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Timeline: Politics

Years: c. 3100 BCE - 2011	Subject: Social sciences, Politics
Publisher: HistoryWorld	Online Publication Date: 2012
Current online version: 2012	eISBN: 9780191737121

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BCE CE

Year	Event
c. 3100 BCE	Sumer develops as the first centre of Mesopotamian civilization Go to Sumer in The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Prehistory Neolithic 3100-1000 BCE Mesopotamia Asia West Asia Iraq Upper and Lower Egypt are unified into a single kingdom, inaugurating the first Egyptian dynasty Go to Egypt, ancient in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Prehistory 3100-1000 BCE Dynasties and royalty Africa North Africa Egypt
c. 2580 BCE	Egypt enters the period known as the Old Kingdom, its first era of monumental architecture Go to Old Kingdom in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3100-1000 BCE Architecture Dynasties and royalty Africa North Africa Egypt
c. 2350 BCE	Sargon conquers the other Mesopotamian states and establishes a dynasty with a new capital at Akkad, close to modern Baghdad Go to Sargon in The Oxford Companion to World Mythology (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3100-1000 BCE Dynasties and royalty Mesopotamia Asia West Asia Iraq
c. 2000 BCE	Mentuhotep II wins control of all Egypt, establishing the period known as the Middle Kingdom Go to Middle Kingdom in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3100-1000 BCE Dynasties and royalty Africa North Africa Egypt The centre of power in Egypt moves to the interior, with the capital at Thebes rather than Memphis Go to Thebes, Egypt in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3100-1000 BCE Dynasties and royalty Africa North Africa Egypt
c. 1700 BCE	The Hittites build an empire based on their stronghold at Hattusa (now Bogazkale) in Anatolia Go to Hittites in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3100-1000 BCE Dynasties and royalty Asia West Asia Turkey
c. 1630 BCE	The Hyksos, arriving from the middle east, win control of Egypt and rule for a century Go to Hyksos in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3100-1000 BCE Dynasties and royalty Africa North Africa Egypt Asia West Asia
c. 1540 BCE	The New Kingdom begins in Egypt, bringing the most spectacular of all the dynasties Go to New Kingdom in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3100-1000 BCE Dynasties and royalty Africa North Africa Egypt
c. 1531 BCE	Babylon is destroyed by the Hittites, invaders from Anatolia, but re-establishes itself in subsequent centuries Go to Babylon in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3100-1000 BCE Assyria and Babylon Mesopotamia Asia West Asia Iraq
c. 1520 BCE	Thutmose I extends Egyptian control as far up the Nile as Abu Hamad Go to Thutmose I in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3100-1000 BCE Conquest and colonization Africa North Africa Egypt
c. 1490 BCE	Hatshepsut takes power in Egypt, and is unusual in being a female pharaoh Go to Hatshepsut (c. 1540–c. 1481 bc) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3100-1000 BCE Dynasties and royalty Africa North Africa Egypt
c. 1400 BCE	The Great City Shang, on a site later known as An-yang, develops as the capital of China's first dynasty Go to Shang in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3100-1000 BCE Dynasties and royalty Asia East Asia China
c. 1350 BCE	The pharaoh Akhenaten creates a new capital city on the Nile at Tell el Amarna Go to Akhenaten in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3100-1000 BCE Dynasties and royalty Africa North Africa Egypt
c. 1324 BCE	The young Egyptian pharaoh, Tutankhamun, dies and is buried in a suitable tomb Go to Tutankhamun (died c.1352 bc) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3100-1000 BCE Dynasties and royalty Africa North Africa Egypt
c. 1300 BCE	Mycenae prevails as the dominant power throughout the Peloponnese and the entire Aegean Go to Mycenaean civilization in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3100-1000 BCE Conquest and colonization Europe Greece
1279 BCE	Ramses II, perhaps the greatest of Egypt's pharaohs, begins a reign of sixty-six years Go to Ramses II in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3100-1000 BCE Dynasties and royalty Africa North Africa Egypt
c. 1050 BCE	The Zhou defeat the Shang, and establish a new dynasty with a capital at Ch'ang-an (now Xi'an) Go to Zhou in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3100-1000 BCE Dynasties and royalty Asia East Asia China
c. 1020 BCE	Saul, anointed king of Israel by Samuel, establishes himself at Gibeah, just north of Jerusalem Go to Saul in A Dictionary of the Bible (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3100-1000 BCE Dynasties and royalty Judaism Jerusalem Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel
c. 990 BCE	David, already king of Judah and now anointed king of Israel, brings into one realm the twelve tribes of the Israelites Go to David in A Dictionary of the Bible (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1000-600 BCE Dynasties and royalty Judaism Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel David captures Jerusalem, which he makes his capital - bringing here the ark of the covenant Go to David in A Dictionary of the Bible (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1000-600 BCE Dynasties and royalty Judaism Jerusalem Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel
c. 965 BCE	Solomon becomes king of Israel and presides over a period of peace and prosperity Go to Solomon (d. 922 bc) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1000-600 BCE Dynasties and royalty Judaism Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel
c. 950 BCE	The Queen of Sheba, who visits Solomon in Jerusalem, is legendary - but her kingdom of Saba is a historical reality Go to Saba in The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1000-600 BCE Dynasties and royalty Judaism Jerusalem Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel Libyans in the Egyptian army take control of the nation and rule as pharaohs Go to pharaoh in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1000-600 BCE Dynasties and royalty Africa North Africa Egypt
c. 910 BCE	Solomon's son Rehoboam is unable to prevent the ten northern tribes going their own way, under the leadership of Jeroboam Go to Rehoboam in A Dictionary of the Bible (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1000-600 BCE Dynasties and royalty Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel
c. 900 BCE	La Venta replaces San Lorenzo as the capital city and cultural centre of the Olmecs Go to La Venta, Chiapas, Mexico in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1000-600 BCE Mesoamerican civilization Latin America Central America Mexico
c. 870 BCE	Ashurnasirpal II creates a spectacular new capital at Nimrud (and claims to have had 69,574 guests at his palace-warming party) Go to Nimrud in The Oxford Classical Dictionary (3 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1000-600 BCE Assyria and Babylon Dynasties and royalty Mesopotamia Asia West Asia Iraq Lebanon and Syria
c. 850 BCE	Citium, in Cyprus, is the first of many Phoenician colonies in the Mediterranean Go to Phoenicians in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1000-600 BCE Conquest and colonization The Phoenicians Asia West Asia Lebanon and Syria Europe
c. 814 BCE	The traditional date of the founding of Carthage (supposedly by the mythical queen Dido, but in practice by Phoenicians) Go to Carthage in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1000-600 BCE Conquest and colonization The Phoenicians Africa North Africa
771 BCE	The Zhou rulers, driven east from Xi'an, create a new capital at Loyang and establish the Eastern Zhou dynasty Go to Zhou in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1000-600 BCE Dynasties and royalty Asia East Asia China
c. 750 BCE	Ionia emerges as a political entity, forming a league of twelve Greek cities in Asia Minor Go to Ionia in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1000-600 BCE Asia West Asia Turkey Europe Greece
722 BCE	The Assyrians overwhelm the north of Israel and the ten northern tribes vanish from history - the majority of them probably dispersed or sold into slavery Go to Sargon II (705 bc) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1000-600 BCE Assyria and Babylon Conquest and colonization Judaism Asia West Asia Lebanon and Syria Palestine and Israel
c. 719 BCE	The king of Cush, or Nubia, conquers down the Nile to the sea, establishing the Cushite dynasty Go to Nubians in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1000-600 BCE Dynasties and royalty Africa North Africa Egypt
c. 700 BCE	Judah and Benjamin, together forming the kingdom of Judah, are the only two surviving tribes of Israel Go to Judah in The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (3 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1000-600 BCE Dynasties and royalty Judaism Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel Sennacherib moves the Assyrian capital to a new site at Nineveh Go to Nineveh in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1000-600 BCE Assyria and Babylon Dynasties and royalty Mesopotamia Asia West Asia Iraq Lebanon and Syria The island of Sicily is colonized from the eastern Mediterranean by both Phoenicians and Greeks Go to Sicily in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1000-600 BCE Conquest and colonization The Phoenicians Sicily Europe Greece Italy
689 BCE	The Assyrian king, Sennacherib, destroys with great brutality the city of Babylon Go to Sennacherib (d.681 bc) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1000-600 BCE Assyria and Babylon Conquest and colonization Mesopotamia Asia West Asia Iraq
c. 667 BCE	Byzantium (the future Constantinople) is founded as a colony of Megara, a Greek city-state Go to Byzantium in Oxford Dictionary of the Classical World (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1000-600 BCE Conquest and colonization Turkey Europe Greece
663 BCE	The Egyptian city of Memphis falls to an Assyrian army, soon to be followed by Thebes Go to Ashurbanipal in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1000-600 BCE Assyria and Babylon Conquest and colonization Africa North Africa Egypt Lebanon and Syria
c. 650 BCE	The inhabitants of Messenia revolt against Spartan rule and are reduced, in retaliation, to the status of serfs or helots Go to helot in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1000-600 BCE Protest and rebellion Europe Greece
c. 630 BCE	The Areopagus, named from the hill on Athens where it meets, is the council through which the nobles keep power in their own hands Go to Areopagus in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1000-600 BCE Ancient Athens Europe Greece
612 BCE	The Medes and the Babylonians destroy Nineveh and bring to an end the power of Assyria Go to Nineveh in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1000-600 BCE Assyria and Babylon Conquest and colonization Mesopotamia Asia West Asia Iraq
605 BCE	Nebuchadnezzar comes to the throne of Babylon, beginning a prosperous reign of more than forty years Go to Nebuchadnezzar in A Dictionary of the Bible (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1000-600 BCE Assyria and Babylon Dynasties and royalty Mesopotamia Asia West Asia Iraq
594 BCE	Solon is elected archon in Athens, immediately cancelling the debts of the peasants of Attica and making it illegal to enslave a debtor Go to hektēmoroi in Oxford Dictionary of the Classical World (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 6th century BCE Ancient Athens Europe Greece
586 BCE	After a long siege Jerusalem is taken by Nebuchadnezzar and the city, including Solomon's Temple, is destroyed Go to Nebuchadnezzar II (c.630–562 bc) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 6th century BCE Assyria and Babylon Conquest and colonization Judaism Jerusalem Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel
c. 560 BCE	Peisistratos seizes power in Athens and rules as a benevolent dictator for more than thirty years Go to Pisistratus (c. 600–c. 527 bc) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 6th century BCE Ancient Athens Europe Greece
550 BCE	Cyrus, king of the Persians, takes Ecbatana, capital city of the Medes, and establishes the first Persian empire Go to Cyrus the Great (c.590–529 bc) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 6th century BCE Dynasties and royalty Asia Central Asia Iran (Persia) The city-states of the Peloponnese unite in a defensive league under Spartan leadership Go to Peloponnesian League in Oxford Dictionary of the Classical World (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 6th century BCE Europe Greece An Etruscan dynasty rules in Rome and Etruscan influence is now dominant throughout central Italy Go to Etruscans in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 6th century BCE Dynasties and royalty Rome Europe Greece Italy K'ung-fu-tzu, or Confucius, teaches a practical philosophy which will profoundly influence Chinese history Go to Confucianism in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 6th century BCE Literature Philosophy Asia East Asia China Larache is founded as a Carthaginian colony on the Atlantic coast of Africa Go to Larache (Morocco) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 6th century BCE Conquest and colonization Africa North Africa
546 BCE	Sardis, the capital city of the Lydian ruler Croesus, is taken by the Persians Go to Croesus in Oxford Dictionary of the Classical World (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 6th century BCE Conquest and colonization Asia West Asia Turkey
539 BCE	A Persian army captures Babylon and brings it into the empire of Cyrus the Great Go to Cyrus in The Oxford Guide to People and Places of the Bible (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 6th century BCE Assyria and Babylon Conquest and colonization Mesopotamia Asia Central Asia Iran (Persia) West Asia Iraq
525 BCE	The Persians defeat an Egyptian army at Pelusium and then capture Memphis Go to Pelusium in The Oxford Classical Dictionary (3 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 6th century BCE Conquest and colonization Africa North Africa Egypt
522 BCE	Darius I wins the Persian throne and ushers in the heyday of the Achaemenid empire Go to Darius I in The Oxford Classical Dictionary (3 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 6th century BCE Dynasties and royalty Asia Central Asia Iran (Persia)
510 BCE	According to legend, the Etruscans are driven from Rome by popular outrage after the rape of Lucretia by Sextus Tarquinius Go to Lucretia (Europe) in A Dictionary of World Mythology (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 6th century BCE Rome Europe Italy The Roman senate becomes an executive body with two of its members elected annually as consuls, or joint heads of state Go to Roman Senate in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 6th century BCE Europe Greece Italy
508 BCE	Cleisthenes, brought to power by popular support, puts into effect a major programme of political reform in Athens See this event in other timelines: 6th century BCE Ancient Athens Democracy and dissent Europe Greece
c. 500 BCE	The rulers of Aksum, the first Ethiopian kingdom, claim descent from Solomon and the Queen of Sheba Go to Aksum in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 6th century BCE 5th century BCE Dynasties and royalty Africa East Africa Ethiopia
487 BCE	Ostracism is introduced in Athens as a way of getting rid of unpopular politicians Go to o'stracism in The Oxford Companion to Classical Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 5th century BCE Ancient Athens Democracy and dissent Europe Greece
481 BCE	The Greek city-states meet in Corinth to devise a joint strategy against the Persians Go to Greek-Persian wars in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 5th century BCE Greco-Persian Wars War Europe Greece Wars and Revolutions
478 BCE	Representatives of Athens and other Aegean city-states meet in Delos to form a coalition, later known as the Delian League Go to Delian League in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 5th century BCE Greco-Persian Wars Ancient Athens War Europe Greece Wars and Revolutions The Delian League is formed for mutual defence, but also to liberate the Greek cities of Ionia from Persian rule Go to Delian League in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 5th century BCE Greco-Persian Wars Ancient Athens War Asia West Asia Turkey Europe Greece Wars and Revolutions
464 BCE	An earthquake in Sparta leads to an uprising by the helots, who take up a defensive position on Mount Ithome Go to Ithō'mē, Mount in The Oxford Companion to Classical Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 5th century BCE Ancient Athens Protest and rebellion Europe Greece
462 BCE	With the army away, Pericles introduces full democracy for all Athenian citizens, enabling them to vote and participate in the administration of the state Go to Athenian democracy in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 5th century BCE Ancient Athens Democracy and dissent Europe Greece
460 BCE	Forces of the Delian League assist the Egyptians in a successful revolt against their Persian rulers Go to Delian League in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 5th century BCE Greco-Persian Wars Protest and rebellion War Africa North Africa Egypt Wars and Revolutions
454 BCE	The Athenians transfer into their own keeping the accumulated treasure of the Delian League Go to Delian League in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 5th century BCE Europe Greece
448 BCE	In the Peace of Kallias the Persians acknowledge the independence of Greek Ionia, and agree not to bring their fleet into the Aegean Go to Callias, Peace of in The Oxford Classical Dictionary (3 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 5th century BCE Greco-Persian Wars War Asia West Asia Turkey Europe Greece Wars and Revolutions
446 BCE	Pericles negotiates a treaty, scheduled to hold for thirty years, establishing spheres of influence for Sparta (the mainland) and Athens (the Aegean coast and islands) Go to Thirty Years Peace in Oxford Dictionary of the Classical World (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 5th century BCE Peloponnesian Wars Ancient Athens War Europe Greece Wars and Revolutions
416 BCE	The Athenians, capturing Melos, kill all the males of the island and sell the women and children into slavery Go to Mēlos in Oxford Dictionary of the Classical World (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 5th century BCE Peloponnesian Wars Ancient Athens Conquest and colonization Slavery War Europe Greece Society Wars and Revolutions
409 BCE	A Carthaginian army lands near Marsala to begin the long involvement of Carthage in Sicily Go to Sicily in The Oxford Companion to Classical Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 5th century BCE Conquest and colonization Sicily Africa North Africa Europe Greece Italy
c. 400 BCE	The kingdom of Magadha, with its capital at Rajgir (near modern Patna), emerges as the dominant power in north India Go to Magadha in A Dictionary of Buddhism (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 5th century BCE 4th century BCE Dynasties and royalty Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) India (republic)
396 BCE	The Romans capture the nearby Etruscan town of Veii, beginning a long process of territorial expansion Go to Veii in The Oxford Classical Dictionary (3 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century BCE Conquest and colonization Europe Greece Italy
390 BCE	Celtic tribes , pushing south through the Alps, reach Rome and sack the city Go to Celt in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century BCE Celts Rome Europe Greece Italy Society
356 BCE	Philip II sets about making Macedon the most powerful state in Greece Go to Philip II (382–336 bc) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century BCE Dynasties and royalty Europe Greece Alexander the Great is born in Pella, the capital of his father Philip II, at the heart of the expanding Macedonian kingdom Go to Alexander III (356–323bc) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century BCE Dynasties and royalty Europe Greece
337 BCE	Philip of Macedon persuades most of the Greek city-states, brought together in Corinth, to agree to a military alliance with himself as leader Go to Corinth, League of in The Oxford Classical Dictionary (3 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century BCE Europe Greece
335 BCE	Before departing for the east, Alexander destroys Thebes and enslaves the Thebans for rebelling against the League of Corinth Go to Thebes in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century BCE Conquest and colonization Europe Greece
334 BCE	Indulging in a moment of romantic tourism, Alexander visits Troy at the start of his Persian campaign Go to Troy in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century BCE Asia West Asia Turkey Greece
332 BCE	While in Egypt, Alexander founds Alexandria – the best known of the many towns he establishes to spread Greek culture Go to Alexandria in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century BCE Conquest and colonization Alexandria Africa North Africa Egypt Greece
331 BCE	Moving northeast into Mesopotamia, Alexander again defeats Darius III (at Gaugamela), leaving Persia open to his advances Go to Gaugamēla in Oxford Dictionary of the Classical World (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century BCE Conquest and colonization Asia Central Asia Iran (Persia)
327 BCE	Alexander takes a major new step, leaving Persian territory and moving through the mountain passes into India Go to Alexander III (“The Great”) in The Oxford Guide to People and Places of the Bible (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century BCE Conquest and colonization Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) Pakistan Greece
323 BCE	Alexander the Great, still only 33, dies in Babylon following a banquet Go to Alexander III (“The Great”) in The Oxford Guide to People and Places of the Bible (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century BCE Assyria and Babylon Dynasties and royalty Mesopotamia Asia West Asia Iraq Greece In the carve up of Alexander the Great's empire, Ptolemy wins Egypt and founds the Ptolemaic dynasty – with himself as the pharaoh Ptolemy I Go to Ptolemy in Oxford Dictionary of the Classical World (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century BCE Dynasties and royalty Africa North Africa Egypt
from 323 BCE	The spread of Greek rule by Alexander introduces the Hellenistic age, which will last for three centuries Go to Hellenistic Age (323–30 bc) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century BCE Dynasties and royalty Africa Central Africa North Africa Egypt Asia Central Asia West Asia Greece
322 BCE	Alexander's corpse, hijacked by Ptolemy, becomes a sacred relic in Alexandria Go to Ptolemy in Oxford Dictionary of the Classical World (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century BCE Dynasties and royalty Alexandria Africa North Africa Egypt
321 BCE	Chandragupta Maurya seizes the throne of Magadha, in India, and establishes the Mauryan dynasty Go to Mauryan empire (c. 325–185 bc) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century BCE Dynasties and royalty Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) India (republic)
c. 320 BCE	Ptolemy begins to transform Alexandria into a centre of Greek culture, founding his famous 'museum' and library Go to Alexandrian Library in The Oxford Companion to Classical Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century BCE Conquest and colonization Alexandria Africa North Africa Egypt
312 BCE	Seleucia is founded as a new capital on the Tigris, eclipsing Babylon and recycling much of the older city as building material Go to Seleucia (Iraq) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century BCE Assyria and Babylon Dynasties and royalty Mesopotamia Asia West Asia Iraq
301 BCE	Some 20 years after the death of Alexander the Great one of his generals, Ptolemy, extends his rule from Egypt to include Jerusalem Go to Ptolemy in Oxford Dictionary of the Classical World (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century BCE Conquest and colonization Jerusalem Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel
299 BCE	Seleucus founds Antioch as a Greek city on the trade route between Mesopotamia and Europe Go to Seleucids in Oxford Dictionary of the Classical World (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3rd century BCE Dynasties and royalty Commerce and industry Asia West Asia Lebanon and Syria Society
281 BCE	Pyrrhus lands in Italy, with 25,000 men and 20 elephants, to fight for the Greek colony of Tarentum against the Romans Go to Pyrrhus of Epiros (319–272 bc) in The Oxford Companion to Military History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3rd century BCE Conquest and colonization War Europe Greece Italy
272 BCE	Asoka, a devotee of Buddhism, wins the Mauryan throne and establishes India's first empire Go to Aśoka in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3rd century BCE Dynasties and royalty Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent)
241 BCE	At the end of the First Punic War, Sicily becomes Rome's first overseas province Go to Sicily in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3rd century BCE Punic Wars Conquest and colonization War Sicily Europe Greece Italy Wars and Revolutions
c. 240 BCE	Spain, with its mines of gold, silver and copper, is a hotly disputed region between Carthage and Rome Go to Punic wars in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3rd century BCE Punic Wars Conquest and colonization War Europe Spain Wars and Revolutions
227 BCE	Sardinia and Corsica are annexed by Rome, becoming the second Roman overseas province Go to Sardinia in The Oxford Companion to Classical Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3rd century BCE Punic Wars Conquest and colonization War Europe Greece Italy Wars and Revolutions
