings much of north Italy under the control of Cavour (for the kingdom of Sardinia), who in return cedes Savoy and Nice to France Go to Cavour, Camillo Benso, Conte di (1810–61) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Europe France Italy
1861	Lagos, on the coast of Nigeria, is annexed as a British colony when the royal family prove unable or unwilling to end the slave trade Go to Lagos in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Politics Slavery British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa West Africa Europe Germany Society Empires
1862	A joint French, Spanish and British force lands in Mexico and captures Veracruz, ostensibly to collect the interest on European debts Go to Mexican expedition, French (1861–7) in The Oxford Companion to Military History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics War Latin America Central America Mexico The Homestead Act grants 160 acres in the west of the USA to any family farming them for five years Go to Homestead Act (1862) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics North America United States
1863	The French capture Mexico City and President Juarez flees to the north Go to Juárez, Benito Pablo (1806–72) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Latin America Central America Mexico France establishes a protectorate over Cambodia Go to French Indo-China in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics European empires from 1415 French empire Asia East Asia Southeast Asia Europe Empires
c. 1865	The Plains Indians are threatened by settlers pressing west, building railways and slaughtering buffalo Go to Plains Indians Wars in The Oxford Essential Dictionary of the U.S. Military (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics American Indians North America United States
1866	Napoleon III withdraws French troops from Mexico, leaving the emperor Maximilian in a dangerous situation Go to Napoleon III (1808–73) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Latin America Central America Mexico
1867	The Canadian nation is called the Dominion of Canada – the first example of 'dominion status' Go to dominion in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Politics British empire European empires from 1415 Europe Empires North America Canada
1868	Britain annexes Basutoland (now Lesotho), the kingdom of the Sotho leader Moshoeshoe Go to Lesotho in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Politics British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa South Africa Europe Empires George Custer leads federal troops in the massacre of more than 100 American Indians, on an official reservation beside the Washita river Go to Cheyenne Indians in The Concise Oxford Companion to American Literature (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics American Indians North America United States
1869	Britain, France and Italy take joint control of the finances of a bankrupt Tunisia Go to imperialism in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Politics British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa French empire Africa North Africa Europe Empires British explorer Samuel Baker annexes the southern Sudan, or Equatoria, on behalf of the khedive of Egypt Go to Baker, Sir Samuel White (1821–93) in The Oxford Companion to English Literature (7 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Politics British empire European empires from 1415 Africa East Africa Europe Empires
1871	18-year-old English entrepreneur Cecil Rhodes, on a temporary visit to South Africa, arrives in the new diamond town of Kimberley Go to Rhodes, Cecil (1853–1902) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Politics British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa South Africa South Africa (republic) Europe Empires
1872	The Missouri, Kansas and Texas railroad cuts through the territory reserved for American Indians, bringing hordes of 'boomers' Go to Indian Territory in The Oxford Essential Dictionary of the U.S. Military (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics American Indians North America United States
1874	The southern region of present-day Ghana becomes a British colony, to be known as the Gold Coast Go to Ghana in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Politics British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa West Africa Europe Empires
1875	An outbreak of measles in Fiji, brought to the islands by British visitors, kills a quarter of the population Go to measles in A Dictionary of Public Health (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Science Medicine Australia and Oceania Pacific Islands
1876	The chaotic government finances of Egypt are placed under joint French and British control Go to Mixed Courts of Egypt in Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Britain 1750-1900 Politics Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles British empire European empires from 1415 Europe Empires Britain India becomes the 'jewel in the crown' of Queen Victoria when Benjamin Disraeli secures for her the title Empress of India Go to Victoria (1819–1901) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Britain 1750-1900 Politics Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles British empire European empires from 1415 Mughal empire British monarchs - from 1066 British prime ministers - from 1830 Europe Empires Rulers and politicians Britain Leopold II hosts a conference in Brussels on the subject of opening up the African continent Go to Brussels Geographical Conference in The Oxford Companion to World Exploration (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Politics British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa Europe Belgium Empires
1877	Britain annexes the Boer republic in the Transvaal Go to Transvaal in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Politics British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa South Africa South Africa (republic) Europe Empires
1878	Stanley agrees to work for Leopold II in opening up the Congo river to commerce Go to Leopold II (1835–1909) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Britain 1750-1900 Politics Commerce and industry Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa Europe Society Empires Britain Three British armies invade Afghanistan, beginning the second Anglo-Afghan War Go to Anglo‐Afghan Wars in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Politics War British empire European empires from 1415 Asia Central Asia Afghanistan Europe Empires
1879	The British find a pretext to march into the territory ruled by Cetshwayo, thus launching the Zulu War Go to Zulu War (1879) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Politics War British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa South Africa South Africa (republic) Europe Empires Zulu tribesmen surprise and annihilate a British army encamped near Isandhlwana Go to Isandhlwana, Battle of (22 January 1879) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Politics War British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa South Africa South Africa (republic) Europe Empires Immediately after Isandhlwana a tiny British garrison at Rorke's Drift fights off an overwhelming Zulu attack Go to Isandhlwana, Battle of (22 January 1879) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Politics War British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa South Africa South Africa (republic) Europe Empires The British destruction of Cetshwayo's kraal at Ulundi ends the Zulu War Go to Ulundi, battle of (1879) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Politics War British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa South Africa South Africa (republic) Europe Empires