c. 225 BCE	A treaty defines the Ebro river as the Spanish boundary between Carthage and Rome Go to Hasdrubal(1) in The Oxford Classical Dictionary (3 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3rd century BCE Punic Wars War Europe Spain Wars and Revolutions
221 BCE	After 800 years the Zhou dynasty is brought to an end by the ruler of the Qin kingdom Go to Zhou in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3rd century BCE Dynasties and royalty Asia East Asia China The ruthless Qin dynasty establishes control over the whole of central China Go to Qin in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3rd century BCE Dynasties and royalty Asia East Asia China
213 BCE	In the Qin dictatorship, all Confucian books are burnt (except those of any practical use) and 460 Confucian scholars are executed Go to Shi Huangdi (259–210 bc) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3rd century BCE Dynasties and royalty Persecution and repression Asia East Asia China
207 BCE	A delegate from imperial China establishes the kingdom of Nam-Viet with himself as king Go to Dong Son Culture in The Oxford Companion to Archaeology (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3rd century BCE Dynasties and royalty Asia East Asia Southeast Asia Vietnam
206 BCE	The Qin emperor, Shi Huangdi, is buried at Xi'an with a vast army of terracotta soldiers Go to Shi Huangdi (259–210 bc) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3rd century BCE Dynasties and royalty Asia East Asia China The Han, the first of the great Chinese dynasties, is established Go to Han in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3rd century BCE Dynasties and royalty Asia East Asia China
201 BCE	Carthaginian Spain is handed over to Rome to become two new provinces, at the end of the Second Punic War Go to Punic wars in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3rd century BCE Punic Wars Conquest and colonization War Rome Europe Greece Spain Wars and Revolutions
196 BCE	The Romans, after defeating Macedon, announce at the Isthmian Games that all Greek states are now free under Roman protection Go to Flāminī'nus, Titus Qui'nctius (c.229–174 bc) in The Oxford Companion to Classical Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 2nd century BCE Conquest and colonization Europe Greece Italy
165 BCE	The Jewish leader Judas the Maccabee captures Jerusalem and cleanses the Temple Go to JUDAH THE MACCABEE in The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 2nd century BCE Protest and rebellion Religion Judaism Jerusalem Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel
c. 140 BCE	The priestly Sadducees are confronted in the Sanhedrin by a new opposition party - the Pharisees Go to Pharisees in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 2nd century BCE Religion Judaism Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel
139 BCE	A secret ballot is instituted for Roman citizens, who mark their vote on a tablet and place it in an urn Go to elections and voting in Oxford Dictionary of the Classical World (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 2nd century BCE Democracy and dissent Europe Greece Italy
133 BCE	The tribune Tiberius Gracchus is murdered by a mob which includes Roman senators Go to Gracchus, Tiberius Sempronius (c. 163–133bc) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 2nd century BCE Terrorism and assassination Europe Italy
c. 125 BCE	Under the Han dynasty the Confucians become the official civil servants in China, with entry to the service regulated by examination Go to Confucianism in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 2nd century BCE Asia East Asia China
121 BCE	The Romans establish a province in the south of France, still acknowledged in the name Provence Go to Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur (France) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 2nd century BCE Conquest and colonization Europe France The tribune Gaius Gracchus is murdered by an armed group, led by a consul, after which 3000 of his supporters are rounded up and executed Go to Gracchus, Tiberius Sempronius (c. 163–133bc) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 2nd century BCE Terrorism and assassination Europe Italy
c. 100 BCE	The Parthians develop the site of Ctesiphon, on the east bank of the Tigris opposite Seleucia Go to Parthians in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 2nd century BCE 1st century BCE Dynasties and royalty Mesopotamia Asia West Asia Iraq
88 BCE	The Roman general Sulla takes the unprecedented step of marching upon Rome with a Roman army, to restore his own faction to power Go to Sulla, Publius Cornelius (c.138–78bc) in The Oxford Companion to Military History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century BCE Protest and rebellion War Rome Europe Italy
86 BCE	Sulla, campaigning to the east, besieges Athens and then allows his army to loot the city Go to Sulla, Publius Cornelius (c.138–78bc) in The Oxford Companion to Military History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century BCE Ancient Athens Conquest and colonization War Europe Greece Italy
80 BCE	The 26-year-old Pompey conducts such a successful campaign in Africa that his soldiers hail him as Pompey the Great Go to Pompey ‘the Great’ (106–48 bc) in The Oxford Companion to Military History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century BCE Conquest and colonization Africa North Africa
75 BCE	Julius Caesar, captured by pirates on his way to Rhodes, warns them that he will crucify them - and later keeps his word Go to crucifixion in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century BCE Europe Greece Italy
73 BCE	A rebellion by Spartacus and other slaves from a gladiators' training camp at Capua lasts for two years before it is suppressed Go to Spartacus in Oxford Dictionary of the Classical World (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century BCE Protest and rebellion Europe Greece Italy
64 BCE	Pompey takes Antioch and brings Syria under control as a Roman province Go to Pompey ‘the Great’ (106–48 bc) in The Oxford Companion to Military History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century BCE Conquest and colonization Asia West Asia Lebanon and Syria
63 BCE	Pompey captures Jerusalem, bringing Judaea under Roman control Go to Pompey ‘the Great’ (106–48 bc) in The Oxford Companion to Military History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century BCE Conquest and colonization Judaism Jerusalem Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel
60 BCE	Julius Caesar persuades Pompey and Crassus to join him in a political alliance to their mutual advantage, known now as the first triumvirate See this event in other timelines: 1st century BCE Europe Greece Italy
58 BCE	At the end of his year as consul, Caesar travels north to become governor of northern Italy and southern France Go to Caesar, Julius in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century BCE Conquest and colonization Europe France Greece Italy
57 BCE	Silla becomes the first of the three kingdoms of Korea, followed by Koguryo in 37 BC and Paekche in 18 BC Go to Korea in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century BCE Dynasties and royalty Asia East Asia Korea
55 BCE	Julius Caesar makes the first of his two invasions of Celtic Britain Go to Gallic wars in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century BCE Roman Britain Celts Conquest and colonization British Isles Europe Greece Society Britain
54 BCE	Julius Caesar returns to Britain for a second visit, this time reaching north of the Thames into the kingdom of Cassivellaunus Go to Cassivellaunus in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century BCE Roman Britain Conquest and colonization British Isles Europe Greece Britain
53 BCE	The death of Crassus at Carrhae brings to an end the first triumvirate Go to Crassus, Marcus Licinius in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century BCE Asia West Asia Turkey Europe Greece Italy
52 BCE	The Celtic leader Vercingetorix inflicts an unaccustomed defeat on Julius Caesar, at Gergovia, but is captured later in the year Go to Vercingetorix in A Dictionary of Celtic Mythology (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century BCE Celts Conquest and colonization Battles Europe France Greece Society In his winter quarters Julius Caesar writes The Gallic War, an account of his own achievements in suppressing the Gauls Go to Gaul in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century BCE Literature Conquest and colonization Europe France Greece
51 BCE	In the Ptolemaic tradition, Cleopatra marries her brother Ptolemy XIII and at the age of eighteen is joint ruler of Egypt Go to Cleopa'tra VII (69–30 bc) in The Oxford Companion to Classical Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century BCE Dynasties and royalty Africa North Africa Egypt
49 BCE	Julius Caesar crosses the river Rubicon (the southern boundary of Gaul) with his army – and in doing so launches a civil war See this event in other timelines: 1st century BCE Dynasties and royalty War Europe Greece Italy
48 BCE	Julius Caesar defeats his rival Pompey at Pharsalus, in Greece, and makes himself master of the Roman world Go to Pharsalus, Battle of (48 bc) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century BCE Dynasties and royalty Battles Europe Greece Italy Julius Caesar, now fifty-two, meets the 21-year-old Cleopatra in Alexandria and they become lovers Go to Caesar, Julius (100–44 bc) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century BCE Dynasties and royalty Alexandria Africa North Africa Egypt
47 BCE	Cleopatra gives birth to a son and calls him Ptolemy XV Caesar (later known by the nickname Caesarion) Go to Caesa'rion (‘little Caesar’) in The Oxford Companion to Classical Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century BCE Dynasties and royalty Europe Italy Julius Caesar concludes a campaign in Asia Minor so speedily that he declares, succinctly, Veni, vidi, vici ('I came, I saw, I conquered') Go to veni, vidi, vici in The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century BCE Conquest and colonization Asia West Asia Turkey
46 BCE	Vercingetorix is a prize exhibit in Caesar's great triumph in Rome, but the Celtic chieftain is strangled once the procession is over Go to Vercingetorix in A Dictionary of Celtic Mythology (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century BCE Celts Europe Greece Italy Society A town is founded by Julius Caesar on the ruined site of Carthage, and eventually flourishes as Colonia Julia Carthago Go to Carthage (Tunisia, USA) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century BCE Conquest and colonization Africa North Africa
44 BCE	On March 15, the Ides of March, Julius Caesar is stabbed to death during a meeting of the senate Go to Caesar, Julius (100–44 bc) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century BCE Terrorism and assassination Europe Greece Italy Octavian, an 18-year-old student in Apollonia, hears that he has been named by his uncle, Julius Caesar, as his successor and heir Go to Augustus (63 bc–ad 14) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century BCE Dynasties and royalty Europe Greece Italy
43 BCE	Octavian, Mark Antony and Lepidus meet in Bologna and form an alliance known as the second triumvirate Go to triumvirate in The Oxford Companion to Classical Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century BCE Europe Italy
37 BCE	Herod, appointed king of Judaea by the senate in Rome, establishes his rule over Palestine Go to Herod (c.73 bc–4 bc) in The Oxford Companion to Classical Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century BCE Dynasties and royalty Judaism Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel
30 BCE	Cleopatra commits suicide, applying a poisonous asp to her breast, Go to Cleopa'tra VII (69–30 bc) in The Oxford Companion to Classical Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century BCE Dynasties and royalty Alexandria Africa North Africa Egypt With the annexation of Egypt, the entire Mediterranean falls under Roman control Go to Augustus (63 bc–ad 14) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century BCE Conquest and colonization Africa North Africa Egypt
27 BCE	Octavian is given the life-long title of Augustus by the senate in Rome, becoming in effect the first Roman emperor Go to Augustus (63 bc–ad 14) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century BCE Roman empire Dynasties and royalty Europe Greece Italy Empires
c. 20 BCE	Augustus Caesar puts a team of surveyors to work mapping the empire's 50,000 miles of roads, a task which will take them twenty years Go to Augustus (63 bc–ad 14) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century BCE Roman empire Europe Greece Italy Empires The Netherlands, or 'low countries' around the Rhine delta, enter history as the Roman province of Germania Inferior Go to Germania in The Oxford Classical Dictionary (3 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century BCE Roman empire Conquest and colonization Europe Belgium Netherlands Empires
c. 10 BCE	The period of stability achieved during the reign of Augustus Caesar has been given the name Pax Romana ('Roman peace') Go to Pax Augusta (‘The Augustan [or Roman] Peace’) in The Oxford Companion to Classical Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Roman empire Dynasties and royalty Commerce and industry Europe Greece Italy Society Empires
4	After the death of two of his grandsons, the emperor Augustus formally adopts his stepson Tiberius as his successor Go to Tiberius in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Roman empire Dynasties and royalty Europe Italy Empires Augustus Caesar insists on Tiberius adopting as his successor Germanicus, a talented young member of the imperial family Go to Iulius Caesar, Germanicus in The Oxford Classical Dictionary (3 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Roman empire Dynasties and royalty Europe Italy Empires
5	Germanicus, designated eventual heir to the throne, marries Agrippina, granddaughter of the ruling emperor Go to Agrippina the Elder (c.14 bc–ad 33) in Who's Who in the Classical World (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Roman empire Dynasties and royalty Europe Italy Empires
9	The defeat of three Roman legions in the Teutoberg Forest by Arminius, establishes the Rhine as a natural boundary of the Roman empire Go to Teutoburger Wald, battle of (ad 9) in The Oxford Companion to Military History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Roman empire Conquest and colonization Battles Germany Empires
14	The death of Augustus introduces half a century of chaos, as the members of his family compete ruthlessly for power Go to Tiberius in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Roman empire Dynasties and royalty Europe Greece Italy Empires Tiberius succeeds his stepfather Augustus Caesar as the Roman emperor Go to Tiberius in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Roman empire Dynasties and royalty Europe Italy Empires
19	Germanicus, nephew and heir of the emperor Tiberius, dies when far away with the army in Syria Go to Iulius Caesar, Germanicus in The Oxford Classical Dictionary (3 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Roman empire Dynasties and royalty Asia West Asia Lebanon and Syria Europe Italy Empires
23	The Han dynasty recovers control, after a 15-year interlude, and moves the capital to Loyang - starting the Eastern Han period Go to Han in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Dynasties and royalty Asia East Asia China
37	Within the tangled and tormented web of the Roman imperial family, Gaius Caesar - nicknamed Caligula - inherits the throne Go to Caligula (12–41 ad) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Roman empire Dynasties and royalty Europe Italy Empires
c. 40	The death of Cymbeline is a prelude to the renewed Roman invasion of Celtic Britain Go to Cymbeline (c.42 ad) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Roman Britain Celts Conquest and colonization British Isles Europe Society Britain
41	Claudius, after the assassination of his nephew Caligula, is selected as emperor by the praetorian guards Go to Claudius (ad 41–54) in The Oxford Companion to British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Roman empire Dynasties and royalty Europe Italy Empires Herod Agrippa, a grandson of Herod the Great, restores a brief calm to Palestine Go to Herod Agrippa I (ad 10–44) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Roman empire Dynasties and royalty Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel Empires
43	The Romans invade Britain and the tribal leader Caractacus fails to hold them in an encounter near the Medway Go to Caractacus in The Concise Oxford Companion to English Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Roman empire Roman Britain Conquest and colonization Europe Empires Britain The emperor Claudius catches up with the Roman army, waiting at the Thames for him to lead the final victory over the English tribes Go to Claudius (ad 41–54) in The Oxford Companion to British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Roman empire Roman Britain Conquest and colonization Europe Empires Britain
54	The 16-year-old Nero is proclaimed emperor by the praetorian guards after the death of Claudius, supposedly poisoned by toadstools Go to Nero, Claudius Caesar Drusus Germanicus (c. 37–68 ad) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Roman empire Dynasties and royalty Europe Italy Empires
60	Boudicca launches a devastating attack on Roman soldiers and settlers, destroying their headquarters at Colchester Go to Boudicca (62 ad) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Roman empire Roman Britain Conquest and colonization Protest and rebellion Europe Empires Britain
64	A great fire in Rome is popularly believed to have been started by Nero, whom legend also accuses of fiddling while the city burns Go to Nero (54–68 ce) in A Dictionary of the Bible (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Roman empire Dynasties and royalty Social and domestic Rome Europe Greece Italy Society Empires
66	The Zealots play a prominent part in the uprising which expels the Romans from Jerusalem Go to Zealots in A Concise Companion to the Jewish Religion (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Roman empire Conquest and colonization Protest and rebellion Judaism Jerusalem Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel Empires
69	A rebellion in Spain prompts such chaos that Rome has four emperors within a year, after the suicide of Nero in 68 Go to Roman civil wars in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Roman empire Dynasties and royalty Protest and rebellion Rome Europe Italy Empires Vespasian, proclaimed emperor by his troops in Alexandria, is the survivor among this year's four emperors Go to Vespasian (ad 9–79) in The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Roman empire Dynasties and royalty Alexandria Africa North Africa Egypt Europe Italy Empires
70	Titus recovers Jerusalem for Rome, after four years of Jewish rule Go to Titus (ad 39–81) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Roman empire Conquest and colonization Judaism Jerusalem Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel Empires The complete destruction of the Jewish Temple follows the fall of Jerusalem to the Romans Go to Jewish Revolt in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Roman empire Conquest and colonization Persecution and repression Religion Judaism Jerusalem Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel Empires
73	The last of the Jewish insurgents are besieged in the stronghold of Masada, eventually killing each other to end their ordeal Go to Masada in A Dictionary of the Bible (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Protest and rebellion Judaism Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel
77	Agricola, appointed Roman governor of Britain in AD 77, establishes Chester as a stronghold from which to control the Welsh tribes Go to Agricola in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Roman empire Roman Britain Conquest and colonization Wales Europe Empires Britain
79	Titus becomes emperor on the death of his father, Vespasian, and begins a brief two-year reign of lavish public generosity Go to Titus (ad 39–81) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Roman empire Dynasties and royalty Europe Italy Empires
81	Dying after a reign of only two years, Titus is succeeded on the imperial throne by his brother, Domitian Go to Domitian (ad 51–96) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Roman empire Dynasties and royalty Europe Italy Empires
83	Agricola defeats the tribes of Scotland at an unidentified place called Mons Graupius, probably almost as far north as Aberdeen Go to Agricola in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Roman empire Roman Britain Conquest and colonization Scotland Europe Empires Britain
98	Trajan, succeeding to the imperial throne in AD 98, is sufficiently confident to spend a year in Germany before returning to Rome Go to Trajan (c. 53–117 ad) in The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Roman empire Dynasties and royalty Europe Germany Italy Empires
c. 100	The first accounts of Scotland, written by the Romans, name the Caledonii as the most important tribe of the region Go to Caledonii in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE 2nd century Roman empire Roman Britain Scotland Europe Empires Britain
106	After two campaigns by Trajan the rich region of Dacia (today's Romania) is brought under Rome's control Go to Dacia in Oxford Dictionary of the Classical World (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 2nd century Conquest and colonization Europe
117	Hadrian, governing Syria when he is declared emperor, is confident enough to delay almost a year before returning to Rome Go to Hadrian in The Oxford Companion to Classical Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 2nd century Roman empire Dynasties and royalty Asia West Asia Lebanon and Syria Europe Italy Empires
c. 120	Kanishka rules the Kushan empire of Afghanistan and northern India from his capital at Peshawar Go to Kuṣāṇa in A Dictionary of Buddhism (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 2nd century Dynasties and royalty Asia Central Asia Afghanistan South Asia India (the subcontinent)
122	The emperor Hadrian, visiting Britain, orders the construction of a great wall from coast to coast to keep out the Caledonian tribes Go to Hadrian's Wall in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 2nd century Roman empire Roman Britain Conquest and colonization Europe Empires Britain
130	Hadrian, visiting Jerusalem, decides to rebuild it as a Roman city - an act which provokes the final Jewish uprising Go to Jewish revolts (66–73) in The Oxford Companion to Military History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 2nd century Roman empire Protest and rebellion Judaism Jerusalem Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel Empires
132	Simon Bar-Cochba drives the Romans out of Jerusalem and holds it for three years, until a large Roman army recovers the city Go to Bar Cochba in The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (3 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 2nd century Roman empire Protest and rebellion Judaism Jerusalem Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel Empires
135	After the Roman recovery of Jerusalem from Simon Bar-Cochba, all Jews are expelled from the city Go to Bar Cochba in The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (3 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 2nd century Roman empire Conquest and colonization Judaism Jerusalem Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel Empires
138	The emperor Hadrian, with no children of his own, appoints a respected senator, Antoninus Pius, to succeed him Go to Antoninus Pius in The Oxford Classical Dictionary (3 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 2nd century Roman empire Dynasties and royalty Europe Italy Empires
c. 142	The emperor Antoninus Pius gives orders for the construction of a defensive earthwork, to the north of Hadrian's Wall Go to Antoninus Pius in The Oxford Classical Dictionary (3 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 2nd century Roman empire Roman Britain Conquest and colonization Europe Empires Britain
161	Marcus Aurelius, for long the designated heir, becomes emperor on the death of Antoninus Pius Go to Aurelius, Marcus in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 2nd century Roman empire Dynasties and royalty Europe Italy Empires
165	The Romans annexe Doura-Europus, giving it its most prosperous period as a frontier town between the Roman and Persian empires Go to Europus in The Oxford Classical Dictionary (3 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 2nd century Roman empire Conquest and colonization Asia West Asia Lebanon and Syria Empires
177	On the order of Marcus Aurelius, Christians in Lyons are tortured to death - an instance of persecution unusual at this time Go to Lyons, Martyrs of (d. 177) in The Oxford Dictionary of Saints (5 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 2nd century Roman empire Persecution and repression Religion Christianity Europe France Empires
c. 208	Ardashir is crowned king of Fars - a first step towards his founding of the Sassanian dynasty in Persia Go to Ardashir I (d.ad 240) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3rd century Dynasties and royalty Asia Central Asia Iran (Persia)
221	The Han dynasty is brought to an end, after more than four centuries, by decades of peasant unrest Go to Han in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3rd century Dynasties and royalty Asia East Asia China
258	Cyprian, bishop of Carthage, is one of many Christians martyred for refusing to sacrifice to the Roman gods Go to Cyprian (c.ad 200–58) in Who's Who in the Classical World (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3rd century Roman empire Persecution and repression Religion Christianity Africa North Africa Empires
284	Diocletian, commanding an army near the Bosphorus in Thracia, is proclaimed emperor by his troops Go to Diocletian (284–305) in The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3rd century Roman empire Dynasties and royalty Europe Italy Empires