1880	French explorer Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza forestalls Stanley in opening up the Congo, reaching Stanley Pool ahead of him Go to Brazza, Pierre Savorgnan de (1852–1905) in Encyclopedia of Africa (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Commerce and industry European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa Central Africa East Africa Europe Society Empires
1881	France invades Tunisia from Algeria, and in the Treaty of Bardo forces the bey of Tunis to accept the status of a French protectorate Go to Tunisia, French conquest of (1881–1911) in The Oxford Companion to Military History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa French empire Africa North Africa Europe Empires The British withdraw from Afghanistan, having achieved nothing in the Second Anglo-Afghan War Go to Anglo‐Afghan Wars in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Politics War British empire European empires from 1415 Asia Central Asia Afghanistan Europe Empires Stanley finds Brazza's French tricolor already flying on the north bank of the Congo, on the site of what later becomes Brazzaville Go to Brazza, Pierre Savorgnan de (1852–1905) in Encyclopedia of Africa (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Politics Commerce and industry European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa Central Africa East Africa Europe Society Empires
1882	Stanley establishes a foothold for Leopold II on the southern bank of the Congo, at a site which he names Leopoldville (now Kinshasa) Go to Stanley, Sir Henry Morton (1841–1904) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Politics Commerce and industry European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa Central Africa East Africa Europe Society Empires Anti-western riots in Alexandria result in many deaths and provoke a British invasion Go to Arabi Pasha (1839–1911) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Politics Alexandria British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa North Africa Egypt Europe Empires
1883	French marines land at Tamatave in Madagascar to protect French interests and assert French control Go to French empire in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa French empire Africa South Africa Europe Empires Mohammed Ahmed, proclaiming himself the Mahdi, defeats three Egyptian armies in the Sudan Go to Mahdi in The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Politics War British empire Africa East Africa Empires
1884	The British empire is first described as a 'Commonwealth of Nations', by Lord Rosebery speaking in Australia Go to Rosebery, Archibald Philip Primrose, 5th earl of (1847–1929) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Britain 1750-1900 Politics Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles British empire European empires from 1415 British prime ministers - from 1830 Australia and Oceania Europe Empires Rulers and politicians Australia Britain General Gordon marches south to protect Khartoum from the advancing forces of the Mahdi Go to Gordon, Charles George (1833–85) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Politics British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa East Africa Europe Empires Bismarck launches the colonial scramble for Africa by suddenly annexing three territories for Germany (Togo, Cameroon and Angria Pequena) Go to Africa, partition of in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa German empire Africa West Africa Europe Germany Empires The Boer republic in the Transvaal regains its independence from Britain Go to Kruger, Paul (1825–1904) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Politics British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa South Africa South Africa (republic) Europe Empires Gustav Nachtigal arrives in Togo and persuades local chiefs to accept the protection of the German emperor Go to German Second empire (1871–1918) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa German empire Africa West Africa Europe Empires Gustav Nachtigal, moving on to Cameroon, annexes this region too for the new German empire Go to German Second empire (1871–1918) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa German empire Africa West Africa Europe Empires Karl Peters hurries round east Africa persuading chiefs to accept the German emperor as their protector Go to Peters, Karl (1856–1918) in The Oxford Companion to World Exploration (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa German empire Africa East Africa Europe Empires British general Garnet Wolseley sails from London on a mission to rescue Gordon, trapped by the Mahdi in Khartoum Go to Gordon relief expedition (1884–5) in The Oxford Companion to Military History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Politics British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa East Africa Europe Empires Bismarck invites the European powers to a West Africa Conference in Berlin Go to Berlin Conference of 1884–1885 in Encyclopedia of Africa (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Politics British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa German empire Africa West Africa Europe Germany Empires Spain begins to colonize the Western Sahara, subsequently known as the Spanish Sahara Go to Western Sahara in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Politics European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Spanish empire Africa North Africa Europe Empires
1885	Bismarck grants Karl Peters a charter to rule a German protectorate in east Africa Go to Peters, Karl (1856–1918) in The Oxford Companion to World Exploration (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa German empire Africa East Africa Europe Empires Britain annexes Bechuanaland as a protectorate, to secure the route north from the Cape into central Africa Go to Botswana in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Politics British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa South Africa Europe Empires Italian troops occupy Eritrea, a province of Ethiopia Go to Asmara, Eritrea in Encyclopedia of Africa (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa East Africa Ethiopia Europe Empires German warships arrive in Zanzibar harbour to persuade the sultan to cede territory to the Kaiser, William I Go to Zanzibar (Tanzania) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa German empire Africa East Africa Europe Empires
1886	Germany and Britain define neighbouring spheres of interest in east Africa Go to Africa, partition of in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Politics British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa German empire Africa East Africa Europe Empires The German and British agreement in east Africa creates the present-day boundary between Tanzania and Kenya Go to Scramble for Africa in Encyclopedia of Africa (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Politics British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa German empire Africa East Africa Europe Empires
1887	The imperial government in China formally acknowledges Portuguese territorial rights in Macao Go to Macao in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics European empires from 1415 Portuguese empire Asia East Asia China Southeast Asia Europe Empires A gathering of leaders from the British empire holds a colonial conference in London to coincide with Queen Victoria's jubilee Go to imperial conferences in The Oxford Companion to British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Britain 1750-1900 Politics Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa Europe Empires Britain France brings Cambodia and Vietnam into a federation of protectorates under the title French Indochina Go to Indochina in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics European empires from 1415 French empire Asia East Asia Southeast Asia Europe Empires The Dawes Severalty Act deprives American Indians of their tribal lands, giving each instead an allotment of up to 160 acres Go to Dawes Severalty Act (1887) in The Oxford Companion to United States History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics American Indians North America United States
1888	The Ndebele chieftain, Lobengula, grants Rhodes mining rights in what is now Zimbabwe Go to British South Africa Company in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Politics Commerce and industry British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Zimbabwe Africa South Africa Europe Society Empires The Imperial British East Africa Company is given a charter to administer Kenya and Uganda Go to Concessionary Companies in Africa in Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Politics British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa East Africa Europe Empires
1889	Cecil Rhodes forms the British South Africa Company to push British commerce and imperial control further north Go to British South Africa Company in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Politics Commerce and industry British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa South Africa South Africa (republic) Europe Society Empires The first Land Run into Oklahoma has settlers galloping in from noon to claim territory previously reserved for American Indians Go to Oklahoma (USA) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics American Indians North America United States France and Britain agree colonial boundaries for Senegal and Gambia in west Africa Go to Gambia, The in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Politics British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa French empire Africa West Africa Europe Empires In the treaty of Uccialli, Menelik II cedes the Ethiopian province of Eritrea to Italy Go to Menelik II (1844–1913) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa East Africa Ethiopia Europe Empires
1890	Cecil Rhodes sends colonists to settle the newly won colony of Rhodesia Go to Rhodesia in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Politics British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Zimbabwe Africa South Africa Europe Empires Zanzibar, under its Arab sultan, is declared a British protectorate Go to Zanzibar in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Politics British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa East Africa Europe Empires Hundreds of Sioux Indians are killed by US troops in a massacre at Wounded Knee Creek Go to Wounded Knee, Battle of (1890) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Persecution and repression Terrorism and assassination American Indians North America United States
1891	Germany takes direct control of German East Africa as a protectorate Go to Tanzania in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa German empire Africa East Africa Europe Empires Rhodes wins the right to administer the region from the Zambezi up to Lake Tanganyika, forming present-day Zambia Go to Rhodesia in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Politics British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa South Africa Europe Empires Britain cedes the tiny island of Heligoland to Germany in return for vast areas of Africa Go to Heligoland (Schleswig-Holstein/Germany) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Britain 1750-1900 Politics Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa German empire Africa Europe Germany Empires Britain
1892	Frederick Lugard's Maxim machine gun settles a Protestant-Catholic clash in Kampala, the capital of Buganda Go to Maxim, Sir Hiram S. in The Oxford Essential Dictionary of the U.S. Military (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Politics Weapons British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa East Africa Europe Empires The French establish a protectorate in part of the ancient kingdom of Dahomey in west Africa Go to Dahomey expedition (1892–4) in The Oxford Companion to Military History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa French empire Africa West Africa Europe Empires The Falkland Islands, by now occupied by some 2000 settlers, become a British colony Go to Falkland Islands in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Britain 1750-1900 Politics Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles British empire European empires from 1415 Falkland Islands Europe Empires Britain
1893	France claims the Ivory Coast (or Côte d'Ivoire) in west Africa as a French colony Go to Côte d'Ivoire in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa French empire Africa West Africa Europe Empires Leander Jameson, finding a pretext for war, drives Lobengula out of his kingdom in Rhodesia Go to Lobengula (c. 1836–94) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Politics War British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Zimbabwe Africa South Africa Europe Empires The British Central African Protectorate is set up in the region of present-day Malawi Go to Malawi in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Politics British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa South Africa Europe Empires France incorporates Laos within French Indochina Go to Indochina in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics European empires from 1415 French empire Asia East Asia Southeast Asia Europe Empires
1895	The territory south of the Zambezi is given the name Rhodesia, in honour of the man who has colonized it Go to Rhodesia in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Politics British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Zimbabwe Africa South Africa Europe Empires At the end of the Sino-Japanese war China cedes to Japan the island of Taiwan, together with Port Arthur and the Liadong peninsula Go to Sino-Japanese War (1894–95) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Asia East Asia China Japan Khama III, the king of Bechuanaland, travels to London to demand the continuing protection of the British crown Go to Khama III (1837?–1923) in Encyclopedia of Africa (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Politics British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa South Africa Europe Empires The British government takes responsibility for Kenya, as the East Africa Protectorate Go to Kenya in The Oxford Companion to British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Politics British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa East Africa Europe Empires Leander Jameson leads a disastrous raid into the Transvaal, in an attempt to topple Paul Kruger's government Go to Jameson Raid (1895) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Politics British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa South Africa South Africa (republic) Europe Empires