c. 300	Ten dynasties and nineteen kingdoms jockey for power in the three centuries after the fall of the Han dynasty Go to Three Kingdoms (220–280) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3rd century 4th century Asia East Asia China
303	The emperor Diocletian initiates a sustained persecution of Christians in the Roman empire Go to Diocletian (284–305) in The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century Roman empire Persecution and repression Religion Christianity Africa North Africa Asia West Asia Europe Empires
305	Diocletian resigns from his position as Augustus because of ill health, and retires to Dalmatia Go to Diocletian (284–305) in The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century Dynasties and royalty Europe
306	Constantine's father, recently appointed Augustus in the west, dies at York and the young man is proclaimed Augustus in his place by the legions in Britain Go to Constantine (c. 274–337) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century Roman empire Roman Britain Dynasties and royalty Europe Italy Empires Britain
312	Constantine, preparing for battle against a rival at the Milvian Bridge, orders his men to wear a Christian symbol, the Chi-Rho, on their shields Go to Christogram in The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century Roman empire Dynasties and royalty Religion Christianity Europe Greece Italy Empires After winning the battle at Milvian Bridge, Constantine marches into Rome and is formally acknowledged by the Senate as Augustus of the west Go to Milvian Bridge in The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century Roman empire Dynasties and royalty Religion Christianity Rome Europe Greece Italy Empires
313	Constantine meets his co-emperor Licinius in Milan, and persuades him to follow a policy of encouraging the Christians Go to Licinius in Who's Who in the Classical World (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century Roman empire Dynasties and royalty Religion Christianity Europe Italy Empires
314	Warming to his new Christian role, Constantine summons more than 300 bishops to Arles to discuss the controversial issue of Donatus Go to Donatism in The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century Roman empire Dynasties and royalty Religion Christianity Europe France Empires
c. 320	The territory of the Gupta dynasty is extended by Chandra Gupta, to include most of the great plain of the Ganges Go to Gupta in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century Dynasties and royalty Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent)
325	Constantine executes Licinius in Thessalonica on a charge of attempted rebellion, a year after defeating him in battle Go to Licinius (308–324) in The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century Roman empire Europe Greece Italy Empires Constantine convenes a council of 200 bishops at Nicaea to discuss the beliefs of Arius, which are deemed to be heresy Go to Arius (c.ad 260–336) in Oxford Dictionary of the Classical World (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century Roman empire Dynasties and royalty Religion Christianity Asia West Asia Turkey Empires
330	Constantine's new Christian city on the site of Byzantium is inaugurated, as Constantinople Go to Constantinople in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century Roman empire Byzantine empire Dynasties and royalty Religion Christianity Catholic and orthodox Turkey Europe Empires
337	Constantine is at last baptized a Christian in Nicomedia, just a few days before his death Go to Constantine I (285–337) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century Roman empire Byzantine empire Dynasties and royalty Religion Christianity Catholic and orthodox Asia West Asia Turkey Empires
c. 350	The Cushite dynasty fades away in Nubia, after lasting for 1000 years or more Go to Nubians in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century Dynasties and royalty Africa North Africa Egypt The clan ruling the Yamato plain becomes so powerful that its chieftain is seen as the emperor of Japan Go to Yamato in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century Dynasties and royalty Asia East Asia Japan Greece begins to find a new and influential role in a Christian context, through the Byzantine empire Go to Constantinople in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century Roman empire Byzantine empire Religion Christianity Catholic and orthodox Europe Greece Empires
361	Julian, the new emperor in Constantinople, plans to reinstate the pagan cult of the ancient Roman empire Go to Julian the Apostate (332–63) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century Byzantine empire Dynasties and royalty Religion Turkey Europe Empires
363	An apocryphal story states that Julian the Apostate, dying at Tarsus, acknowledges the victory of the Galilean, Jesus Christ Go to Julian the Apostate (332–63) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century Roman empire Byzantine empire Dynasties and royalty Religion Christianity Asia West Asia Turkey Empires
379	Theodosius becomes the Roman emperor and revives Constantine's close link between church and state Go to Theodosius I in The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (3 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century Byzantine empire Dynasties and royalty Turkey Europe Empires
c. 380	Roman legions begin to be withdrawn from Britain, leaving the Celtic population increasingly vulnerable Go to Stilicho in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century Roman empire Roman Britain Celts Conquest and colonization Europe Society Empires Britain
390	St Ambrose asserts the authority of the church, refusing communion to the emperor Theodosius in Milan until he does penance for a massacre Go to Ambrose, St (c.339–97) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century Byzantine empire Dynasties and royalty Religion Christianity Europe Italy Empires
c. 400	Niall of the Nine Hostages is the first man to be called king of Ireland, though his direct control does not extend beyond Ulster Go to Niall of the Nine Hostages (c.445–53) in The Kings and Queens of Britain (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century 5th century Dynasties and royalty British Isles Europe Ireland Britain The Yamato clan adapt Shinto to their own purposes, and claim imperial descent from the sun Go to Yamato in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century 5th century Dynasties and royalty Religion Asia East Asia Japan
406	The Vandals cross the Rhine into Gaul and move into Spain, from which the Visigoths soon push them on into Africa Go to Vandals in The Oxford Companion to Classical Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 5th century Roman empire Conquest and colonization Migration Europe France Spain Society Empires
445	Attila murders his brother and becomes the sole ruler of the Huns, who are now pressing through Dacia and across the Danube Go to Attila (d. 453) in The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (3 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 5th century Dynasties and royalty Migration Europe Society
c. 450	Angles, Saxons and other Germanic groups invade southern England and steadily push the Celts westwards Go to Saxons in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 5th century Celts Conquest and colonization Migration British Isles Europe Society Britain
476	The tribal leader and mercenary Odoacer becomes king of Italy - an event often taken as defining the end of the Roman empire in the west Go to Odoacer (433–93) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 5th century Roman empire Dynasties and royalty Europe Italy Empires
c. 481	The 15-year-old Clovis inherits the Merovingian crown and becomes leader of the Franks - with his first capital at Tournai Go to Clovis1 (465–511) in The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 5th century Dynasties and royalty Europe France
487	Theodoric the Ostrogoth, threatening Constantinople, is cunningly diverted by the emperor into invading Italy Go to Theodoric the Great in The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 5th century Byzantine empire Dynasties and royalty War Asia West Asia Turkey Europe Italy Empires
493	Theodoric wins Ravenna from Odoacer - by inviting Odoacer to a banquet and murdering him during the meal Go to Theodoric the Great in The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 5th century Byzantine empire Dynasties and royalty War Europe Italy Empires
c. 500	The temple city of Tikal is one of many Mayan city states of the Classic period Go to Tikal, Guatemala in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 5th century 6th century Mesoamerican civilization Latin America Central America Mexico The city of Tiwanaku develops to the south of Lake Titicaca, and soon dominates the surrounding region Go to Tiahuanaco, Bolivia in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 5th century 6th century Conquest and colonization Latin America South America According to Bede, the first widely accepted Anglo-Saxon ruler in southern Britain is Aelli, founder of the West Sussex kingdom Go to Ælle (d. c.514) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 5th century 6th century Dynasties and royalty British Isles Europe Britain Clovis and some 3000 of his soldiers are baptized in a massive ceremony at Reims Go to Clovis (c. 466–511) in The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (3 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 5th century 6th century Dynasties and royalty Religion Christianity Europe France
526	By the end of his long reign Theodoric amply justifies his title 'the Great' and his place in legend as Dietrich von Bern Go to Dietrich of Bern in The Concise Oxford Companion to English Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 6th century Dynasties and royalty Europe Italy
527	Justinian becomes emperor in Constantinople, beginning a reign which will restore the empire to much of its former glory Go to Justinian (483–565) in The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 6th century Byzantine empire Dynasties and royalty Asia West Asia Turkey Europe Empires
532	Theodora shows her mettle, as empress, in her response to the anarchy and terror unleashed in Constantinople by the Nika revolt Go to Nika Revolt in The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 6th century Byzantine empire Protest and rebellion Turkey Europe Empires
533	The Byzantine general Belisarius recovers Carthage from the Vandals Go to Vandal in The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 6th century Byzantine empire Conquest and colonization Africa North Africa Empires
535	Belisarius lands in Sicily at the start of a five-year campaign to recover Ravenna for the Byzantine emperor Go to Ravenna in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 6th century Byzantine empire Conquest and colonization Sicily Europe Italy Empires
c. 540	Khosrau I builds himself a superb new palace, of which the great vaulted Taq-e Kisra remains today at Ctesiphon Go to Khosrau I (579 ad) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 6th century Dynasties and royalty Mesopotamia Asia West Asia Iraq
c. 550	Most of Spain is by now in the hands of the Visigoths, though for a while the Byzantines win back territories in the south Go to Visigoths (west *Goths) in The Oxford Companion to Classical Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 6th century Byzantine empire Conquest and colonization Migration Europe Spain Society Empires
552	The territories won by Clovis become divided into the two Frankish kingdoms of Austrasia and Neustria Go to Clovis1 (465–511) in The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 6th century Europe
c. 584	Byzantine Italy is brought under a new administration, or exarchate, based in Ravenna Go to Exarchate in Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 6th century Byzantine empire Europe Italy Empires
589	After three centuries of chaos and disunion in China, a stable dynasty - the Sui - is established by Wen Ti (the Cultured Emperor) Go to Sui in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 6th century Dynasties and royalty Asia East Asia China
614	Jerusalem falls to the Persian emperor Khosrau II after a siege of a month, and it is said that 60,000 Christians are massacred Go to Khosrau II (628 ad) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 7th century Byzantine empire Conquest and colonization Jerusalem Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel Empires
618	A high official of the Sui empire seizes power and establishes one of China's greatest dynasties, the T'ang Go to T'ang in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 7th century Dynasties and royalty Asia East Asia China
627	The Byzantine emperor Heraclius recovers the True Cross from Ctesiphon Go to Heraclius I (575–642) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 7th century Byzantine empire Dynasties and royalty Religion Christianity Mesopotamia Asia West Asia Iraq Empires
632	The death of Muhammad at Medina is followed by the election of the first caliph, Abu Bakr, a father-in-law of the prophet Go to Abu Bakr (c. 573–634) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 7th century Caliphs Dynasties and royalty Religion Islam Asia West Asia
634	Omar, another father-in-law of Muhammad, is elected as the second Muslim caliph (the word means 'successor to the Messenger of God') Go to Omar (c.581–644) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 7th century Caliphs Dynasties and royalty Religion Islam Asia West Asia
637	The Arabs defeat a Persian army at Kadisiya and then sack the city of Ctesiphon, effectively bringing to an end the Sassanian dynasty Go to Sassanian Period in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 7th century Conquest and colonization Muslim empires Mesopotamia Asia Central Asia Iran (Persia) West Asia Iraq Empires
638	The Arab capture of Jerusalem brings Palestine and Syria under Muslim control Go to Jerusalem in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 7th century Byzantine empire Conquest and colonization Religion Islam Jerusalem Muslim empires Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel Empires
642	The unopposed capture of Alexandria by the Arabs completes the Muslim conquest of Egypt Go to Alexandria in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 7th century Byzantine empire Conquest and colonization Religion Islam Alexandria Muslim empires Africa North Africa Egypt Empires
643	The Coptic Christians of Egypt become isolated after the Muslim conquest Go to Copt in The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 7th century Conquest and colonization Religion Christianity Islam Africa North Africa Egypt
644	After the assassination of Omar, Othman is elected as the third Muslim caliph Go to Othman (574–656) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 7th century Caliphs Dynasties and royalty Terrorism and assassination Religion Islam Muslim empires Asia West Asia Empires
c. 650	In the Frankish kingdoms the 'mayors of the palace' steadily become more powerful than their nominal masters, the Merovingian kings Go to Mayor of the Palace in The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 7th century Europe France The Vikings develop the fast and narrow longships with which they raid across the North Sea Go to longship noun in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 7th century Conquest and colonization British Isles Europe Britain
656	Othman is assassinated, and Ali wins power as the fourth Muslim caliph - defeating Muhammad's widow Aisha at the 'battle of the camel' near Basra Go to Camel, Battle of the in The Oxford Dictionary of Islam (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 7th century Caliphs Dynasties and royalty Religion Islam Battles Muslim empires Mesopotamia Asia West Asia Iraq Empires
661	Ali is assassinated and Mu'awiya becomes the fifth Muslim caliph, establishing the Umayyad dynasty Go to Umayyad Caliphate in The Oxford Dictionary of Islam (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 7th century Caliphs Dynasties and royalty Terrorism and assassination Religion Islam Muslim empires Asia West Asia Lebanon and Syria Empires The emergence of the Shi'a party creates a major schism within Islam Go to Shia noun in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 7th century Religion Islam Asia West Asia
664	The king of Northumbria summons a synod at Whitby to hear the arguments of Roman and Celtic Christians, then opts for Rome Go to synod in The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 7th century Celts Dynasties and royalty Religion Christianity British Isles Europe Society Britain
670	The Arabs establish a garrison town at Kairouan, as a base for the conquest of northwest Africa Go to Corvey in The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 7th century Byzantine empire Conquest and colonization Religion Islam Muslim empires Africa North Africa Empires With the entire middle east under their control, the Arabs make Damascus the capital of the Umayyad caliphate Go to Damascus in A Dictionary of the Bible (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 7th century Caliphs Dynasties and royalty Religion Islam Muslim empires Africa North Africa Asia West Asia Lebanon and Syria Empires
c. 687	With a victory at Tertry, Pepin II wins effective control over all three Frankish kingdoms Go to Tertry, Battle of in The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 7th century Dynasties and royalty Europe France Germany
698	Carthage is captured from the Byzantines by the Arabs and is finally destroyed, though Tunis will later rise nearby Go to Carthage in The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 7th century Byzantine empire Conquest and colonization Africa North Africa Empires
c. 700	Shortage of manpower in the Muslim armies causes a change of policy, with non-Arabs now allowed to convert to Islam Go to armies, Islamic in The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 7th century 8th century Conquest and colonization Religion Islam Muslim empires Asia West Asia Empires The earliest two Turkish states are the confederation of Gök Türk and the empire of the Khazars Go to KHAZARS in The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 7th century 8th century Dynasties and royalty Turks Asia West Asia Turkey The ancient kingdom of Ghana is the first to be established at the southern end of the Saharan trade routes See this event in other timelines: 7th century 8th century Africa West Africa Many Anglo-Saxon kingdoms have by now amalgamated, until there are just the seven of the Heptarchy Go to heptarchy in The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 7th century 8th century British Isles Europe Britain
710	The Japanese imperial court makes its capital city at Nara, based on the Chinese example of Xi'an Go to Xi'an (Shaanxi/China) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 8th century Asia East Asia Japan
711	Muslim Arabs cross from north Africa into Spain and drive the Visigoths from Toledo Go to Toledo in The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 8th century Conquest and colonization Religion Islam Muslim empires Africa North Africa Europe Spain Empires
712	Muslims, arriving from Persia through Baluchistan, occupy the region of Sind in western India Go to Sind in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 8th century Conquest and colonization Religion Islam Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) Pakistan
714	The death of the Frankish 'mayor of the palace' Pepin II is followed by civil war between members of his family Go to Merovingians in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 8th century Dynasties and royalty War Europe France
718	Retreating from the Arab onslaught, the Visigoths establish a kingdom of last resort in the extreme north of Spain, in Asturias Go to Asturias (Philippines, Spain) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 8th century Conquest and colonization Migration Muslim empires Europe Spain Society Empires
724	The civil war among the Franks ends with complete victory for Charles Martel, an illegitimate grandson of Pepin II Go to Charles Martel (c. 688–741) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 8th century Dynasties and royalty War Europe France
c. 725	The Frankish ruler Charles Martel, granting tracts of land to his nobles, lays the foundation for European feudalism Go to feudalism in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 8th century Europe France
726	The Venetians for the first time elect their own doge, acting independently of the Byzantine governor in Ravenna Go to doge in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 8th century Byzantine empire Democracy and dissent Venice Europe Italy Empires
732	The Muslim advance into France is halted when Charles Martel defeats the Arabs between Poitiers and Tours Go to Poitiers in The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 8th century Conquest and colonization Religion Christianity Islam Battles Muslim empires Europe France Empires
741	Charles Martel dies and leaves the Frankish kingdoms to his two sons, Carloman and Pepin III Go to Pepin III (714–68) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 8th century Dynasties and royalty Europe France
747	The elder son of Charles Martel retires to a monastery, leaving Pepin III in control of the entire Frankish empire Go to Pepin in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 8th century Dynasties and royalty Europe France
c. 750	With papal support Pepin III is elected king of the Franks, beginning the Carolingian dynasty (named from his father, Charles Martel) Go to Carolingian empire in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 8th century Papacy Europe France The Abbasids massacre the Umayyads in Damascus and establish a new caliphate Go to Abbasids in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 8th century Caliphs Dynasties and royalty Religion Islam Muslim empires Asia West Asia Lebanon and Syria Empires
751	A battle at the Talas river, between the Chinese and the Arabs, is a decisive victory for the Arabs Go to Zhambyl in The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 8th century Conquest and colonization Muslim empires Asia Central Asia Empires Muscat and Oman establish a tradition of spiritual rule by elected imams Go to Imam in The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 8th century Religion Islam Asia West Asia
753	Pope Stephen II anoints Pepin III and his two sons (one of them Charlemagne) in the abbey church of St Denis Go to St-Denis in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 8th century Holy Roman empire Religion Christianity Papacy Europe France Empires
756	Abd-ar-Rahman, escaping from the massacre of his family in Syria, establishes a new Umayyad dynasty at Cordoba Go to Cordoba in The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 8th century Dynasties and royalty Religion Islam Muslim empires Europe Spain Empires Pepin III, after recovering Byzantine territories in Italy from the Lombards, hands control of the region to the pope in Rome Go to Patrimony of St Peter in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 8th century Byzantine empire Conquest and colonization Papacy Europe Italy Empires
762	The Abbasid caliphs create Baghdad as a new capital city on the Tigris Go to Tigris in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 8th century Caliphs Dynasties and royalty Muslim empires Mesopotamia Asia West Asia Iraq Empires
768	On the death of Pepin III, the empire of the Franks is divided between his two sons - Charlemagne and his younger brother, Carloman Go to Charlemagne (c.742–814) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 8th century Dynasties and royalty Europe France
771	On the death of his brother, Charlemagne inherits the entire kingdom of the Franks Go to Charlemagne in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 8th century Holy Roman empire Dynasties and royalty Europe France Germany Empires
772	Charlemagne destroys a great Saxon shrine, the Irminsul - the start of a 30-year campaign against his pagan neighbours in what is now Germany Go to Seide (Europe) in A Dictionary of World Mythology (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 8th century Conquest and colonization Germany
774	After two campaigns in Lombardy, Charlemagne establishes himself as king of the Lombards in northern Italy Go to Lombardy (Canada, Italy) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 8th century Conquest and colonization Europe Italy
793	The monks of Lindisfarne become the first known overseas victims of a Viking raid Go to Vikings in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 8th century Conquest and colonization British Isles Europe Britain
794	The Japanese imperial court moves to a new capital city - Kyoto Go to Kyōto (Honshū/Japan) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 8th century Asia East Asia Japan
c. 800	The Ismailis become a separate Shi'a sect when they dispute the succession after the death of the sixth imam Go to Ismailis in The Oxford Dictionary of Islam (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 8th century 9th century Religion Islam Asia West Asia In St Peter's in Rome, on Christmas Day, pope Leo III crowns Charlemagne emperor - supposedly to Charlemagne's surprise Go to Leo III, St (d. 816) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 8th century 9th century Holy Roman empire Religion Christianity Catholic and orthodox Papacy Europe Italy Empires
811	Hemming, a Danish king, makes a treaty with the Franks establishing the river Eider as the southern border of Denmark Go to Denmark in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 9th century Europe Denmark
813	Charlemagne has his only surviving legitimate son, Louis the Pious, crowned as his co-emperor Go to Louis I (778–840) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 9th century Dynasties and royalty Europe
814	Charlemagne dies and his son Louis the Pious inherits the whole, now greatly extended, Frankish empire Go to Louis I (778–840) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 9th century Dynasties and royalty Europe