1896	The Ethiopian emperor, Menelik II, inflicts a shattering defeat on Italian forces at Aduwa Go to Menelik II (1844–1913) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics War European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa East Africa Ethiopia Europe Empires Britain unites Buganda and three other kingdoms into the single Uganda Protectorate Go to Uganda in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Politics British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa East Africa Europe Empires Italy, one of the local colonial powers, accepts Ethiopia's claim to the Ogaden region of the Somali territory Go to Menelik II (1844–1913) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa East Africa Ethiopia Europe Empires
1897	The Spanish governor in Cuba is recalled to Spain, for pioneering the concept of the concentration camp Go to concentration camp in The Oxford Companion to Military History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Politics European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America Caribbean Cuba Zululand, annexed by Britain in 1887, is now merged with the colony of Natal Go to Zululand (KwaZulu-Natal/South Africa) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Politics British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa South Africa South Africa (republic) Europe Empires The UK colonial secretary, Joseph Chamberlain, appoints enthusiastic imperialist Alfred Milner as high commissioner in South Africa Go to Milner, Alfred (1854–1925) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Politics British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa South Africa South Africa (republic) Europe Empires Germany claims Ruanda and Urundi as a joint colony adjacent to German East Africa Go to German East Africa in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa German empire Africa East Africa Europe Empires The French exile the queen of Madagascar and claim the island as a French colony Go to French empire in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa French empire Africa South Africa Europe Empires The British burn Benin City in a punitive expedition after members of a British delegation are murdered Go to Benin, Kingdom of in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Politics British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa West Africa Europe Empires
1898	The Hawaiian islands are made a US territory, five years after American involvement in the overthrow of the ruling dynasty Go to Hawaii (USA) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Australia and Oceania Pacific Islands French and British forces meet at Fashoda, in a potentially explosive incident in the scramble for Africa Go to Fashoda crisis (1898) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Politics British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa French empire Africa East Africa Europe Empires Kitchener's victory at Omdurman brings to an end thirteen years of rule in Sudan by followers of the Mahdi Go to Omdurman, battle of (2 September 1898) in The Oxford Companion to Military History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Politics British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa East Africa Europe Empires
1899	The Sudan begins half a century of supposedly joint rule by Britain and Egypt Go to Sudan in The Oxford Companion to British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Politics British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa East Africa Europe Empires Mohammed ibn Abdullah (the Mad Mullah in British eyes) leads an uprising in British Somaliland Go to Hasan, Muhammad Abdille Sayyid (1864–1920) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Politics British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa East Africa Europe Empires
1900	Paul Kruger flees after the British take Pretoria and annexe both the Boer republics Go to Kruger, Stephanus Johannes Paulus (1825–1904) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era 1900s 20th century Politics British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa South Africa South Africa (republic) Europe Empires Puerto Ricans are granted limited democracy in a bill of rights introduced after two years of US military occupation Go to Puerto Rico in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century 1900s 20th century Politics Latin America Caribbean Hostility to foreign intrusion erupts in China with the Boxer Rising Go to Boxer Rising (1899–1900) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century 1900s 20th century Politics European empires from 1415 Asia East Asia China Europe Empires The British government assumes direct responsibility for the entire region of Nigeria, previously entrusted to a commercial company Go to Nigeria in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era 1900s 20th century Politics British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa West Africa Europe Germany Empires
1901	Thousands of women and children die in the concentration camps used by the British army for displaced Boer families Go to Boer Wars (1880–81) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Edwardian era 1900s 20th century Politics War British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa South Africa South Africa (republic) Europe Empires
1902	Cuba becomes independent after three years of US military rule, with certain restrictions imposed by the Platt Amendment of 1901 Go to Platt Amendment in The Oxford Essential Dictionary of the U.S. Military (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1900s 20th century Politics Latin America Caribbean Cuba A treaty at Vereeniging ends the Boer War and brings the Boer republics under British control Go to Vereeniging, treaty of in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Edwardian era 1900s 20th century Politics War British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa South Africa South Africa (republic) Europe Empires After the defeat of neighbouring Transvaal in the Boer War, the British take sole control of Swaziland Go to Swaziland in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Edwardian era 1900s 20th century Politics War British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa South Africa Europe Empires
1903	Cuba is forced to accept a permanent US military presence in Guantanamo Bay Go to Guantanamo Bay in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1900s 20th century Politics US presidents Rulers and politicians Latin America Caribbean Cuba North America United States Edward VII, the first British monarch to travel to India, holds a great coronation durbar in Delhi Go to Edward VII (1841–1910) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Edwardian era 1900s 20th century Politics War British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa British monarchs - from 1066 Africa Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) India (republic) Europe Empires Rulers and politicians Roger Casement, British consul in the Congo Free State, discovers appalling abuses by Belgian companies Go to Casement, Sir Roger (1864–1916) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Edwardian era 1900s 20th century Politics War European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa Central Africa East Africa Europe Empires A US warship appears off the coast of Panama in support of rebels declaring an independent republic Go to Panama in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1900s 20th century Politics Latin America Central America North America United States The Colombian government rejects the Hay-Herrán treaty with the US on the Panama canal, thus prompting the break-away of Panama Go to Hay Treaties (1901) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1900s 20th century Politics Commerce and industry Society Latin America Central America North America United States The USA is granted exclusive control in perpetuity of a ten-mile corridor across Panama, suitable for a canal Go to Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty in The Oxford Essential Dictionary of the U.S. Military (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1900s Canals 20th century Politics Commerce and industry US presidents Society Rulers and politicians Latin America Central America North America United States
1904	A violent uprising by Herero warriors in South West Africa targets male Germans of military age Go to Herero Wars (1904–08) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1900s 20th century Politics European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa German empire Africa South Africa Europe Empires The German general Lothar von Trotha drives 8000 Herrero people to slow death in the Kalahari desert Go to Herero Wars (1904–08) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1900s 20th century Politics European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa German empire Africa West Africa Europe Empires British troops under Francis Younghusband enter Tibet's holy city of Lhasa Go to Tibet, British expedition to (1904) in The Oxford Companion to Military History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Edwardian era 1900s 20th century Politics War British empire Asia East Asia Empires
1905	Kaiser Wilhelm II visits Tangier in support of Moroccan independence, causing a diplomatic crisis with the colonial powers France and Britain Go to Moroccan Crisis, First (1905) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Edwardian era 1900s 20th century Politics War British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa French empire German empire Africa North Africa Europe Empires The Maji-Maji rising results in alarming outbreaks of violence in German East Africa Go to Maji-Maji in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1900s 20th century Politics European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa German empire Africa East Africa Europe Empires The German commander in east Africa uses famine as a means of ending the Maji-Maji rising Go to Maji-Maji in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1900s 20th century Politics European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa German empire Africa East Africa Europe Empires The Treaty of Portsmouth gives Japan control of Port Arthur and much of the Liaotung Peninsula Go to Portsmouth, Treaty of (1905) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1900s 20th century Politics Asia East Asia China
1906	An international conference at Algeciras effectively gives France informal control of Morocco Go to Algeciras, Conference of (1906) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1900s 20th century Politics European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa French empire Africa North Africa Europe Empires Istanbul cedes the Sinai Peninsula to British-controlled Egypt Go to Sinai in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Edwardian era 1900s 20th century Politics War European empires from 1415 Asia West Asia Europe Empires Transvaal is given the self-governing status promised in the treaty ending the Boer War Go to Vereeniging, treaty of in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Edwardian era 1900s 20th century Politics War British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa South Africa South Africa (republic) Europe Empires
1908	Austria annexes Bosnia-Herzegovina, in response to the policy of the Young Turks in Istanbul Go to Bosnia and Herzegovina in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Austrian empire Habsburgs 1900s 20th century Politics Turks Austria Empires International outrage at Congo atrocities forces Belgium to annexe King Leopold's private colony Go to Leopold II (1835–1909) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1900s 20th century Politics European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa Central Africa East Africa Europe Belgium Empires
1909	National delegates from the four provincial parliaments draw up a draft constitution for a South African union Go to South Africa in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Edwardian era 1900s 20th century Politics War European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa South Africa South Africa (republic) Europe Empires
1910	Three French colonies south of the Sahara are consolidated as French Equatorial Africa Go to French Equatorial Africa in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Politics European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa French empire Africa Central Africa East Africa Europe Empires Japan annexes Korea as a colony, to be controlled by a Japanese governor-general Go to Korea in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Politics Asia East Asia Korea
1911	Italy finds a reason to invade Libya, a province of the Turkish empire. Go to Libya in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Politics Turks European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa North Africa Europe Italy Empires President Taft sends US marines to Honduras to protect American banana interests during a spell of political turmoil Go to Honduras in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Politics US presidents Rulers and politicians Latin America Central America
1912	A national uprising against Turkish rule in Albania launches a full-scale Balkan war Go to Balkan Wars (1912–13) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Politics Turks Muslim empires Ottoman empire Europe Empires Turkey, beset by troubles elsewhere, cedes to Italy her north African province of Libya Go to Libya in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Politics European empires from 1415 Muslim empires Ottoman empire Africa North Africa Asia West Asia Turkey Europe Italy Empires Tibet declares its independence after the fall of the Qing dynasty and the end of imperial China Go to Tibet in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Politics Asia East Asia Japan By the treaty of Fès a French protectorate is formally established in Morocco Go to Morocco in Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Politics European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa French empire Africa North Africa Europe Empires President Taft sends US marines into Nicaragua during a period of disorder Go to Nicaragua in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Politics US presidents Rulers and politicians Latin America Central America France and Spain agree that Spain shall become the colonial power in the north of Morocco and France in the south Go to Morocco in Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Politics European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa French empire Spanish empire Africa North Africa Europe Empires An Albanian uprising against the Ottoman empire is so successful that the Albanians are able to capture Skopje in Macedonia Go to Macedonia, Republic of in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Politics Turks Muslim empires Ottoman empire Turkey Europe Greece Empires