c. 820	The Venetians move their administration from the island of Torcello to the Rialto Go to Rialto in The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 9th century Venice Europe Italy
827	The Arabs get a foothold in Sicily and begin a slow process, not complete till AD 965, of squeezing the Byzantines out of the island Go to Sicily in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 9th century Byzantine empire Conquest and colonization Religion Islam Sicily Europe Italy Empires
838	Vikings from Norway capture Dublin and establish a Norse kingdom in Ireland Go to Dublin in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 9th century Conquest and colonization British Isles Europe Ireland Norway Britain
843	The division of western Europe into three kingdoms for the sons of Louis the Pious is agreed at Verdun, with lasting consequences Go to Verdun, Treaty of (843) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 9th century Europe Kenneth king of the Scots is accepted also as king of the Picts, providing the traditional founding event of the kingdom of Scotland Go to Picts in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 9th century Dynasties and royalty Scotland British Isles Europe Britain The central Frankish kingdom, Francia Media, becomes one of the great fault lines of European history Go to Lorraine (Australia, Canada, France, USA) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 9th century Europe France Germany
845	On the orders of the T'ang emperor, 4000 monasteries are destroyed in China and 250,000 monks and nuns forced into secular life Go to T'ang dynasty in A Dictionary of Buddhism (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 9th century Persecution and repression Religion Monasticism Asia East Asia China
c. 850	Vikings are by now securely established in the Orkneys, Shetlands and Hebrides, and in much of the Scottish mainland down to Loch Ness Go to Shetland in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 9th century Conquest and colonization Scotland British Isles Europe Britain As a gesture of unity, Kenneth MacAlpin brings to Scone (a Pictish royal site) a sacred coronation stone associated with the Scots Go to Kenneth I MacAlpin (d. 858) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 9th century Scotland British Isles Europe Britain Communal gatherings, the thing and the larger althing, are the distant origins of Scandinavian parliaments Go to parliament in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 9th century Democracy and dissent Europe The caliphs in Baghdad begin to employ Turkish slaves, or Mamelukes, in their armies Go to Mamelukes in The Oxford Companion to Military History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 9th century Caliphs Dynasties and royalty Slavery War Turks Mesopotamia Asia West Asia Iraq Society
865	The Bulgarian king Boris I is baptized in the Greek Orthodox faith, bringing his people within the Byzantine fold Go to Orthodox Church in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 9th century Byzantine empire Dynasties and royalty Religion Christianity Europe Empires
c. 866	The eastern part of the Persian empire comes under the control of the Saffarid dynasty Go to Saffarid dynasty (861–1003) in The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 9th century Dynasties and royalty Asia Central Asia Iran (Persia) A great army of Danes captures York - the first step in the establishment of Danelaw in eastern England Go to Danby, Thomas Osborne, 1st Earl of (1632–1712) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 9th century Conquest and colonization British Isles Europe Denmark Britain
c. 870	Ahmad ibn Tulun, a Mameluke, seizes power in Egypt - establishing his own Tulunid dynasty Go to Ibn Tulun, Ahmad (884) in The Oxford Dictionary of Islam (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 9th century Dynasties and royalty Africa North Africa Egypt
871	The young Alfred leads the English in their first significant victory over the Danes, at Ashdown Go to Ashdown, battle of (871) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 9th century Dynasties and royalty British Isles Europe Denmark Britain
874	Vikings arrive in Iceland and form a settlement on the site of modern Reykjavik Go to Reykjavík (Iceland) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 9th century Conquest and colonization Europe
877	The Fujiwara family creates for itself a new hereditary office, that of imperial chancellor, through which it effectively rules Japan Go to Fujiwara in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 9th century Dynasties and royalty Asia East Asia Japan
878	Rhodri Mawr, or Rhodri the Great, is widely accepted as king of almost the whole of Wales Go to Rhodri Mawr (‘the Great’) in The Kings and Queens of Britain (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 9th century Dynasties and royalty Wales British Isles Europe Britain
882	Oleg, leader of the Rus, seizes the town of Kiev and makes his headquarters there Go to Kiev Rus in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 9th century Europe Russia
886	Alfred captures London from the Danes, pressing them back into the region of Danelaw where their rule is, for the moment, tolerated Go to Alfred (849–99) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 9th century Conquest and colonization British Isles Europe Denmark Britain
c. 895	The Magyars, under the leadership of Arpad, establish themselves in Hungary Go to Magyars in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 9th century Conquest and colonization Migration Europe Hungary Society
c. 900	A Tamil kingdom, established by the Cholas, controls the whole of south India and will last for two centuries Go to Tamils in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 9th century 10th century Dynasties and royalty Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) India (republic) Chan Chan, today the largest of the ruined Andean cities, dominates the entire length of Peru Go to Chan Chan in The Oxford Companion to Archaeology (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 9th century 10th century Civilizations of Peru Andean Civilizations Latin America Peru South America The Samanids, replacing the Saffarids, transform their capital at Bukhara into a centre of Persian culture Go to Samanids in Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 9th century 10th century Dynasties and royalty Asia Central Asia
903	The leader of a peasant uprising captures and kills the Chinese emperor, bringing to an end the T'ang dynasty Go to T'ang in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 10th century Dynasties and royalty Protest and rebellion Asia East Asia China
919	Henry I is elected king of the east Frankish kingdom, consisting of four great feudal duchies - Bavaria, Swabia, Saxony and Franconia Go to Henry I (b. 1068) in The Kings and Queens of Britain (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 10th century Dynasties and royalty Germany
920	After years of raiding up the Shannon, the Vikings capture Limerick Go to Limerick city in The Oxford Companion to Irish History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 10th century Conquest and colonization British Isles Europe Ireland Britain
929	Wenceslas, a prince of the Premsylid family, is murdered on his way into church - and becomes Bohemia's patron saint Go to Wenceslas, St (c.907–29) in The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 10th century Dynasties and royalty Religion Christianity Bohemia Czech Republic
930	An althing of chieftains establishes the commonwealth of Iceland, which will survive for more than three centuries Go to commonwealth in The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 10th century Democracy and dissent Europe
935	Wank Kon changes the name of his kingdom to Koryo, meaning 'high and beautiful', thus providing the rest of the world with the name Korea Go to Korea in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 10th century Dynasties and royalty Asia East Asia Korea
c. 950	Toltecs move into the valley of Mexico from the north and establish a capital city at Tula Go to Toltecs in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 10th century Mesoamerican civilization Conquest and colonization Migration Society Latin America Central America Mexico Leon forms a loose alliance with its southern neighbour, Castile, to become the most powerful unit in northern Spain Go to Amenhotep in The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 10th century Europe Spain So many Slavs are captured and sold, in the movement eastwards of the Germans, that their name becomes the European word for a slave Go to slave in The Oxford Dictionary of Word Origins (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 10th century Terrorism and assassination Europe The Byzantine empire enjoys a revival, bringing the Slavs within the Greek Orthodox fold and winning victories against the Muslims Go to Slavs in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 10th century Byzantine empire Dynasties and royalty Religion Christianity Europe Empires
c. 960	A fair-skinned and bearded king, by the name of Quetzalcoatl, is exiled from Tula but says that he will be back in a 'One Reed' year. Go to Tula, Mexico in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 10th century Mesoamerican civilization Latin America Central America Mexico A warlord, Zhao Kuangyin, establishes a new Chinese dynasty - the Song Go to Song in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Art Terms (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 10th century Dynasties and royalty Asia East Asia China Harald Bluetooth is baptized a Christian and unites the whole of Denmark as a single kingdom. Go to Gwynedd in The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 10th century Dynasties and royalty Religion Christianity Europe Denmark
962	The imperial coronation of Otto I by Pope John XII in St Peter's puts in place the formal role of a Holy Roman emperor Go to Otto I (912–73) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Holy Roman empire Religion Christianity Catholic and orthodox Papacy Europe Italy Empires
965	Mieszko, pagan chieftain of the Poles, marries a Christian Czech princess and brings all his people into the Roman Catholic fold Go to Mieszko I (c.935–992) in Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 10th century Dynasties and royalty Religion Christianity Catholic and orthodox Europe Poland
969	The Fatimids establish a new capital city on the Nile, calling it Al Kahira ('the victorious'), which becomes reduced to Cairo Go to Fāṭimids in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 10th century Africa North Africa Egypt
975	The Hungarian king Gezá and his family are baptized as Roman Catholics, beginning a long link between Hungary and Rome Go to Árpád dynasty in The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 10th century Dynasties and royalty Religion Christianity Catholic and orthodox Europe Hungary
976	Brian Boru becomes king of Munster and leader of the Irish campaign against the Vikings Go to Brian Boru (d. 1014) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 10th century Dynasties and royalty British Isles Europe Ireland Britain Leopold, of the Babenberg family, becomes margrave of Austria and founds a dynasty which lasts for three centuries Go to margrave in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 10th century Dynasties and royalty Austria
986	The Khitan, a tribe from eastern Mongolia, fortify Beijing and make it their capital city Go to Beijing (Beijing Municipality/China) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 10th century Asia East Asia China
987	The Mayan city of Chichén Itzá is captured by the Toltecs Go to Toltecs in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 10th century Mesoamerican civilization Conquest and colonization Latin America Central America Mexico Hugh Capet, a Frankish noble elected king of west Francia, establishes the royal dynasty of France. Go to Hugh Capet , king of France (941–96) in The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 10th century Dynasties and royalty Europe France Hugh Capet is the first in an unbroken line of twelve generations on the throne of France Go to Hugh Capet , king of France (941–96) in The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 10th century Dynasties and royalty Europe France Vladimir, the prince of Kiev, decides that Greek Orthodoxy is the most suitable religion for the Russian people Go to Orthodox Church in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 10th century Dynasties and royalty Religion Christianity Catholic and orthodox Europe Russia
991	New waves of Danes, raiding into the English territory of Danelaw, are bought off by Ethelred with Danegeld Go to Danegeld in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 10th century British Isles Europe Denmark Britain
999	Mahmud, a Turk, builds an empire based on Ghazni (in modern Afghanistan) Go to Ghazni (Afghanistan) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 10th century Asia Central Asia Afghanistan
c. 1000	Iceland's parliament, the althing, passes a resolution that everyone on the island is to be baptized Go to resolution in A Dictionary of Law (7 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 10th century 11th century Democracy and dissent Religion Christianity Europe A Muslim dynasty is established at Gao, on the Niger Go to Gao (Mali) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 10th century 11th century Conquest and colonization Religion Islam Africa West Africa Germany Turks from Ghazni, raiding into northwest India, renew the pressure of Islam on the subcontinent Go to Ghazni (Afghanistan) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 11th century Conquest and colonization Turks Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) Pakistan A trading centre at Mapungubwe, on the Limpopo, evolves into a state ruled by a king in a zimbabwe Go to Limpopo (Botswana-Mozambique-South Africa-Zimbabwe) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 10th century 11th century Africa South Africa
c. 1001	Pope Sylvester II, according to tradition, sends a sacred crown for the coronation of Hungary's first king, St Stephen Go to Sylvester II (c.940–1003) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 11th century Papacy Europe Hungary
1014	Brian Boru, aged 73, achieves a major victory over the Vikings at Clontarf but is killed in his tent after the battle Go to Clontarf, battle of (1014) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 11th century Dynasties and royalty Battles British Isles Europe Ireland Britain
1017	Canute, joint king of Denmark, is accepted also as king of England after subduing the country and marrying Ethelred's widow Go to Canute (1035) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 11th century Dynasties and royalty British Isles Europe Denmark Britain
c. 1020	Count Radbot builds himself a 'hawk's castle' or Habichstburg, near Zurich, from which the Habsburg dynasty takes its name Go to Habsburg in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 11th century Holy Roman empire Austrian empire Habsburgs Dynasties and royalty Austria Empires
1024	Conrad II is elected as the German king, beginning the dynasty variously known as Franconian or Salian Go to Salian in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 11th century Holy Roman empire Dynasties and royalty Germany Empires
c. 1030	Yaroslav builds up his Russian kingdom and turns his capital, Kiev, into a spectacular Christian city Go to Kiev (Ukraine) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 11th century Dynasties and royalty Europe Russia Yaroslav commissions Russkaya Pravda ('Russian truth'), a code of Russia's laws Go to Russkaya Pravda in The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 11th century Europe Russia
1042	Edward the Confessor, the rightful heir in the Anglo-Saxon royal line, becomes king of England Go to Frederick II (1194–1250) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 11th century Dynasties and royalty British Isles Europe Britain
c. 1050	Islam reaches Kanem-Bornu, a joint kingdom encompassing the eastern and western shores of Lake Chad Go to Kanem-Bornu in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 11th century Conquest and colonization Religion Islam Africa Central Africa East Africa A Muslim dynasty is established at Kilwa, on the east African coast Go to Kilwa in The Oxford Companion to Archaeology (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 11th century Conquest and colonization Religion Islam Africa East Africa Ife emerges as a powerful kingdom in the equatorial forest of the lower Niger Go to Ife (Osun/Nigeria) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 11th century Dynasties and royalty Africa West Africa Germany
1055	Togrul Beg enters Baghdad and is granted by the caliph the title of sultan, which becomes hereditary in his Seljuk dynasty Go to Sultan in The Oxford Dictionary of Islam (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 11th century Caliphs Dynasties and royalty Mesopotamia Asia West Asia Iraq
1057	Duncan's son, Malcolm, kills Macbeth in battle at Lumphanan - and in the following year is himself crowned at Scone Go to Malcolm III (d. 1093) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 11th century Dynasties and royalty War Scotland British Isles Europe Britain
1062	Berber tribesmen, the Almoravids, establish a base at Marrakech from which they conquer northwest Africa and move into Spain Go to Almoravids (1046–1157) in The Oxford Dictionary of Islam (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 11th century Conquest and colonization Africa North Africa
1066	On his death bed in Westminster, Edward the Confessor designates Harold - foremost among England's barons - as his successor Go to Frederick II (1194–1250) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 11th century Dynasties and royalty British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain Edward the Confessor is buried in his new abbey church at Westminster, consecrated only the previous week Go to Westminster Abbey in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 11th century Dynasties and royalty British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain On the day of Edward's burial, Harold is crowned king - almost certainly in the same abbey church at Westminster Go to Harold II (c. 1022–66) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 11th century Dynasties and royalty British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain The Normans, as seen in the Bayeux tapestry, invade England in Viking longships with fortified platforms for archers Go to Bayeux Tapestry in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 11th century Conquest and colonization War British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe France Rulers and politicians Britain Harold, hurrying south to confront the Normans after his victory at Stamford Bridge, is defeated and killed at Hastings Go to Harold II (c. 1022–66) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 11th century Dynasties and royalty Battles British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain William the Conqueror is crowned on Christmas Day at Westminster - giving the new abbey church two coronations and a royal funeral in its first year Go to William I (1028–87) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 11th century Dynasties and royalty British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
c. 1071	The campaigns of Alp Arslan, culminating in 1071, give the Seljuk Turks a lasting presence in Anatolia Go to Malik Shah ibn Alp Arslan (1072/73–92) in The Oxford Dictionary of Islam (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 11th century Dynasties and royalty Turks Asia West Asia Turkey
1075	Pope Gregory VII decrees that only the church may make ecclesiastical appointments, thus initiating the investiture controversy between pope and emperor Go to Investiture Controversy in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 11th century Holy Roman empire Religion Christianity Papacy Europe Italy Empires
1077	The emperor Henry IV stands as a penitent outside the pope's castle at Canossa, so as to be released from excommunication. Go to penitent in The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 11th century Holy Roman empire Papacy Europe Italy Empires
c. 1080	Norman earls are given territories on the marches of Wales, with the specific task of raiding their neighbours Go to Normans in The Kings and Queens of Britain (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 11th century Conquest and colonization Wales British Isles Europe Britain
1085	Toledo is captured from the Muslims by Alfonso VI of Castile, who continues the city's traditions of religious tolerance Go to Alfonso VI of Castile (1065–1109) in The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 11th century Dynasties and royalty Religion Christianity Islam Europe Spain
1087	On the death of his father, William the Conqueror, William II becomes king of England Go to William II (c. 1056–1100) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 11th century Dynasties and royalty British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1091	Roger I, the first Norman count of Sicily, completes the conquest of the island from the Muslims Go to Roger I in The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 11th century Dynasties and royalty Sicily Europe Italy
1094	Rodrigo Diaz, known as El Cid, drives out the Muslims and wins Valencia Go to El Cid (Campeador) (c. 1040–99) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 11th century Conquest and colonization Europe Spain
1095	Pope Urban II preaches the first crusade, urging the Christians of Europe to march east to recover Jerusalem from the Muslims Go to Urban II, Bl (c.1035–99) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Byzantine empire Crusades 11th century Conquest and colonization Religion Christianity Papacy Jerusalem Empires Wars and Revolutions
1096	Peter the Hermit, an old monk on a donkey, leads the largest of the popular groups from Germany on the first crusade Go to Peter the Hermit (d. 1115) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Crusades 11th century Conquest and colonization Religion Christianity Monasticism Germany Wars and Revolutions The German crusade begins with a massacre of Jews in many of the region's cities Go to Jews, Christian attitudes to in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Crusades 11th century Persecution and repression Religion Judaism Germany Wars and Revolutions
1099	Konya, in central Turkey, becomes the capital of the Seljuk Turks, who call themselves sultans of Rum Go to Seljuk Turks in The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 11th century Dynasties and royalty Turks Asia West Asia Turkey Crusaders capture the holy city of Jerusalem and massacre the Muslim and Jewish inhabitants Go to Crusades in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Byzantine empire Crusades 11th century Conquest and colonization Religion Christianity Islam Judaism Jerusalem Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel Empires Wars and Revolutions
c. 1100	The Assassins, a sect of Nizari Ismailis, begin to acquire strongholds in Persia Go to Ismailis in The Oxford Dictionary of Islam (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 11th century 12th century Conquest and colonization Asia Central Asia Iran (Persia) Many of the towns of northern Italy acquire virtual independence as self-governing communes Go to Communes in The Oxford Companion to Italian Literature (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 11th century 12th century Democracy and dissent Europe Italy On the death of his brother, William II, Henry I becomes king of England Go to Henry I (b. 1068) in The Kings and Queens of Britain (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 11th century 12th century Dynasties and royalty British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
c. 1109	The crusaders now rule the Latin kingdom of Jerusalem, the principality of Antioch and the counties of Tripoli and Edessa Go to Crusades in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Byzantine empire Crusades 12th century Conquest and colonization Jerusalem Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel Empires Wars and Revolutions
1120	The White Ship strikes a rock off the Cherbourg peninsula drowning William the Aetheling, heir to the English throne Go to White Ship in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 12th century Dynasties and royalty British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1135	On the death of Henry I, his nephew Stephen moves quickly to keep Henry's daughter Matilda off the English throne Go to Stephen , king of England (c.1097–1154) in The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 12th century Dynasties and royalty British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
c. 1136	Walter FitzAlan takes a post as steward with the Scottish king, thus establishing the Stewart family and later dynasty Go to Stuart, house of in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 12th century Dynasties and royalty Scotland British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1138	Conrad III, of the Hohenstaufen family, is elected German king - a title which remains in the family for more than a century, bringing with it that of Holy Roman emperor Go to Hohenstaufen in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 12th century Holy Roman empire Dynasties and royalty Germany Empires
1139	Victory over the Muslims at Ourique is seen as the moment of Portugal's independence from the kingdom of Leon Go to León in Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 12th century Europe Portugal
1144	The city of Edessa is captured by Zangi, a Mameluke general, in the first setback for the crusaders in the Middle East Go to Mameluke in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Crusades 12th century Conquest and colonization War Asia West Asia Lebanon and Syria Wars and Revolutions