1914	British rule is consolidated in Nigeria by the merging of north and south as a single colony Go to Nigeria in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Politics British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa West Africa Europe Germany Empires The British government changes the status of Egypt from a Turkish province to a British protectorate Go to Egypt in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Politics Turks British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa North Africa Egypt Europe Empires
1915	Woodrow Wilson sends US marines to take control in Haiti after a spate of political assassinations Go to Wilson, Woodrow (1856–1924) in The Oxford Companion to United States History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Politics US presidents Rulers and politicians Latin America Caribbean
1919	More than 300 die when British troops fire on a peaceful demonstration in Amritsar Go to Amritsar Massacres (1919) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Politics British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) India (republic) Europe Empires
1920	May - League of Nations mandates give Britain responsibility for Iraq, Transjordan and Palestine Go to Mandate in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: First World War 20th century Politics War British empire European empires from 1415 Mesopotamia Asia West Asia Iraq Palestine and Israel Europe Empires Wars since 1900 May - League of Nations mandates give France responsibility for Syria and Lebanon Go to Mandate in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: First World War 20th century Politics War European empires from 1415 French empire Asia West Asia Lebanon and Syria Europe Empires Wars since 1900
1926	The Balfour Report, by former UK prime minister A.J. Balfour, suggests the way forward for the British Commonwealth of Nations Go to Balfour Report in Oxford Companion to Australian Politics (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1920s 20th century Politics Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa British prime ministers - from 1830 Africa Europe Empires Rulers and politicians Britain
1927	Mussolini's treaty with Ahmed Zogu gives Fascist Italy a dominant position in Albania Go to Zog I (1895–1961) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1920s 20th century Politics Europe Italy
1928	Jomo Kenyatta becomes the editor of Muigwithania, the newspaper of the Kikuyu Central Association Go to Kenyatta, Jomo (b. 10 Oct) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1920s 20th century Politics British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa East Africa Europe Empires
1931	The Japanese occupy the Chinese state of Manchuria Go to Mukden incident (18 September 1931) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1930s 20th century Politics War Asia East Asia China Japan
1932	Japan renames the Chinese province of Manchuria, calling it Manchukuo – supposedly independent but in fact a puppet state Go to Manchukuo in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1930s 20th century Politics Asia East Asia China Japan
1934	The US military government is finally withdrawn from Haiti after nineteen years Go to Good Neighbor Policy in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1930s 20th century Politics Latin America Caribbean North America United States Neo-Destour, a party demanding Tunisian independence, has Habib Bourguiba as its secretary general Go to Bourguiba, Habib (1903–2000) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1930s 20th century Politics European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa North Africa Europe Empires
c. 1935	Kim Il Sung leads a Communist guerrilla campaign against the Japanese occupation of Korea Go to Kim Il Sung (1912–1994) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1930s 20th century Politics Communism Asia East Asia Korea
1939	September 27 - Warsaw falls, after a brave resistance, whereupon Germany and Russia carve up Poland Go to Beck, Józef (b. 4 Oct. 1894) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1930s Second World War 20th century Politics War Europe Poland Wars since 1900
1940	July - Germany takes control of Romania, to secure the country's rich oil fields Go to Ploesti in The Oxford Companion to World War II (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s Second World War 20th century Politics War Europe Wars since 1900 October 4 - Mussolini plans a new Roman empire, reaching like the first one round the entire Mediterranean Go to Mussolini, Benito (1883–1945) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s Second World War 20th century Politics War Europe Italy Wars since 1900
1941	May 19 - the Vietminh is founded as a guerrilla force to liberate Vietnam from the Japanese, and Ho Chi Minh soon emerges as the leader Go to Vietminh in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s Second World War 20th century Politics War Asia East Asia Southeast Asia Vietnam Wars since 1900
1942	Mahatma Gandhi launches the Quit India Movement, calling on a large crowd in Bombay to 'do or die' in the struggle to expel the British Go to Gandhi, Mahatma (1869–1948) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s 20th century Politics British empire European empires from 1415 Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) India (republic) Europe Empires Mahatma Gandhi and nearly all the leaders of India's Congress party are arrested and will remain in prison until the end of the war Go to Gandhi, ‘Mahatma’ (1869–1948) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s 20th century Politics British empire European empires from 1415 Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) India (republic) Europe Empires
c. 1945	Gamal Abdel Nasser and army colleagues form a secret party, the Free Officers, to fight for an independent Egyptian republic Go to Nasser, Gamal Abdel (1918–1970) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s 20th century Politics British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa North Africa Egypt Europe Empires Achmed Sukarno makes a unilateral declaration of Indonesian independence, and leads the subsequent struggle against the Dutch Go to Indonesian Revolution (1945–49) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s 20th century Politics Dutch empire European empires from 1415 Asia East Asia Southeast Asia Europe Empires August 19 - with the surrender of the Japanese, Vietminh guerrillas seize the capital of Vietnam, Hanoi Go to Vietminh in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s Second World War 20th century Politics Communism War Cold war Asia East Asia Southeast Asia Vietnam Wars since 1900 September 2 - Ho Chi Minh proclaims the democratic republic of Vietnam, independent of the colonial power, France Go to Ho Chi Minh (1890–1969) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s Second World War 20th century Politics Communism War European empires from 1415 French empire Cold war Asia East Asia Southeast Asia Vietnam Europe Empires Wars since 1900