1147	Rival Berber tribesmen, the Almohads, evict the Almoravids from Marrakech and soon conquer the whole north African coast Go to Almohads (1130–1269) in The Oxford Dictionary of Islam (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 12th century Conquest and colonization Africa North Africa Alfonso I takes Lisbon from the Muslims, with the unexpected help of some passing English crusaders Go to Lisbon in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Crusades 12th century Conquest and colonization Europe Portugal Wars and Revolutions The second crusade is led east by two kings, Louis VII of France and Conrad III of Germany Go to Louis VII (c.1120–80) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Crusades 12th century Conquest and colonization Religion Christianity Europe France Germany Wars and Revolutions Seville falls to the Almohads, from north Africa, who make it their Spanish capital Go to Almohads (1130–1269) in The Oxford Dictionary of Islam (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 12th century Conquest and colonization Europe Spain
1148	By the time Louis VII and Conrad III reach the Holy Land they have lost more than half their joint armies to Muslim attacks Go to Louis VII (c.1120–80) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Crusades 12th century Conquest and colonization Religion Christianity Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel Wars and Revolutions Louis VII and Conrad III do grave harm to the Latin Kingdom by a feeble attack that merely alienates the previously friendly city of Damascus Go to Latin kingdom of Jerusalem in The Oxford Companion to Western Art (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Crusades 12th century Conquest and colonization Religion Christianity Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel Wars and Revolutions
c. 1150	The city of Angkor and the great temple of Angkor Wat are created by the Khmer dynasty in Cambodia Go to Angkor in A Dictionary of Asian Mythology (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 12th century Dynasties and royalty Asia East Asia Southeast Asia Vietnam After centuries of raiding the northern part of Sri Lanka, the Tamils establish a settled Hindu presence in the island Go to Tamils in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 12th century Conquest and colonization Religion Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) Sri Lanka The merging of Catalonia with Aragon, by marriage, creates a power in northern Spain of comparable strength to Castile Go to Catalonia in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 12th century Europe Spain
1152	Frederick Barbarossa becomes king of Germany and Holy Roman emperor, greatly extending the power of the empire during a long reign Go to Frederick I (1123–90) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 12th century Holy Roman empire Dynasties and royalty Germany Empires
1154	The inhabitants of Damascus surrender their city to Nur ed-Din, helping him greatly in his campaign against the Latin kingdom of Jerusalem Go to Latin kingdom of Jerusalem in The Oxford Companion to Western Art (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 12th century Conquest and colonization Protest and rebellion Jerusalem Asia West Asia Lebanon and Syria Henry II, coming to the throne of England, is king or feudal overlord of an unbroken swathe of territory from the Tweed to the Pyrenees Go to Henry II (1133–89) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 12th century Dynasties and royalty British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe France Rulers and politicians Britain
1156	Vienna is adopted by the Babenberg rulers as the capital city of Austria Go to Babenberg in The Oxford Companion to German Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 12th century Dynasties and royalty Austria
1157	A Russian prince, Andrei Bogolyubski, makes his capital east of Moscow at Vladimir, where he builds a cathedral and several churches Go to Vladimir in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 12th century Europe Russia
1162	Thomas Becket, Lord Chancellor to Henry II, is forced by the king to accept the vacant post of archbishop of Canterbury Go to Becket, Thomas (c. 1120–70) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 12th century British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1164	Thomas Becket, having offended the king by his firm stand as archbishop of Canterbury, flees to a monastery near Paris Go to Becket, Thomas (c. 1120–70) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 12th century British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1169	Normans land in Ireland, seize Wexford, and in the following year capture Waterford and Dublin Go to Normans in The Kings and Queens of Britain (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 12th century Conquest and colonization British Isles Europe Ireland Britain
c. 1170	The English exchequer grows in importance under Henry II, taking its name from the table on which financial calculations are made Go to Exchequer in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 12th century British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain Henry II arranges for the archbishop of York to crown his son, the 'Young King', as a joint ruler Go to Henry, the Young King (1155–83) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 12th century British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain Thomas Becket, in France, suspends the English bishops who have participated in the coronation of the 'Young King' Go to Becket, Thomas (c. 1120–70) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 12th century British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain After an apparent reconciliation with Henry II, Thomas Becket leaves France and returns to Canterbury Go to Becket, Thomas (c. 1120–70) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 12th century British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain Four knights, acting on an unguarded hint from Henry II, murder Thomas Becket on December 29 in his cathedral at Canterbury Go to Becket, St Thomas (?1120–70) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 12th century British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1171	Saladin deposes the Fatimid caliph and brings Egypt back to orthodoxy, acknowledging the rule of the Sunni caliph in Baghdad Go to Saladin (1138–93) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 12th century Caliphs Dynasties and royalty Religion Islam Africa North Africa Egypt The English king, Henry II, acknowledges Rhys ap Gruffydd as the lord of south Wales Go to Rhys ap Gruffydd (1132–97) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 12th century Dynasties and royalty Wales British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain Henry II, the king of England, summons the Irish and Norman lords to do homage to him in Dublin Go to Henry II (1133–89) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 12th century Conquest and colonization British Isles Europe Ireland Britain
1174	The Scottish king, William the Lion, is captured raiding into Northumberland and is taken south with his feet tied beneath his horse Go to William I (1143–1214) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 12th century Dynasties and royalty Scotland British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1179	In a treaty signed at Cazorla, the kings of Castile and Aragon agree on a plan of cooperation against the Muslims Go to Amenhotep in The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 12th century Europe Spain
1182	Resentment of western merchants results in a massacre of Roman Catholics by fellow Christians in Constantinople Go to Istanbul in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Byzantine empire 12th century Persecution and repression Religion Christianity Catholic and orthodox Turkey Europe Empires
1185	The triumph of the Minamoto clan in Japan in 1185 leads to an uneasy relationship between the brothers Yoritomo and Yoshitsune Go to Minamoto Yoritomo (1147–99) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 12th century Dynasties and royalty Asia East Asia Japan
1187	Saladin destroys the Christian army of the Latin kingdom in a battle below the Horns of Hattin Go to Hattin, battle of (1187) in The Oxford Companion to Military History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Crusades 12th century Conquest and colonization Battles Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel Wars and Revolutions Saladin captures various Crusader fortresses and walled cities, including Acre Go to Acre in The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Crusades 12th century Conquest and colonization War Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel Wars and Revolutions Saladin takes Jerusalem and treats the Christian inhabitants with a consideration unusual for the time Go to Saladin (1138–93) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Crusades 12th century Conquest and colonization War Jerusalem Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel Wars and Revolutions
1188	Representatives of the towns in Léon are summoned to one of the earliest known parliaments Go to León in Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 12th century Democracy and dissent Europe Spain
1189	The English king Henry II is succeeded by his third son as Richard I Go to Richard I (b. 8 Sept. 1157) in The Kings and Queens of Britain (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 12th century Dynasties and royalty British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1190	A year after succeeding to the throne of England, Richard I sets off east as one of the leaders of the third crusade Go to Crusades in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Crusades Britain 1066-1500 12th century Conquest and colonization Dynasties and royalty Religion Christianity British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Wars and Revolutions Britain The third crusade suffers an early disaster when its first leader, the emperor Frederick Barbarossa, is drowned crossing the Calycadnus river Go to Frederick I (c.1122–90) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Crusades 12th century Conquest and colonization Dynasties and royalty Religion Christianity Asia West Asia Turkey Wars and Revolutions
1191	The Muslim garrison of Acre surrenders to Richard I, who orders the massacre of 2700 of its members Go to Acre in The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Crusades 12th century Conquest and colonization Religion Christianity Islam Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel Wars and Revolutions
1192	Yoritomo is given the title sei-i-tai-shogun, beginning centuries of rule by shoguns more powerful than the Japanese emperors Go to shogun in The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 12th century Asia East Asia Japan Richard I, returning from the Holy Land in disguise, is recognized in an inn near Vienna and is imprisoned until England pays a massive ransom Go to Richard I (b. 8 Sept. 1157) in The Kings and Queens of Britain (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 12th century Conquest and colonization Dynasties and royalty British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Austria Rulers and politicians Britain
1197	The three-year old Frederick II has a claim to the thrones of both Sicily and Germany on the death of his father, the emperor Henry VI Go to Henry VI (1165–97) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 12th century Holy Roman empire Dynasties and royalty Sicily Europe Germany Italy Empires
1199	On the death of his brother, Richard I, John becomes king of England Go to John (1167–1216) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 12th century Dynasties and royalty British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
c. 1200	The samurai provide military support for the shogun, in a system similar to feudalism at this same period in Europe Go to samurai in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 12th century 13th century Asia East Asia Japan Flemish towns begin to acquire municipal independence, as communes, following the earlier Italian trend Go to Communes in The Oxford Companion to Italian Literature (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 12th century 13th century Democracy and dissent Europe Belgium Netherlands Bushido, the code of the samurai, emphasizes the necessary qualities of respect, decorum, courage and martial skill Go to bushidō in A Dictionary of Buddhism (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 12th century 13th century Asia East Asia Japan
1202	The fleet of the fourth crusade departs from Venice - only to be diverted from its purposes by Venetian guile Go to Crusades in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Byzantine empire Crusades 13th century Conquest and colonization Religion Christianity Venice Europe Italy Empires Wars and Revolutions A German order, the Knights of the Sword, begins the forcible conversion of Latvia and Estonia to Christianity Go to Knights of the Sword in Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Conquest and colonization Religion Christianity Europe
1204	The French king, Philip II, takes Normandy from the English, and follows this success by taking Anjou a year later Go to Philip II (1165–1223) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Conquest and colonization Europe France The crusaders of the fourth crusade besiege, take and destroy the Christian city of Constantinople Go to Istanbul in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Byzantine empire Crusades 13th century Conquest and colonization Religion Christianity Catholic and orthodox Turkey Europe Empires Wars and Revolutions The Byzantine empire continues, in much reduced form, with a new capital at Nicaea Go to Nicaea in The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Byzantine empire 13th century Asia West Asia Turkey Empires Venice takes the useful islands of Corfu and Crete as part of the spoils of the fourth crusade Go to Crusades in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Crusades 13th century Conquest and colonization Venice Europe Greece Italy Wars and Revolutions A Latin empire is set up in Constantinople on the same basis as the Latin kingdom of Jerusalem Go to Latin kingdom of Jerusalem in The Oxford Companion to Western Art (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Byzantine empire 13th century Jerusalem Turkey Europe Italy Empires
c. 1205	Many of the treasures adorning the church of San Marco in Venice are loot taken from Constantinople during the fourth crusade Go to Venice in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Byzantine empire Crusades 13th century Conquest and colonization Religion Christianity Catholic and orthodox Venice Turkey Europe Italy Empires Wars and Revolutions
1206	Temujin, elected chief of all the Mongol tribes, takes the name Genghis Khan Go to Genghis Khan (1162–1227) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Dynasties and royalty Asia East Asia
1208	The murder of the pope's legate to Toulouse provokes the Albigensian crusade, which aims to wipe out the Catharist heresy Go to Albigensians in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Persecution and repression Religion Christianity Papacy Europe France
1211	The leader of a Turkish army establishes an independent sultanate in Delhi, beginning many centuries of Muslim rule in north India Go to sultanate in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Turks Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) India (republic)
1215	John, the king of England, fixes his seal to Magna Carta, which the barons place before him in a meadow called Runnymede Go to Magna Carta in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 13th century Dynasties and royalty British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1216	On the death of his father, King John, Henry III becomes king of England Go to Henry III (1207–72) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 13th century Dynasties and royalty British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
c. 1220	Within a span of less than ten years, from 1215, Genghis Khan and the Mongols plunder from China to eastern Europe Go to Mongols in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Conquest and colonization Asia Central Asia Frederick II is crowned Holy Roman emperor by a somewhat reluctant pope, Honorius III Go to Frederick II (1712–86) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Holy Roman empire Papacy Germany Empires Llewellyn ap Iorwerth acquires such authority over other Welsh chieftains that he is informally referred to as the prince of Wales Go to prince of Wales in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 13th century Dynasties and royalty Wales British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1222	Andrew II accepts the Golden Bull, a charter of liberties demanded by the nobles of Hungary Go to Andrew II of Hungary (1177–1235) in Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Dynasties and royalty Europe Hungary
c. 1225	The Teutonic knights undertake a new form of crusade, attempting to subdue the pagan Prussians who occupy part of the Baltic coast Go to Teutonic Knight in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Conquest and colonization Germany Magna Carta is reissued slightly modified when Henry III comes of age; in the version which becomes enshrined in English law Go to Henry III (b. 1 Oct. 1207) in The Kings and Queens of Britain (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 13th century Dynasties and royalty British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1228	Frederick II, leader of the sixth crusade, briefly recovers Jerusalem for the Christians by negotiating with the Muslims Go to Frederick II (1712–86) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Crusades 13th century Conquest and colonization Religion Christianity Islam Jerusalem Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel Wars and Revolutions
c. 1230	Ogadai, son of Genghis Khan, turns his father's headquarters at Karakorum into a capital city Go to Karakorum in The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Dynasties and royalty Asia East Asia
1231	The Mongols conquer the Korean peninsula, subsequently using it as a base for two expeditions against Japan Go to Mongols in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Conquest and colonization Asia East Asia Korea
1232	The kingdom of Granada is established with a Berber noble, Muhammad I, as the first king Go to acorn cup in The Oxford Dictionary of the Renaissance (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Dynasties and royalty Europe Spain
1233	Gregory IX sends Dominican friars to root out the remains of the Catharist heresy in France, thus launching the Inquisition Go to Gregory IX (c.1148–1241) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Persecution and repression Religion Christianity Monasticism Europe France Italy
1237	Batu Khan and his Mongols sweep into Russia, where they and their descendants become known as the Golden Horde Go to Golden Horde in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Conquest and colonization Migration Asia Central Asia West Asia Europe Russia Society
c. 1240	A warlord, Sundiata, conquers Ghana and establishes the kingdom of Mali Go to Sundiata Keita (1210?–1260?) in Encyclopedia of Africa (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Dynasties and royalty Africa West Africa Haakon IV is the first ruler to build up a strong Norway, some two centuries after the region becomes a single kingdom Go to Haakon IV (1204–63) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Dynasties and royalty Europe Norway Alexander, a Russian prince, defeats a Swedish army on the frozen river Neva, thus winning his name Alexander Nevksy Go to Alexander Nevsky (1220–1263) in The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Dynasties and royalty Battles Europe Russia
1241	Mongols of the Golden Horde defeat the Poles at Legnica and ravage the city of Cracow Go to Golden Horde in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Conquest and colonization Migration Battles Europe Poland Society Mongols of the Golden Horde reach Hungary, where they graze their horses for the summer before withdrawing to the Volga Go to Golden Horde in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Conquest and colonization Migration Europe Hungary Society
1244	The siege of the Catharist stronghold of Montségur ends when 200 heretics are herded into a wooden stockade and are burnt Go to Montségur, Siege of in The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Persecution and repression Religion Christianity Europe France
1248	Birger Jarl establishes a dynasty which brings all Sweden under a single rule Go to Sweden in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Dynasties and royalty Europe
c. 1250	The kingdom of Great Zimbabwe displaces Mapungubwe as the dominant Shona power in this region of southern Africa Go to Great Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Africa South Africa France becomes the first kingdom to establish a permanent parliament when Louis IX reserves a chamber in his palace for quarterly sessions Go to Louis IX, St (1214–70) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Democracy and dissent Europe France The last sultan of Saladin's dynasty is murdered by slaves in the palace guard, and Mameluke rule is reintroduced in Egypt Go to Saladin (1138–93) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Dynasties and royalty Africa North Africa Egypt
1252	Alexander Nevsky, appointed grand prince of Vladimir in 1252, thrives by collaborating with the Mongols of the Golden Horde Go to Alexander Nevsky (1220–1263) in The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Dynasties and royalty Europe Russia
1254	The death of the last Hohenstaufen ruler, Conrad IV, leaves a vacancy on the German throne which is not filled for nineteen years Go to Conrad IV (1228–54) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Holy Roman empire Dynasties and royalty Germany Empires
1255	The pope, eager to fill the vacant throne of Sicily, offers it to a son of Henry III of England but gets no firm response Go to Henry III (1207–72) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 13th century Papacy British Isles Sicily Europe Italy Britain
1256	Hulagu and his horde of Mongols cross the Amu Darya river and move against Muslim Persia Go to Mongol empire in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Conquest and colonization Migration Asia Central Asia Iran (Persia) Society
1258	Henry III accepts severe curtailment of his powers in the Provisions of Oxford, but then asks the pope to absolve him from his oath Go to Henry III (1207–72) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 13th century Papacy British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain When Hulagu and his Mongol army reach Baghdad, in 1258, it is said that 800,000 of the inhabitants are killed - and the caliph is kicked to death Go to Mongol empire in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Caliphs Conquest and colonization Mesopotamia Asia West Asia Iraq
1260	The Bohemian prince Otakar II, ruler also of Austria, extends his territories after defeating the Hungarians at Kressenbrunn Go to Bohemia in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Holy Roman empire Dynasties and royalty Bohemia Czech Republic Empires At Ayn Jalut, near Nazareth, the Egyptian Mamelukes defeat the Mongol army of Hulagu - the first military setback for the Mongols Go to Mongol empire in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Dynasties and royalty Battles Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel
1262	The Norwegian king, Haakon IV, annexes Iceland as his personal fief, bringing to an end the commonwealth established in AD 930 Go to Haakon IV (1204–63) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Conquest and colonization Dynasties and royalty Europe Norway
1263	Pope Urban IV offers Sicily to a French prince, Charles of Anjou, who marches south in 1266 to fight for the kingdom Go to Charles I of Anjou (1226–85) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Papacy Sicily Europe France Italy
1264	Kublai defeats his brother Ariq Böge and thus establishes his position as Great Khan of the Mongols Go to Kublai Khan (1216–94) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Dynasties and royalty Asia East Asia China Simon de Montfort, leading the barons in rebellion, captures Henry III and his son Edward at Lewes Go to Montfort, Simon de, Earl of Leicester (c. 1208–65) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 13th century Protest and rebellion Battles British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
c. 1265	Hulagu and his Mongol descendants rule Persia as Il-khans, subordinate to the great khan in the east Go to khanate in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Asia Central Asia Iran (Persia) Prince Edward, escaping from captivity, defeats and kills Simon de Montfort at Evesham Go to Montfort, Simon de, Earl of Leicester (c. 1208–65) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 13th century Protest and rebellion Battles British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1267	In a treaty agreed at Shrewsbury, the English king Henry III acknowledges Llewellyn ap Gruffydd as the prince of Wales Go to prince of Wales in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 13th century Dynasties and royalty Wales British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1269	The Marinids, a Berber tribe, take Marrakech and bring to an end Almohad rule in Morocco Go to Almohad in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Conquest and colonization Migration Africa North Africa Society
c. 1270	The Assassins are systematically destroyed by Baybars, the Mameluke sultan of Egypt Go to Baybars I in The Oxford Dictionary of Islam (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Dynasties and royalty War Africa North Africa Egypt Asia West Asia Novgorod asserts its independence, electing its own city magistrate to take over the role of the local Russian prince Go to Novgorod (Novgorod/Russia) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Europe Russia
1271	The Mongol leader Kublai Khan chooses a name for his new dynasty in China, calling it Ta Yuan ('Great Origin') Go to Kublai Khan (1216–94) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Dynasties and royalty Asia East Asia China
1272	Edward I is in Sicily when he becomes king of England, on the death of his father, Henry III Go to Edward I (b. 18 June 1239) in The Kings and Queens of Britain (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 13th century Dynasties and royalty British Isles Sicily British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1273	The period without a German king, known as the Great Interregnum, ends with the election of a Habsburg prince, Rudolf I Go to Habsburg in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Holy Roman empire Austrian empire Habsburgs Dynasties and royalty Austria Empires
1274	The Mongol invasion of Japan in 1274 seems to confirm the doom and disaster foretold by the Buddhist prophet Nichiren Go to Nichiren (1222–82) in A Dictionary of Buddhism (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Migration War Asia East Asia China Japan Society
c. 1275	The Mamelukes control Palestine and Syria, bringing the region securely back into Muslim hands Go to Mamelukes in The Oxford Companion to Military History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Asia West Asia Lebanon and Syria Palestine and Israel
1278	At Dürnkrut Rudolf I defeats and kills Otakar II, his rival for Austria - thus bringing the Austrian territories into the Habsburg domain Go to Habsburg in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Holy Roman empire Austrian empire Habsburgs Dynasties and royalty War Austria Empires
1279	With the fall of Hangzhou, the Song imperial capital, Kublai Khan's new Yüan dynasty is secure Go to Song (960–1279) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Dynasties and royalty War Asia East Asia China The Tibetan link with the Mongols brings Tibet within the Chinese empire of Kublai Khan Go to Tibet in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Asia East Asia China
1281	An incident in a church service sparks the uprising known as the Sicilian Vespers, in which 2000 French are killed overnight in Sicily Go to Sicilian Vespers in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Protest and rebellion Sicily Europe Italy
1282	An uprising by Llewellyn ap Gruffydd, the prince of Wales, ends with his own death and the subjugation of Wales by the king of England, Edward I Go to Edward I (b. 18 June 1239) in The Kings and Queens of Britain (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 13th century Conquest and colonization Dynasties and royalty War Wales British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1283	Edward I begins a series of powerful castles - Harlech, Caernarfon and Conwy in this year alone - to subdue the Welsh Go to Harlech castle in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 13th century Conquest and colonization Wales British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
c. 1285	Osman inherits the leadership of the tribal group later known by a version of his name, as the Ottoman Turks Go to Ottoman empire in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Byzantine empire 13th century Dynasties and royalty Turks Muslim empires Ottoman empire Asia West Asia Turkey Empires
1289	Edward I of England arranges for his 5-year-old heir to marry Margaret the Maid of Norway, the 7-year-old heiress to the kingdom of Scotland Go to Margaret, Maid of Norway (c. 1283–90) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 13th century Dynasties and royalty Scotland British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Norway Rulers and politicians Britain
1290	The death of Margaret, child heiress to the Scottish throne, results in John de Balliol being chosen as king Go to John Balliol (b. c.1250) in The Kings and Queens of Britain (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 13th century Dynasties and royalty Scotland British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain The Jews in England are driven out of the country, soon to be followed by those in France Go to Jews in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 13th century Persecution and repression Religion Christianity Judaism British Isles Europe Britain
1291	In the space of a few months the Muslims take the last four crusader castles, Tyre, Sidon, Acre and finally Beirut Go to Acre in The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Byzantine empire Crusades 13th century Conquest and colonization Religion Christianity Empires Wars and Revolutions The Swiss forest districts of Uri, Schwyz and Unterwalden sign an Everlasting League (in the Rütli meadow) to resist Habsburg domination Go to Habsburg in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Austrian empire Habsburgs Austria Switzerland Empires
1294	The first open-air democratic assembly, later characteristic of the Swiss cantons, is held in Schwyz Go to canton in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Democracy and dissent Switzerland
1295	The new Mameluke dynasty in Egypt begins a systematic campaign to drive the Crusaders out of the Middle East Go to Crusades in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Byzantine empire Crusades 13th century Conquest and colonization Religion Christianity Empires Wars and Revolutions The parliament summoned by Edward I in Westminster Hall is later seen as a 'model' for the breadth of its representation Go to Edward I (b. 18 June 1239) in The Kings and Queens of Britain (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 13th century Democracy and dissent British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1296	Edward I invades Scotland, massacres the people of Berwick, captures John de Balliol and brings to Westminster the Stone of Scone Go to Scone, stone of in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 13th century Dynasties and royalty War Scotland British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1297	The English government in Dublin calls a parliament on the lines of England's recent Model Parliament Go to Model Parliament in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Democracy and dissent British Isles Europe Ireland Britain William Wallace's victory over the English at Stirling Bridge enables him to rule Scotland on behalf of John de Balliol Go to Wallace, William (d. 1305) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 13th century Dynasties and royalty Battles Scotland British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
c. 1300	The Italian communes employ powerful leaders, or signori, in a trend which leads away from oligarchy and towards princely rule Go to Communes in The Oxford Companion to Italian Literature (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Renaissance 13th century 14th century Italian Renaissance Europe Italy
1301	Edward I, conqueror of Wales, bestows the cherished title 'prince of Wales' on his own heir, the future Edward II Go to prince of Wales in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 14th century Dynasties and royalty Wales British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain Andrew III of Hungary dies without an heir, bringing to an end four centuries of rule by the descendants of Arpad Go to Árpád dynasty in The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 14th century Dynasties and royalty Europe Hungary
1302	The estates-general of France gather for the first time, in Notre Dame, to consider the king's relationship with the pope Go to States-General in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 14th century Democracy and dissent Papacy Europe France Dante, a member of the White faction in Florence, is sentenced to death by the Blacks - and never returns to his native city Go to Blacks and Whites in The Oxford Companion to Italian Literature (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Renaissance 14th century Italian Renaissance Persecution and repression Florence Europe Italy
1303	The Knights Templars withdraw from the island of Arwad, the last foothold of the crusaders in the Middle East Go to Knight Templar in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Byzantine empire Crusades 14th century Conquest and colonization Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel Empires Wars and Revolutions
1306	After the murder of his rival, in a church in Dumfries, Robert de Bruce is crowned king of Scots at Scone Go to Robert I (‘the Bruce’) (b. 11 July 1274) in The Kings and Queens of Britain (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 14th century Dynasties and royalty Terrorism and assassination Scotland British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain Robert de Bruce, in hiding on the island of Rathlin, is supposedly given a lesson in perseverance by a spider Go to Robert I (‘the Bruce’) (b. 11 July 1274) in The Kings and Queens of Britain (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 14th century British Isles Europe Ireland Britain
1307	The English king Edward I dies campaigning near Carlisle, on an expedition north against his Scottish rival Robert the Bruce Go to Edward I (b. 18 June 1239) in The Kings and Queens of Britain (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 14th century Dynasties and royalty War Scotland British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain On the death of his father, Edward I, Edward II becomes king of England Go to miniature painting in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 14th century Dynasties and royalty British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1308	The Teutonic knights seize the coastal area round Gdansk, cutting off Poland's access to the sea Go to Teutonic Knight in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 14th century Conquest and colonization Europe Germany Poland
1309	Clement V moves the papacy to Avignon, in a move which is expected to be temporary but which lasts for nearly seventy years Go to Clement V (1264–1314) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Renaissance 14th century Italian Renaissance Reformation Religion Christianity Papacy Europe France Italy The hiatus on the Hungarian throne ends when the Angevin contender is crowned as Charles I Go to Angevin in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 14th century Dynasties and royalty Europe Hungary The Knights of St John capture the island of Rhodes, which they rule as their own sovereign state for more than two centuries Go to Hospitallers in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 14th century Europe Greece
1310	Fifty-four Knights Templars are burned at the stake, during the campaign of the French king to destroy the order Go to Knight Templar in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 14th century Persecution and repression Religion Christianity Europe France
1314	After years of guerrilla warfare, Robert de Bruce defeats the English conclusively at Bannockburn - and becomes at last secure in his kingdom Go to Robert I (‘the Bruce’) (b. 11 July 1274) in The Kings and Queens of Britain (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 14th century Dynasties and royalty Battles Scotland British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1316	Edward Bruce is crowned king of Ireland at Dundalk, but his uprising ends two years later when he is killed in battle with the English Go to Bruce, Edward (d. 1318) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 14th century Dynasties and royalty British Isles Europe Ireland Britain
1320	The leading role of Schwyz in the victory at Morgarten causes the independent cantons to become informally known as the Swiss confederation Go to Schwyz (Switzerland) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 14th century Austrian empire Democracy and dissent Austria Switzerland Empires Wladyslaw I is crowned king of Poland in Cracow, which he makes his capital city Go to Cracow (Australia, Poland) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 14th century Dynasties and royalty Europe Poland
1323	A treaty divides Finland between two powerfully competitive neighbours, Sweden and Novgorod Go to Novgorod (Novgorod/Russia) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 14th century Europe Finland Russia
1326	Moscow acquires new prestige when the metropolitan (or patriarch) of the Russian Orthodox church moves his residence from Vladimir Go to Orthodox Church in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 14th century Religion Christianity Catholic and orthodox Europe Russia Edward II is captured and imprisoned by his queen, Isabella, and her lover, Mortimer Go to miniature painting in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 14th century Dynasties and royalty British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1327	Isabella forces Edward II to renounce the English throne in favour of their 15-year-old son, Edward III Go to Bruce, Edward (d. 1318) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 14th century Dynasties and royalty British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain Edward II, imprisoned by his wife and her lover, dies in Berkeley castle - almost certainly the victim of murder Go to miniature painting in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 14th century Dynasties and royalty British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1328	When Charles IV dies, for the first time in more than 400 years of the Capetian dynasty there is no son or brother to inherit the French crown Go to Capetian (987–1328) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Hundred Years' War 14th century Dynasties and royalty War Europe France Wars and Revolutions The English finally accept a treaty, in Edinburgh, declaring that Robert de Bruce is king of a Scotland 'free and divided from the kingdom of England' Go to Bruce, Robert (1210–95) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 14th century Dynasties and royalty Scotland British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain A French cousin, Philip of Valois, is selected to succeed Charles IV - in preference to an English cousin, Edward III Go to Philip VI (1293–1350) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Hundred Years' War 14th century Dynasties and royalty War Europe France Wars and Revolutions
1329	On the death of his father, Robert the Bruce, David II becomes king of Scotland Go to David II (1324–71) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 14th century Dynasties and royalty Scotland British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1333	The long reign of Casimir III, known as the Great, is a time of prosperity and achievement in Poland Go to Casimir III (1310–70) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 14th century Dynasties and royalty Europe Poland
c. 1336	A Hindu empire in southern India is established with its capital at Vijayanagara, meaning 'city of victory' Go to Vijayanagara in A Dictionary of Hinduism (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 14th century Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) India (republic)
1337	Philip VI of France confiscates Guienne, a fief belonging to Edward III of England - whose response begins the Hundred Years' War Go to Hundred Years War in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Hundred Years' War Britain 1066-1500 14th century Dynasties and royalty War British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe France Rulers and politicians Wars and Revolutions Britain
1338	A new dynasty, the Ashikaga shogunate, comes into power after a member of the family, Takauji, wins a civil war Go to Ashikaga in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 14th century Dynasties and royalty Asia East Asia Japan
1340	Edward III, in Ghent, publicly assumes the title and the arms of the king of France Go to Bruce, Edward (d. 1318) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Hundred Years' War Britain 1066-1500 14th century Dynasties and royalty War British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe France Rulers and politicians Wars and Revolutions Britain
1346	Charles IV, king of Bohemia, German king and Holy Roman emperor, makes Prague a glittering centre of learning and architecture Go to Charles IV (1316–78) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 14th century Holy Roman empire Dynasties and royalty Bohemia Czech Republic Empires Udiana Deva, the last Hindu ruler of Kashmir, is murdered by his Muslim prime minister Go to Novgorod (Novgorod/Russia) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 14th century Terrorism and assassination Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent)
1347	Cola di Rienzo, appointed tribune of the people, enjoys a few months of dictatorial powers in Rome before the citizens tire of him Go to Rienzo, Cola di (c.1313–54) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Renaissance 14th century Italian Renaissance Democracy and dissent Rome Europe Italy
1348	Massacres of Jews, rumoured to have caused the Black Death by poisoning wells, begin in southern France and spread through much of Europe Go to Black Death: The Great Killers in The Oxford Companion to Medicine (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 14th century Persecution and repression Religion Judaism
c. 1350	William Tell, a figure of legend, epitomizes the struggle of the Swiss farmers against their feudal overlords, the Habsburgs Go to Tell, William in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 14th century Habsburgs Protest and rebellion Switzerland Empires
1354	Gallipoli is taken by the Ottoman Turks, giving them their first foothold in Europe Go to Ottoman empire in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Byzantine empire 14th century Conquest and colonization Migration Turks Muslim empires Ottoman empire Asia West Asia Turkey Europe Society Empires
1356	Chu Yüan-chang, leader of a peasant band, makes his headquarters in a town which he renames Nanking - 'southern capital' Go to Nanjing in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 14th century Asia East Asia China Charles IV establishes a permanent group of seven electors - four hereditary German rulers and the archbishops of Mainz, Cologne and Trier Go to Charles IV (1316–78) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 14th century Holy Roman empire Dynasties and royalty Austria Empires The battle of Poitiers ends, on the third day, with victory for the English and the capture of the French king, John II Go to Poitiers, Battle of (19 September 1356) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Hundred Years' War 14th century Dynasties and royalty War Battles Europe France Wars and Revolutions
1360	After four years of captivity in Bordeaux and London, the French king John II is released for a promised ransom of 3 million gold crowns Go to Charles IV (1316–78) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Hundred Years' War 14th century Dynasties and royalty War Europe France Wars and Revolutions
1368	Chu Yüan-chang drives the Mongols out of Beijing and declares a new dynasty - the Ming Go to Ming in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 14th century Dynasties and royalty Asia East Asia China On the fall of the Yuan dynasty, replaced by the Ming, Tibet declares its independence from China Go to Tibet in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 14th century Dynasties and royalty Asia East Asia China
1369	The marriage of the duke of Burgundy to the heiress of Flanders lays the foundation for the great territorial expansion of Burgundy Go to Burgundy in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 14th century Dynasties and royalty Europe Belgium France Netherlands
1371	On the death of his uncle, David II, Robert Stewart becomes king of Scotland as Robert II Go to Robert II (1316–90) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 14th century Dynasties and royalty Scotland British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1377	10-year-old Richard II follows his grandfather, Edward III, on the English throne Go to Richard II (1367–1400) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 14th century Dynasties and royalty British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain The papal curia returns to Rome in what would seem a conclusive move if there were not, two years later, two popes - one of them elected back in Avignon Go to Curia in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Renaissance 14th century Italian Renaissance Reformation Religion Christianity Papacy Rome Europe France Italy Jogaila inherits a pagan Lithuanian kingdom which has been extended as far south as Kiev Go to Lithuania in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 14th century Conquest and colonization Dynasties and royalty Europe
1378	John Hawkwood, a condottiere in command of the White Company, is appointed captain general of Florence Go to condottiere in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Renaissance 14th century Italian Renaissance Florence Europe Italy
1379	The French cardinals, objecting to the new Italian pope, elect their own man as Clement VII - and thus inaugurate the Great Schism of the papacy Go to Great Schism (1378–1417) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Renaissance 14th century Italian Renaissance Reformation Religion Christianity Papacy Europe France Italy
1380	Dimitri, grand prince of Moscow, leads other Russian princes in a crushing victory over the Mongols on the Kulikovo plain Go to Kulikovo Pole, battle of (8 September 1380) in The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 14th century Dynasties and royalty Battles Europe Russia
1381	A poll tax imposed in England provokes widespread unrest, which flares up in the Peasants' Revolt Go to Peasants' Revolt in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 14th century Protest and rebellion British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain Wat Tyler, leader of the Kentish rebels, meets Richard II at Smithfield - before being struck and wounded by the Lord Mayor of London Go to Tyler, Wat (d. 1381) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 14th century Protest and rebellion British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1383	Timur begins twenty years of almost continuous conquest with the capture and destruction of Herat Go to Tamerlane (1336–1405) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 14th century Conquest and colonization War Asia Central Asia Afghanistan
1384	Gian Galeazzo Visconti, the signore of Milan, sets about enlarging his territory - seizing Vicenza, Verona and Padua between 1384 and 1388 Go to Visconti, Gian Galeazzo (1351–1402) in The Oxford Dictionary of the Renaissance (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Renaissance 14th century Italian Renaissance Dynasties and royalty War Europe Italy
1385	The victory at Aljubarrota, securing the Portuguese throne for John I, is commemorated in the Dominican abbey called Batalha Go to Batalha (Portugal) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 14th century Dynasties and royalty Battles Europe Portugal
1386	John I, newly victorious in Portugal, proposes an alliance with England which has never been revoked Go to John I (1357–1433) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 14th century British Isles Europe Portugal Britain Jadwiga, 12-year-old queen of Poland, marries Jogaila, her 34-year-old pagan neighbour - uniting the crowns of Poland and Lithuania Go to Lithuania in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 14th century Dynasties and royalty Europe Poland
1389	Victory at Kosovo gives the Ottoman Turks control over Serbia, which becomes a vassal state Go to Ottoman empire in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Byzantine empire 14th century Conquest and colonization Battles Turks Muslim empires Ottoman empire Europe Empires With a victory near Falköping, Margaret becomes regent of Sweden as well as Denmark and Norway Go to Sweden in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 14th century Dynasties and royalty Battles Europe Denmark Norway
1390	On the death of his father, Robert II, Robert III becomes king of Scotland Go to Robert III (c. 1337–1406) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 14th century Dynasties and royalty Scotland British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1392	Charles VI, king of France, suffers the first of many violent fits of madness Go to Charles VI (1368–1422) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Hundred Years' War 14th century Dynasties and royalty War Europe France Wars and Revolutions Yi Song-gye founds the Yi dynasty, which rules in Korea until the twentieth century Go to Korea in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 14th century Dynasties and royalty Asia East Asia Korea
1393	The Ottoman sultan Bayazid I brings the Slav kingdom of Bulgaria under his control Go to Bulgaria in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Byzantine empire 14th century Conquest and colonization Dynasties and royalty Turks Muslim empires Ottoman empire Europe Empires
1397	The Golden Pavilion in Kyoto is built by the shogun Yoshimitsu as his own villa Go to shogun in The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 14th century Architecture Dynasties and royalty Asia East Asia Japan With the coronation of the 16-year-old Eric of Pomerania, the crowns of Denmark, Norway and Sweden are formally united for the first time Go to Acciaiuoli family in The Oxford Dictionary of the Renaissance (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 14th century Dynasties and royalty Europe Denmark Norway