1946	The Indochina War breaks out in Vietnam between the French colonial forces and the Vietminh Go to Indochina War (1946–54) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s 20th century Politics War European empires from 1415 French empire Cold war Asia East Asia Southeast Asia Vietnam Europe Empires Wars since 1900 March 5: Winston Churchill, in a speech in Fulton, Missouri, expresses the harsh truth that an iron curtain has descended across Europe Go to ”Iron Curtain” speech in The Oxford Essential Dictionary of the U.S. Military (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s Second World War 20th century Politics War Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles British prime ministers - from 1830 Cold war Europe Rulers and politicians Wars since 1900 Britain
1949	Batavia reverts to its original name of Jakarta and becomes the capital of Indonesia Go to Jakarta in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s 20th century Politics Dutch empire Asia East Asia Empires
1954	An invasion of Guatemala from Honduras, with CIA support, brings to power a right-wing military junta Go to Guatemala in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1950s 20th century Politics War Cold war Wars since 1900 Latin America Central America In an armistice ending the Indochina War, France acknowledges the independence of Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam Go to Indochina War (1946–54) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1950s 20th century Politics European empires from 1415 Asia East Asia Southeast Asia Europe Empires
1955	An armed uprising in Morocco persuades France to accept the principle of independence for the colony Go to Morocco in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1950s 20th century Politics European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa French empire Africa North Africa Europe Empires
1956	French Morocco and Spanish Morocco win independence from the two colonial powers Go to Morocco in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1950s 20th century Politics European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa French empire Spanish empire Africa North Africa Europe Empires Russian and Warsaw Pact troops invade Hungary to end the uprising and arrest Imre Nagy Go to Hungary in Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1950s 20th century Politics Communism War Cold war Europe Hungary Wars since 1900 The Kremlin imposes János Kádár on Hungary as head of a new government Go to Hungary in Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1950s 20th century Politics Communism War Cold war Europe Hungary Wars since 1900
1957	Kwame Nkrumah leads the Gold Coast into independence under a name of historic resonance, Ghana Go to Ghana in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1950s 20th century Politics British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa West Africa Europe Empires
1958	On his second day in power, de Gaulle visits Algiers to confront the settlers with an unwelcome message Go to Gaulle, Charles de (b. 22 Nov. 1890) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1950s 20th century Politics European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa North Africa Europe France Empires The colony of French Guinea opts for immediate independence as the republic of Guinea, breaking its links with France Go to Guinea in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1950s 20th century Politics European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa French empire Africa West Africa Europe Empires Sekou Touré, the first president of Guinea, settles in for twenty-six years of dictatorial rule Go to Touré, Ahmed Sékou (9 Jan. 1922) in A Dictionary of Political Biography (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1950s 20th century Politics Africa West Africa
1959	Lee Kuan Yew becomes the first prime minister of the newly independent state of Singapore Go to Lee Kuan Yew (16 Sept. 1923) in A Dictionary of Political Biography (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1950s 20th century Politics British empire European empires from 1415 Asia East Asia Southeast Asia Europe Empires
1960	French Cameroun becomes independent as the republic of Cameroun, with Ahmadou Ahidjo as the first president Go to Cameroon in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa French empire Africa Central Africa East Africa Europe Empires French Togo becomes independent as the republic of Togo, with Sylvanus Olympio as president Go to Togo in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa French empire Africa West Africa Europe Empires Cyprus becomes an independent nation, free of British colonial rule, with Archbishop Makarios as president Go to Cyprus in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics British empire European empires from 1415 Europe Empires French Sudan becomes independent as the republic of Mali, with Modibo Keita as president Go to Mali in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa French empire Africa West Africa Europe Empires Madagascar becomes independent (under the name Malagasy republic from till 1975), with Philibert Tsiranana as president Go to Madagascar in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa South Africa Europe Empires Patrice Lumumba becomes prime minister of the newly independent Democratic Republic of the Congo, previously the Belgian Congo Go to Lumumba, Patrice Emergy (b. 2 July 1925) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa Central Africa East Africa Europe Empires British and Italian colonies merge as the independent Somali republic, also known as Somalia, with Aden Abdullah Osman as president Go to Somalia in The Oxford Companion to the Politics of the World (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa East Africa Europe Empires The French colony of Dahomey (known from 1975 as Benin) becomes independent but suffers six military coups in its first twelve years Go to Benin in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa French empire Africa West Africa Europe Empires Niger becomes independent, with Hamani Diori as the new nation's first president Go to Niger in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa West Africa Europe Germany Empires The French colony of Upper Volta becomes independent as Burkina Faso, with Maurice Yaméogo as president Go to Burkina Faso in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa French empire Africa West Africa Europe Empires Félix Houphouët-Boigny, first president of the newly independent Ivory Coast, begins thirty-three years of relatively peaceful rule Go to Ivory Coast in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa West Africa Europe Empires The French colony of Chad becomes independent with François Tombalbaye as president Go to Chad in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa French empire Africa Central Africa East Africa Europe Empires The French colony of Gabon becomes independent with Léon M'ba as president Go to Gabon in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa French empire Africa Central Africa East Africa Europe Empires The French colony of Ubangi-Shari becomes independent and takes the name Central African Republic Go to Central African Republic in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa French empire Africa Central Africa East Africa Europe Empires The French colony of Senegal becomes independent, with Léopold Senghor as the new nation's first president Go to Senegal in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa French empire Africa West Africa Europe Empires Nigeria wins independence, with Abubakar Tafawa Balewa as prime minister, but its stability is threatened by tribal and regional factions Go to Nigeria in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa West Africa Europe Empires The French colony of Mauritania becomes independent, with Moktar Ould Daddah as president Go to Mauritania in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa French empire Africa West Africa Europe Empires