1398	Timur devastates Delhi and loots treasure to take back to Samarkand on 120 elephants Go to Tamerlane (1336–1405) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 14th century Dynasties and royalty War Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) India (republic) A dangerous feud develops between two of England's most powerful barons, Henry of Bolingbroke (son of John of Gaunt) and Thomas de Mowbray Go to Henry IV (1366–1413) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 14th century Protest and rebellion British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain Richard II banishes Thomas de Mowbray for life and Henry of Bolingbroke for ten years Go to Richard II (1367–1400) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 14th century Protest and rebellion British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1399	John of Gaunt dies and Richard II denies Henry of Bolingbroke his Lancastrian inheritance, declaring Gaunt's vast estates forfeit to the crown Go to John of Gaunt (b. Mar. 1340) in The Kings and Queens of Britain (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 14th century Protest and rebellion British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain Henry of Bolingbroke returns to England to lead an armed rebellion against his cousin the king Go to Henry IV (1366–1413) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 14th century Dynasties and royalty British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain Richard II surrenders at Conwy to the forces led by Henry of Bolingbroke Go to Richard II (1367–1400) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 14th century Dynasties and royalty British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain Richard II is deposed by parliament and Boliingbroke is proclaimed king of England, as Henry IV, introducing the royal house of Lancaster Go to Henry IV (1366–1413) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 14th century Dynasties and royalty British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain Richard II cedes his crown to Bolingbroke, as Henry IV, and a few months later dies in Pontefract castle - probably starved to death Go to Richard II (1367–1400) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 14th century Dynasties and royalty British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
c. 1400	Craftsmen and treasures arrive in large numbers in Samarkand, sent home from Timur's travels of conquest Go to Samarkand in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 14th century 15th century Asia Central Asia Richard II dies in Pontefract castle, almost certainly starved to death on the orders of the new king - insecure on his throne as an undeniable usurper Go to Richard II (1367–1400) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 14th century 15th century Dynasties and royalty British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain The Welsh rise against the English and proclaim Owain Glyn Dwr as their own prince of Wales Go to Owain Glyn Dwr (b. c.1359) in The Kings and Queens of Britain (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 14th century 15th century Dynasties and royalty Protest and rebellion Wales British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1402	The Ottoman sultan Bayazid is defeated and captured near Ankara by Timur, who keeps the sultan in captivity until his death the following year Go to Tamerlane (1336–1405) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Dynasties and royalty Battles Turks Muslim empires Ottoman empire Asia West Asia Turkey Empires
1404	Owain Glyn Dwr captures Aberystwyth and Harlech from the English and sets up an independent Welsh administration Go to Owain Glyn Dwr (b. c.1359) in The Kings and Queens of Britain (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 15th century Dynasties and royalty War Wales British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1405	Timur is buried in a mausoleum (the Gur Amir) in Samarkand, a city which becomes an inspiration to his descendants Go to Samarkand in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Architecture Dynasties and royalty Asia Central Asia
1406	Pisa is captured by Florence, to be followed a few years later by the purchase of the seaport of Livorno Go to Pisa in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Renaissance 15th century Italian Renaissance Conquest and colonization War Florence Europe Italy On the death of his father, Robert III, James I becomes king of Scotland Go to James I (b. 25 July 1394) in The Kings and Queens of Britain (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 15th century Dynasties and royalty Scotland British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1407	Rivalry between factions of the French royal family results in the murder in Paris of the king's brother, Louis duke of Orléans, and the onset of civil war Go to Charles VI (1368–1422) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Hundred Years' War 15th century Dynasties and royalty War Europe France Wars and Revolutions
1408	Driven from Aberystwyth and Harlech, Owain Glyn Dwr loses support - and the last Welsh rebellion fades away Go to Owain Glyn Dwr (b. c.1359) in The Kings and Queens of Britain (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 15th century Dynasties and royalty Protest and rebellion Wales British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1409	The Council at Pisa elects a new pope, Alexander V, without persuading the other two to resign - bringing the total to an unprecedented three Go to Pisa, Council of in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Renaissance 15th century Italian Renaissance Reformation Religion Christianity Papacy Europe Italy
1410	Shah Rukh, son of Timur, begins rebuilding the city of Herat Go to Herāt (Afghanistan) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Architecture Dynasties and royalty Asia Central Asia Afghanistan The Poles defeat the Teutonic knights between Tannenberg and Grunwald, bringing the coastal strip around Gdansk into the Polish kingdom Go to Teutonic Knight in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Conquest and colonization Battles Europe Poland The Viking settlement in Greenland ends, after 400 years, when the last ship leaves the colony and sails for Norway Go to Greenland in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Conquest and colonization Europe Norway
1413	Henry V succeeds his father, Henry IV, as king of England Go to Henry V (b. 16 Sept. 1387) in The Kings and Queens of Britain (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Hundred Years' War Britain 1066-1500 15th century Dynasties and royalty War British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Wars and Revolutions Britain
1414	A council is called at Constance, to consider the radical views of John Huss and to deal with the present excess of popes Go to Huss, John (c.1372–1415) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Reformation Religion Christianity Papacy Bohemia Czech Republic Germany
1415	John Huss, invited to Constance under a promise of safe conduct, is arrested, tried and burnt at the stake as a heretic Go to Huss, John (c.1372–1415) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Reformation Persecution and repression Religion Christianity Bohemia Czech Republic Germany
1417	The Council of Constance, having done its best to dispose of the three existing popes, elects a new one - Martin V Go to Constance, Council of (1414–18) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Religion Christianity Papacy Germany
1419	John the Fearless, duke of Burgundy, is murdered by the Armagnac faction in the presence of the dauphin - escalating France's civil war Go to Aal, Johannes (c.1500–1551) in The Oxford Dictionary of the Renaissance (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Hundred Years' War 15th century Dynasties and royalty War Europe France Wars and Revolutions
1420	The Hussites build a new fortified town at Tabor as their fortress headquarters Go to Hussites in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Protest and rebellion Bohemia Czech Republic The Portuguese, discovering the lush and uninhabited island of Madeira, send colonists to settle it Go to Madeira in The Oxford Companion to Architecture (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Conquest and colonization European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Portuguese empire Africa Europe Portugal Empires The treaty of Troyes, between the English and the Burgundian faction, grants Henry V the status of heir to the French throne Go to Troyes, treaty of (1420) in The Oxford Companion to British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Hundred Years' War Britain 1066-1500 15th century Dynasties and royalty War British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe France Rulers and politicians Wars and Revolutions Britain Henry V marries Catherine, daughter of the French king and sister of the rightful heir to the kingdom, the dauphin, who is on the opposing side Go to Henry V (b. 16 Sept. 1387) in The Kings and Queens of Britain (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Hundred Years' War Britain 1066-1500 15th century Dynasties and royalty War British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe France Rulers and politicians Wars and Revolutions Britain
1421	The third Ming emperor moves the capital from Nanjing to Beijing and begins laying out the Forbidden City Go to Lithuania in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Dynasties and royalty Asia East Asia China
1422	The dauphin proclaims himself Charles VII of France, but with Paris in the hands of his enemies he is known as the king of Bourges Go to Charles VII (1403–61) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Hundred Years' War 15th century Dynasties and royalty War Europe France Wars and Revolutions Jan Zizka wins a series of victories against papal armies, using the mobile barricade which becomes known as his 'war wagon fortress' Go to Žižka, Jan (1376–1424) in The Oxford Dictionary of the Renaissance (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Protest and rebellion Papacy War Bohemia Czech Republic Henry VI, son of Henry V and Catherine of France, is king of England and theoretically king of France before his first birthday Go to Henry VI (b. 6 Dec. 1421) in The Kings and Queens of Britain (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Hundred Years' War Britain 1066-1500 15th century Dynasties and royalty War British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe France Rulers and politicians Wars and Revolutions Britain
c. 1425	The Temple of Heaven in Beijing is built for the third emperor of the Ming dynasty Go to Temple of Heaven in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Dynasties and royalty Asia East Asia China
1428	A peasant girl, Joan of Arc, hears the voices of saints urging her to relieve the siege of Orléans Go to Joan of Arc, St (1412–31) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Hundred Years' War 15th century Dynasties and royalty Religion Christianity War Europe France Wars and Revolutions
1429	Joan of Arc wins her way into the presence of Charles VII at Chinon and persuades him, eventually, to trust her Go to Charles VII (1403–61) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Hundred Years' War 15th century Dynasties and royalty Religion Christianity War Europe France Wars and Revolutions Joan of Arc leads French forces in the successful relief of Orléans Go to Joan of Arc, St (1412–31) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Hundred Years' War 15th century Dynasties and royalty Religion Christianity War Europe France Wars and Revolutions Joan of Arc stands nearby while Charles VII is anointed at Reims, then kneels before him and for the first time calls him her king Go to Charles VII (1403–61) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Hundred Years' War 15th century Dynasties and royalty Religion Christianity War Europe France Wars and Revolutions
1430	Joan of Arc is captured in a skirmish with the Burgundians, who subsequently hand her over to the English Go to Joan of Arc, St (1412–31) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Hundred Years' War 15th century Dynasties and royalty Religion Christianity War Europe France Wars and Revolutions
1431	Joan of Arc, tried by the Inquisition on behalf of the English in Rouen, is burned at the stake as a relapsed heretic Go to Inquisition in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Hundred Years' War 15th century Dynasties and royalty Religion Christianity War Europe France Wars and Revolutions
1433	Cosimo de' Medici, arrested by a rival faction, escapes with his life thanks to bribes and well-placed friends Go to Medici, Cosimo de (1389–1464) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Renaissance 15th century Italian Renaissance Dynasties and royalty Europe Italy
1434	The rulers of Tenochtitlan join with two other neighbouring kingdoms to form the Aztec Triple Alliance Go to Aztec in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Mesoamerican civilization Latin America Central America Mexico
1437	Charles VII enters Paris, marking conclusively the end of the French civil war Go to Charles VII (1403–61) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Hundred Years' War 15th century Dynasties and royalty War Europe France Wars and Revolutions On the death of his father, James I, James II becomes king of Scotland Go to James II (b. 10 Oct. 1430) in The Kings and Queens of Britain (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 15th century Dynasties and royalty Scotland British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1438	The office of Holy Roman emperor becomes a hereditary title within the Habsburg dynasty Go to Habsburg in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Holy Roman empire Austrian empire Dynasties and royalty Austria Empires The French clergy pass a resolution at Bourges, limiting the power of the papacy within France, which is adopted by the king as a 'pragmatic sanction' Go to pragmatic sanction in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Reformation Religion Christianity Papacy Europe France After a decisive victory over the Chanca people, a young Inca prince seizes the throne in Peru and takes the name Pachacuti Go to Inca in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Civilizations of Peru Incas Andean Civilizations Dynasties and royalty War Latin America Peru South America
c. 1440	Cuzco, city of the Incas, grows rapidly in power after Pachacuti ('transformer of the earth') becomes emperor Go to Inca in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Civilizations of Peru Incas Andean Civilizations Dynasties and royalty Latin America Peru South America
1442	Naples is captured by Alfonso V, breaking the link with France and uniting Sicily and Naples as an Aragonese kingdom Go to Alfonso V (1396–1458) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Dynasties and royalty Sicily Europe Italy
1443	Skanderbeg, Albania's national hero, begins his long campaign of successes against the Turks Go to Afonso V (1432–81) in The Oxford Dictionary of the Renaissance (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Conquest and colonization Turks Muslim empires Ottoman empire Europe Empires The Hungarian general Janos Hunyadi takes Sofia from the Turks and in the next few months liberates most of Bulgaria, Serbia and Albania Go to Hunyadi, János (c.1387–1456) in The Oxford Dictionary of the Renaissance (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Conquest and colonization War Turks Europe
1444	A Turkish army routs the Hungarians at Varna on the Black Sea, beginning a process which brings the Turks to the gates of Belgrade by 1456 Go to Varna in The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Conquest and colonization Battles Turks Europe
1445	A Muslim ruler is established in Malacca, forming the first of many Muslim dynasties in the Malay archipelago Go to Malacca in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Conquest and colonization Religion Islam Asia East Asia Southeast Asia
1446	Portugal claims ownership of the region of Guinea, subsequently the centre of their slave trade on the west African coast Go to slave trade, African in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Conquest and colonization Commerce and industry Slavery European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Portuguese empire Africa West Africa Europe Society Empires
c. 1450	A warrior king, Ewuare, establishes the forest kingdom of Benin Go to Benin, Kingdom of in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Africa West Africa The Swedish Riksdag includes peasants as a fourth estate, alongside clergy, nobles and burghers Go to Estate in The Oxford Dictionary of the Renaissance (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Democracy and dissent Europe Sweden Christian boys, trained as slaves in the personal service of the Turkish sultan, acquire considerable power as the elite corps of janissaries Go to Janissaries in The Oxford Dictionary of Islam (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Dynasties and royalty Turks Muslim empires Ottoman empire Asia West Asia Turkey Europe Empires Francesco Sforza, a soldier of fortune, wins power in Milan Go to Sforza in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Renaissance 15th century Italian Renaissance Dynasties and royalty Europe Italy
1453	Constantinople falls to a 21-year-old Muslim conqueror, Mehmed II, bringing the Ottoman Turks their capital city Go to Mehmed II (1430–81) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Byzantine empire 15th century Dynasties and royalty War Turks Muslim empires Ottoman empire Asia West Asia Turkey Europe Empires The Christian emperor Constantine XI dies in the fighting in Constantinople, as the Greek Byzantine empire yields to that of the Ottoman Turks Go to Constantine XI Palaiologos (12 Mar. 1449–29 May 1453) in The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Byzantine empire 15th century Dynasties and royalty War Turks Muslim empires Ottoman empire Asia West Asia Turkey Europe Empires
1455	An engagement at St Albans is the first battle in the 30-year struggle between the white and red roses of York and Lancaster Go to Wars of the Roses in The Oxford Dictionary of Local and Family History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 15th century Dynasties and royalty War Battles British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1456	The Turks, besieging Belgrade, are dispersed by a peasant army inspired by the preaching of a Franciscan friar, St John of Capistrano Go to John of Capistrano (1386–1456) in The Oxford Dictionary of Saints (5 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Conquest and colonization War Turks Europe
1458	Matthias Corvinus begins a long reign which brings Moravia, Silesia and much of Austria within the Hungarian kingdom Go to Matthias I (1443–90) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Dynasties and royalty Europe Poland
1460	The Turks complete the occupation of Greece, which remains within the Ottoman empire until the nineteenth century Go to Ottoman empire in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Byzantine empire 15th century Conquest and colonization Turks Muslim empires Ottoman empire Turkey Europe Greece Empires On the death of his father, James II, James III becomes king of Scotland Go to James III (b. May 1452) in The Kings and Queens of Britain (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 15th century Dynasties and royalty Scotland British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1461	The first success in the Wars of the Roses goes to the white rose, with the Yorkist prince crowned as Edward IV Go to Edward IV (1442–83) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 15th century Dynasties and royalty War British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain Henry VI flees to Scotland, abandoning the kingdom to the usurping Edward IV Go to Henry VI (1421–71) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 15th century Dynasties and royalty Scotland British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1462	Mehmed II, conqueror of Constantinople, begins to build Topkapi Sarayi as his palace Go to Mehmed II (1430–81) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Byzantine empire 15th century Architecture Dynasties and royalty Muslim empires Ottoman empire Turkey Europe Empires
1463	The assembly brought together in Bruges in 1463 is later seen as the first full gathering of the Netherlands States-General Go to States-General in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Democracy and dissent Europe Belgium Netherlands The Chimu empire in Peru is conquered by the Incas under the leadership of Pachacuti's son Topa Go to Topa Inca (1493) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Civilizations of Peru Incas Andean Civilizations Conquest and colonization Dynasties and royalty War Latin America Peru South America
1464	After his death in 1464, Cosimo de' Medici acquires the posthumous title pater patriae – father of the fatherland Go to Paros in Oxford Dictionary of the Classical World (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Renaissance 15th century Italian Renaissance Dynasties and royalty Europe Italy Mehmed II and the Ottoman Turks conquer Bosnia, where a large number of noble families convert to Islam Go to Mehmed II (1430–81) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Conquest and colonization Dynasties and royalty War Turks Muslim empires Ottoman empire Europe Empires
1466	In the treaty of Torun the Teutonic knights finally cede Prussia to Poland Go to Teutonic Knight in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Europe Germany Poland
1468	Skanderbeg dies and Albania becomes fully absorbed into the Ottoman empire Go to Afonso V (1432–81) in The Oxford Dictionary of the Renaissance (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Conquest and colonization Turks Muslim empires Ottoman empire Europe Empires
1469	The Orkneys and Shetlands come into the possession of James III of Scotland with the dowry of Margaret of Denmark Go to Margaret of Denmark (b. c.1457) in The Kings and Queens of Britain (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 15th century Dynasties and royalty Scotland British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Denmark Rulers and politicians Britain The marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella unites the crowns of Aragon and Castile, creating virtually a unified Spain Go to Amenhotep in The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Dynasties and royalty Europe Spain
1471	Topa succeeds his father, Pachacuti, as emperor of the Incas Go to Topa Inca (1493) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Civilizations of Peru Incas Andean Civilizations Dynasties and royalty Latin America Peru South America
c. 1475	With Constantinople in Turkish hands, Moscow begins to see itself as the centre of Orthodox Christianity - or the third Rome Go to Moscow in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Religion Christianity Catholic and orthodox Turks Europe Russia Edward IV, landing at Calais with a large army, is bought off at Picquigny with a bribe - ending his attempt to revive the Hundred Years' War Go to Edward IV (1442–83) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Hundred Years' War Britain 1066-1500 15th century War British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe France Rulers and politicians Wars and Revolutions Britain
1477	Maximilian, heir to Austria, weds Mary, heiress to Burgundy, in the first of the great marriage alliances which form the Habsburg empire Go to Habsburg in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Holy Roman empire Austrian empire Dynasties and royalty Europe Austria France Empires
1478	A plot by the Pazzi family, with papal connivance, results in the murder of Guiliano de' Medici during high mass in Florence's cathedral Go to Pazzi Conspiracy (1478) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Renaissance 15th century Italian Renaissance Papacy Florence Europe Italy Ivan III subdues proudly independent Novgorod, removing the city's famous bell Go to Ivan III (1440–1505) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Conquest and colonization Europe Russia
c. 1480	The Maravi Confederacy is formed by Bantu tribes and soon wins control over a large region between Lake Nyasa and the Zambezi Go to Bantu in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Africa South Africa Ivan III, grand prince of Russia, becomes the first to deny the Mongols of the Golden Horde their annual tribute of tax Go to Ivan III (1440–1505) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Dynasties and royalty Protest and rebellion Europe Russia
1481	Civil war between squabbling Swiss cantons is averted by the diplomacy of a hermit, Brother Klaus, at the Convention of Stans Go to Nicholas of Flüe (1417–87) in The Oxford Dictionary of the Renaissance (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Switzerland
1483	The English king Edward IV dies and his succeeded by his 12-year-old son as Edward V Go to Edward V (b. 2 Nov. 1470) in The Kings and Queens of Britain (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 15th century Dynasties and royalty British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain The two royal princes, Edward V and his younger brother, are confined in the Tower of London by their uncle - soon to be Richard III Go to Richard III (1452–85) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 15th century Dynasties and royalty British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain Richard III has himself proclaimed king by a parliament held at Westminster, and begins a short reign of only two years Go to Richard III (1452–85) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 15th century Dynasties and royalty British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain The Portuguese establish a further presence on the west coast of Africa, at the mouth of the Congo river Go to Congo in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Conquest and colonization European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Portuguese empire Africa Central Africa East Africa Europe Empires
1485	Matthias Corvinus, king of Hungary, captures Vienna and makes the city his capital Go to Matthias I (1443–90) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Austrian empire Habsburgs Dynasties and royalty Europe Austria Hungary Empires Henry Tudor kills Richard III at Bosworth Field and takes the crown as Henry VII Go to Henry VII (1457–1509) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 15th century Dynasties and royalty Battles British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1486	Henry VII, whose mother is Lancastrian, marries the Yorkist heiress Elizabeth and thus unites the roses - in the Tudor rose Go to Tudor in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 15th century Dynasties and royalty British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1487	Lambert Simnel, supposedly a nephew of Edward IV, is crowned in Dublin - but ends up working in the royal kitchens of Henry VII Go to Simnel, Lambert (c. 1475–c. 1535) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Protest and rebellion British Isles Europe Ireland Britain The Inca empire is extended to the north and a second capital is established at Quito Go to Quito (Ecuador) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Civilizations of Peru Incas Andean Civilizations Conquest and colonization Latin America Peru South America