1961	Former British colony Sierra Leone becomes an independent state within the Commonwealth Go to Sierra Leone in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa West Africa Europe Empires
1962	The former British colony of Uganda becomes an independent republic, with Milton Obote as prime minister Go to Uganda in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa East Africa Europe Empires
1963	Zanzibar becomes an independent nation and a member of the Commonwealth Go to Zanzibar in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa East Africa Europe Empires Kenya becomes independent, with Jomo Kenyatta as prime minister Go to Kenya in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa East Africa Europe Empires
1964	Hastings Banda is prime minister of the newly independent nation of Malawi, formerly Nyasaland Go to Malawi in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa South Africa Europe Empires Kenneth Kaunda becomes president of the independent republic of Zambia, previously Northern Rhodesia Go to Zambia in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa South Africa Europe Empires
1965	The Gambia becomes an independent member of the Commonwealth, with Dawda Jawara as prime minister Go to Gambia in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa West Africa Europe Empires US marines intervene in civil war in the Dominican Republic to prevent a communist takeover Go to Dominican Republic in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics War Cold war Wars since 1900 Latin America Caribbean North America United States
1966	Former chief Seretse Khama becomes the first president of an independent Botswana Go to Khama, Sir Seretse (1921–80) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa South Africa Europe Empires
1968	Spanish Guinea becomes an independent republic as Equatorial Guinea, with Francisco Macias Nguema as president Go to Equatorial Guinea in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Spanish empire Africa Central Africa East Africa Europe Empires
1974	Portuguese Guinea becomes independent as Guinea-Bissau, with Luís Cabral as president Go to Guinea-Bissau in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1970s 20th century Politics European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Portuguese empire Africa West Africa Europe Empires
1975	Portuguese East Africa becomes independent as Mozambique, with Frelimo as the only political party Go to Mozambique in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1970s 20th century Politics European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Portuguese empire Africa South Africa Europe Empires The Cape Verde islands, off the west coast of Africa, become independent as the republic of Cape Verde Go to Cape Verde in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1970s 20th century Politics European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Portuguese empire Africa West Africa Europe Empires The island of Papua New Guinea wins independence from Australia Go to Papua New Guinea in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1970s 20th century Politics Australia and Oceania Australia Surinam wins independence from the Dutch, with Johan Ferrier as the first president Go to Surinam in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1970s 20th century Politics Dutch empire European empires from 1415 Europe Empires Latin America South America
1977	The French Territory of Afars and Issas becomes independent as Djibouti, with Hassan Gouled Aptidon as president Go to Djibouti in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1970s 20th century Politics European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa French empire Africa East Africa Europe Empires
1980	The USA ends all aid to Nicaragua and provides funds to train and equip the Contras in neighbouring Honduras Go to Nicaragua in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1980s 20th century Politics Latin America Central America North America United States Rhodesia becomes independent, taking the name Zimbabwe, with Robert Mugabe as prime minister Go to Zimbabwe in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1980s 20th century Politics British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Zimbabwe Africa South Africa Europe Empires
1983	President Reagan sends US marines to Grenada after the execution of the island's prime minister, Maurice Bishop Go to Grenada in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1980s 20th century Politics US presidents Rulers and politicians Latin America Caribbean North America United States
1984	The CIA covertly arranges for mines to be laid in Nicaragua's harbours Go to Nicaragua in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1980s 20th century Politics Terrorism and assassination War Cold war Wars since 1900 Latin America Central America
1989	President Bush sends 24,000 US troops to occupy Panama City and seize Manuel Noriega Go to Noriega Morena, Manuel Antonio (b. 1934) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1980s 20th century Politics US presidents Rulers and politicians Latin America Central America North America United States
1990	Namibia becomes independent with Sam Nujoma as president Go to Nujoma, Sam Daniel Saffishuna (12 May 1929) in A Dictionary of Political Biography (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1990s 20th century Politics European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa South Africa Europe Empires Saddam Hussein announces the annexation of Kuwait, claiming it to have been historically part of Iraq Go to Hussein, Saddam (28 Apr. 1937) in A Dictionary of Political Biography (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1990s 20th century Politics War Mesopotamia Asia West Asia Iraq
1999	The Russian army returns to Chechnya after Islamic militants commit acts of terrorism Go to Chechnya in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1990s 20th century Politics Terrorism and assassination Religion Islam Europe Russia The US relinquishes sovereignty over the canal zone to Panama on the last day of the century, as agreed in the 1977 treaty Go to Panama Canal in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1990s 20th century Politics US presidents Rulers and politicians Latin America Central America North America United States
2005	Following local and international pressure after the death of Rafik Hariri, Syria withdraws the last of its troops from Lebanon Go to Lebanon in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics War Asia West Asia Lebanon and Syria Israel uses force to remove settlers who refuse to leave Gaza in accordance with Sharon's unilateral disengagement plan Go to Sharon, Ariel (1928– ) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel

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date: 28 March 2025

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