1488	On the death of his father, James III, James IV becomes king of Scotland Go to James IV (1473–1513) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 15th century Dynasties and royalty Scotland British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1489	Venice's annexation of Cyprus completes a useful chain of islands stretching to the eastern Mediterranean Go to Cyprus in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Conquest and colonization Venice Europe Italy
1490	On the death of Matthias Corvinus, in 1490, the Habsburgs recover Vienna from the Hungarians Go to Habsburg in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Austrian empire Habsburgs Conquest and colonization Europe Austria Hungary Empires
1491	The king of France is among those supporting Perkin Warbeck, supposedly a prince from the Tower, in his attempt on the English throne Go to Perkin Warbeck (b. 1474) in The Kings and Queens of Britain (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 15th century Protest and rebellion British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1492	The army of Ferdinand and Isabella besieges and takes the city of Granada, completing the long reconquest of Spain from the Muslims Go to Ferdinand V (1452–1516) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Conquest and colonization Dynasties and royalty War Europe Spain Torquemada persuades Ferdinand and Isabella to expel from Spain all Jews (about 160,000) who will not convert to Christianity Go to Torquemada, Tomás de (1420–98) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Persecution and repression Religion Christianity Judaism Europe Spain Bayazid II, the Turkish sultan, makes a special point of welcoming in Istanbul the Jews expelled from Spain Go to Istanbul (Turkey) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Dynasties and royalty Religion Islam Judaism Turks Muslim empires Ottoman empire Turkey Europe Empires
1493	John I Albert summons the first recorded sejm, a parliament representing the whole of Poland Go to John Albert (1459–1501) in The Oxford Dictionary of the Renaissance (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Democracy and dissent Europe Poland On Topa's death his son Huayna Capac succeeds to the throne as Inca emperor Go to Topa Inca (1493) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Civilizations of Peru Incas Andean Civilizations Dynasties and royalty Latin America Peru South America Pope Alexander VI draws a line through the Atlantic, dividing new discoveries between Spain (west) and Portugal (east) Go to Alexander VI (1431–1503) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Renaissance 15th century Italian Renaissance Papacy European empires from 1415 Portuguese empire Spanish empire Europe Italy Portugal Spain Empires Latin America
1494	In negotiations about the New World at Tordesillas, the king of Portugal insists on a new demarcation line which later brings him Brazil Go to Tordesillas, Treaty of (7 June 1494) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century European empires from 1415 Portuguese empire Europe Portugal Empires Latin America Brazil South America Charles VIII, king of France, marches through the Alps with an army of 30,000, to claim the throne of Naples Go to Charles VIII (1470–98) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Renaissance 15th century Italian Renaissance Dynasties and royalty War Europe France Italy Piero de' Medici and his brothers flee from Florence, after a mob ransacks the Medici palace Go to Medici, Piero I de' (1416–69) in The Oxford Dictionary of the Renaissance (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Renaissance 15th century Italian Renaissance Dynasties and royalty Florence Europe Italy
1495	Charles VIII captures Naples in February and is crowned there in May, but is forced back across the Alps before the end of the year Go to Charles VIII (1470–98) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Renaissance 15th century Italian Renaissance Dynasties and royalty War Europe France Italy
1496	Diego Columbus, brother of the explorer, establishes the first secure Spanish colony at Santo Domingo Go to Santo Domingo (Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Mexico, Nicaragua) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Conquest and colonization European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America Caribbean Philip, heir to Austria, marries Joanna, a daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain, in the second of the great Habsburg marital alliances Go to Habsburg in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Holy Roman empire Austrian empire Habsburgs Dynasties and royalty Europe Austria Spain Empires
1499	The Swiss (or Swabian) War ends with the treaty of Basel, bringing effective recognition of Swiss independence from the Habsburg empire Go to Swabian War in The Oxford Dictionary of the Renaissance (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Habsburgs War Switzerland Empires After three feeble attempts to invade England, Perkin Warbeck is captured by Henry VII (in 1497) and is hanged at Tyburn Go to Perkin Warbeck (b. 1474) in The Kings and Queens of Britain (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain 1066-1500 15th century Protest and rebellion British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
c. 1500	The female mamakuna and the male yanakuna are selected in childhood to serve the Inca state Go to Inca in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century 16th century Civilizations of Peru Incas Andean Civilizations Latin America Peru South America The Portuguese establish trading posts in east Africa, on the coast of Mozambique Go to Mozambique in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century 16th century Conquest and colonization Commerce and industry European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Portuguese empire Africa South Africa Europe Society Empires European diseases bring death on a massive scale to an American population that has no immunity Go to Aboriginals and European diseases in The Oxford Companion to Canadian History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century 16th century Conquest and colonization Medicine European empires from 1415 Europe Empires Latin America
1501	The 14-year-old Ismail I is enthroned as shah of a new Persian dynasty, the Safavids Go to Ismail I, Shah of Iran (1487–1524) in The Oxford Companion to Military History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Dynasties and royalty Asia Central Asia Iran (Persia)
1502	Vasco da Gama wins a trading treaty for Portuguese merchants after bombarding the Indian port of Calicut into submission Go to da Gama, Vasco (c. 1469–1524) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Conquest and colonization Commerce and industry European empires from 1415 Portuguese empire Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) India (republic) Europe Society Empires
1503	The marriage of James IV, king of Scotland, to Margaret Tudor, daughter of Henry VII, leads a century later to the Union of the Crowns Go to James IV (b. 17 Mar. 1473) in The Kings and Queens of Britain (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Britain 1500-1750 Dynasties and royalty Scotland British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain The Portuguese set up a trading post on the east African island of Zanzibar Go to Zanzibar in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Conquest and colonization Commerce and industry European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Portuguese empire Africa East Africa Europe Society Empires
1504	Babur captures Kabul, making it and eastern Afghanistan the first possession of the Mughal empire Go to Mughal Empire in The Oxford Dictionary of Islam (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Dynasties and royalty Mughal empire Muslim empires Asia Central Asia Afghanistan Empires
1505	The Portuguese establish a presence in Sri Lanka, trading in the island's crop of cinnamon Go to Sri Lanka in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Conquest and colonization Commerce and industry European empires from 1415 Portuguese empire Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) Sri Lanka Europe Society Empires
1509	On the death of his father, and as the result of the death of his elder brother Arthur, Henry VIII becomes king of England Go to Henry VIII (1491–1547) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Britain 1500-1750 Dynasties and royalty British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1510	The Portuguese seize Goa and make it their colonial capital in India Go to Goa (India) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Conquest and colonization European empires from 1415 Portuguese empire Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) India (republic) Europe Empires
1511	The Portuguese take control of Malacca, in the Malay peninsula, as a base for trade further east Go to Malacca in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Conquest and colonization Commerce and industry European empires from 1415 Portuguese empire Asia East Asia Southeast Asia Europe Society Empires
1512	The Portuguese make treaties in the Moluccas (or Spice Islands), to trade in cloves and nutmeg Go to Moluccas in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Conquest and colonization Commerce and industry European empires from 1415 Portuguese empire Asia East Asia Southeast Asia Europe Society Empires
1513	James IV of Scotland dies at Flodden, in the disastrous defeat of his army by the English Go to James IV (b. 17 Mar. 1473) in The Kings and Queens of Britain (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Britain 1500-1750 Dynasties and royalty War Battles Scotland British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain Vasco Núñez de Balboa reaches the Pacific coast and claims the ocean for the king of Spain Go to Balboa, Vasco Núñez de (1475–1519) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Mesoamerican civilization Conquest and colonization Exploration European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Society Empires Latin America Central America Mexico On the death of his father at Flodden, the one-year-old James V becomes king of Scotland Go to James V (b. 10 Apr. 1512) in The Kings and Queens of Britain (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Britain 1500-1750 Dynasties and royalty Scotland British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1514	Thomas Wolsey begins to build himself a palace at Hampton Court, but will later consider it politic to give it to Henry VIII Go to Hampton Court palace in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Britain 1500-1750 Architecture British architecture British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain The Portuguese capture Hormuz and establish a garrison to control the Gulf of Oman Go to Hormuz in The Oxford Encyclopedia of Maritime History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Conquest and colonization European empires from 1415 Portuguese empire Asia West Asia Europe Empires
1515	Louis XII is succeeded on the French throne by his cousin and son-in-law, Francis I Go to Francis I (1494–1547) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Dynasties and royalty Europe France The Spanish complete the conquest of Cuba and establish the town of Havana Go to Havana (Cuba, USA) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Conquest and colonization European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America Caribbean Cuba
1516	The death of Ferdinand II results in Spain becoming part of the Habsburg empire, under the rule of Charles V (as Charles I of Spain) Go to Habsburg in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Holy Roman empire Austrian empire Dynasties and royalty Europe Austria Spain Empires Catherine of Aragon gives birth to a daughter, Mary, who becomes the only one of her six children to live beyond infancy Go to Catherine of Aragon (1485–1536) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Britain 1500-1750 Dynasties and royalty British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain The original ghetto is established as a district to which the Jews of Venice are confined Go to Ghetto in A Concise Companion to the Jewish Religion (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Renaissance 16th century Italian Renaissance Persecution and repression Religion Judaism Venice Europe Italy
1517	The Ottoman sultan, Selim I, captures Cairo and ends Mameluke rule in the middle east Go to Selim I (c. 1470–1520) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Dynasties and royalty War Turks Muslim empires Ottoman empire Africa North Africa Egypt Asia West Asia Empires From Bosnia to Egypt and Arabia, the Ottoman Turks now rule the largest Muslim empire since the early caliphate Go to Ottoman empire in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Caliphs Dynasties and royalty Turks Muslim empires Ottoman empire Africa North Africa Asia West Asia Europe Empires Martin Luther nails his 95 Theses to the door of the castle church in Wittenberg Go to Luther, Martin (1483–1546) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Reformation Protest and rebellion Religion Christianity Germany
1519	The Spanish conquistador Hernando Cortes lands on the coast of Mexico with 600 men, 16 horses and about 20 guns Go to Cortés, Hernando (1485–1547) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Mesoamerican civilization Conquest and colonization War European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America Central America Mexico Charles V borrows 852,000 florins, mainly from the Fuggers, to bribe the seven imperial electors Go to Charles V (1500–58) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Austrian empire Habsburgs Austria Empires Cortes and his tiny force capture Montezuma, ruler of the mighty Aztec empire, in his palace at Tenochtitlan Go to Cortés, Hernán (1485–1547) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Mesoamerican civilization Conquest and colonization War European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America Central America Mexico
1520	Luther's writings are burnt in Rome by order of the pope Go to Luther, Martin (1483–1546) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Renaissance 16th century Italian Renaissance Reformation Persecution and repression Protest and rebellion Religion Christianity Papacy Rome Europe Germany Italy Cortes loses control of Tenochtitlan and has to escape in haste with his men during 'the Sorrowful Night' Go to Cortés, Hernán (1485–1547) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Mesoamerican civilization Conquest and colonization War European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America Central America Mexico The English and French kings, Henry VIII and Francis I, feast and parley on the Field of Cloth of Gold Go to Field of Cloth of Gold (1520) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Europe France Eighty distinguished Swedish citizens are executed together on the main square, in what becomes known as the Stockholm Bloodbath Go to Stockholm Bloodbath in The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Reformation (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Persecution and repression Europe Sweden
1521	Pope Leo X excommunicates Martin Luther after he has refused to recant Go to Luther, Martin (1483–1546) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Renaissance 16th century Italian Renaissance Reformation Persecution and repression Protest and rebellion Religion Christianity Papacy Europe Germany Italy Luther travels to the German city of Worms to present his case to an imperial diet Go to Luther, Martin (1483–1546) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Reformation Protest and rebellion Religion Christianity Germany Luther bears witness to a Protestant conscience, stating at Worms: 'Here I stand, I can not do otherwise.' Go to Luther, Martin (1483–1546) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Reformation Protest and rebellion Religion Christianity Germany The Turkish sultan, Suleiman I, marches into the kingdom of Hungary and captures Belgrade Go to Suleiman I (1494–1566) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Conquest and colonization Dynasties and royalty War Turks Muslim empires Ottoman empire Europe Empires After a little more than a year Cortes recaptures Tenochtitlan and finally establishes Spanish control over Mexico Go to Cortés, Hernán (1485–1547) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Mesoamerican civilization Conquest and colonization War European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America Central America Mexico
1522	Outlawed by the Edict of Worms, Luther lives secretly in the Wartburg as Junker Georg Go to Beveridge, William Henry, Baron (1879–1963) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Reformation Persecution and repression Religion Christianity Germany Huldreich Zwingli eats sausage in Lent in Zurich, launching the Swiss Reformation Go to Zwingli, Ulrich (1484–1531) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Reformation Protest and rebellion Religion Christianity Switzerland
1523	The Vasa dynasty in Sweden begins with the seizing of the throne by Gustavus I Go to Gustavus I (Vasa) (1496–1560) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Dynasties and royalty Europe
1525	The Inca emperor, Huayna Capac, dies in an epidemic of a western disease, smallpox Go to smallpox in Concise Medical Dictionary (8 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Civilizations of Peru Incas Andean Civilizations Dynasties and royalty Latin America Peru South America Ruling respectively from Cuzco and Quito, Huáscar and Atahualpa compete for the empire of their father, Huayna Capac Go to Atahualpa (1533) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Civilizations of Peru Incas Andean Civilizations Dynasties and royalty Latin America Peru South America Conrad Grebel baptises an adult, causing outrage in Protestant Zurich Go to Grebel, Conrad (c.1498–1526) in The Oxford Dictionary of the Renaissance (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Reformation Protest and rebellion Religion Christianity Switzerland Muslims throughout Spain are ordered to convert to Christianity or to leave the kingdom Go to Islam in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Persecution and repression Religion Christianity Islam Europe Spain The conquistadors, settling on land granted to them after the conquest, begin the long process of European emigration to America Go to conquistadores in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Mesoamerican civilization Conquest and colonization European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America Central America Mexico
1526	In a battle at Panipat Babur defeats the sultan of Delhi, launching the Mughal empire in India Go to Babur (1483–1530) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Dynasties and royalty Battles Mughal empire Muslim empires Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) India (republic) Empires The Hungarian king, Louis II, is killed in battle at Mohacs, where the Turks win a crushing victory Go to Protestant in The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Dynasties and royalty Battles Turks Europe Hungary
1527	Francis I begins to transform Fontainebleau into a palace, employing artists who establish the mannerist school of Fontainebleau Go to Fontainebleau School in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Architecture French architecture Dynasties and royalty Europe France Victory at Khanua, over a Hindu confederation of Rajput rulers, brings Babur a tenuous control over most of northwest India Go to Babur (1483–1530) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Dynasties and royalty Battles Mughal empire Muslim empires Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) Empires Gustavus I of Sweden fills his coffers by appropriating the property of Catholic churches and monasteries Go to Gustavus I (1496–1560) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Reformation Dynasties and royalty Religion Christianity Europe
1528	Discussion of Henry VIII's proposed divorce hinges on rival verses from the Old Testament, in Deuteronomy and Leviticus Go to Henry VIII (1491–1547) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Reformation Britain 1500-1750 Dynasties and royalty Religion Christianity Judaism British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain In a desperate attempt to retain royal favour, when suspected by the king of opposing his divorce, Cardinal Wolsey gives his spectacular Hampton Court Palace to Henry VIII Go to Wolsey, Thomas (c. 1474–1530) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Britain 1500-1750 British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1529	After the fall of Wolsey, Henry VIII appoints Thomas More as his Lord Chancellor Go to More, Sir Thomas (1478–1535) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Britain 1500-1750 British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain The 'Protestation' of various princes and imperial cities at Speyer identifies them as Protestants Go to Protestant in The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Reformation Protest and rebellion Religion Christianity Germany
1530	Ahmad ibn Ibrahim leads Muslim Somalis in a holy war against Christian Ethiopia, destroying churches and shrines Go to Ethiopia in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Conquest and colonization Religion Christianity Islam Africa East Africa Ethiopia Francisco Pizarro sails from Panama to attempt the conquest of Peru Go to Pizarro, Francisco (c. 1478–1541) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Civilizations of Peru Incas Andean Civilizations Conquest and colonization European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America Central America Peru South America Charles V gives Malta to the Knights of St John at an annual rental of one falcon Go to Hospitallers in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Europe The Augsburg Confession, presented by Melanchthon to the imperial diet, defines the Lutheran faith Go to Augsburg, Confession of (1530) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Reformation Protest and rebellion Religion Christianity Germany Atahualpa defeats and kills his half-brother Huáscar, thus winning control of the entire Inca empire Go to Atahualpa (1533) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Civilizations of Peru Incas Andean Civilizations Dynasties and royalty Latin America Peru South America The first Mughal emperor, Babur, dies in India and is succeeded by his son, Humayun Go to Babur (1483–1530) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Dynasties and royalty Mughal empire Muslim empires Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) Empires
1531	The Aztec Virgin of Guadalupe appears to an Indian near Mexico City and tells him she is 'one of his kind' Go to Virgin of Guadalupe in The Oxford Companion to World Mythology (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Conquest and colonization Religion Christianity Latin America Central America Mexico The Protestant princes of Germany form the defensive League of Schmalkalden Go to Schmalkaldic League in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Reformation Protest and rebellion Religion Christianity Germany Francisco Pizarro leads 168 men, with about 30 horses, into the territory of the Inca empire Go to Pizarro, Francisco (1471–1541) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Civilizations of Peru Incas Andean Civilizations Conquest and colonization European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America Peru South America
1532	Pizarro and his tiny force ambush and massacre the Inca court in Cajamarca, capturing Atahualpa himself alive Go to Pizarro, Francisco (1471–1541) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Civilizations of Peru Incas Andean Civilizations Conquest and colonization European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America Peru South America Atahualpa agrees to buy his freedom from the Spaniards with a room full of gold and another of silver Go to Atahualpa (1533) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Civilizations of Peru Incas Andean Civilizations Conquest and colonization European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America Peru South America
1533	In a secret ceremony Henry VIII marries Anne Boleyn, though he has not yet succeeded in divorcing Catherine of Aragon Go to Henry VIII (1491–1547) in The Oxford Dictionary of the Renaissance (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Dynasties and royalty Although the ransom has been paid, Atahualpa is executed by the Spaniards — who ensure that he dies a Christian Go to Atahualpa (1533) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Civilizations of Peru Incas Andean Civilizations Conquest and colonization European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America Peru South America The Spanish conquistadors capture and sack the Inca capital of Cuzco, high in the Andes Go to Cuzco in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Civilizations of Peru Incas Andean Civilizations Conquest and colonization European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America Peru South America Thomas Cranmer, the archbishop of Canterbury, declares Henry VIII's marriage to Catherine of Aragon null and void Go to Cranmer, Thomas (1489–1556) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Reformation Britain 1500-1750 Dynasties and royalty British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain Anne Boleyn has a child (the future Elizabeth I) but not of the sex her husband wanted Go to Elizabeth I (1533–1603) in The Oxford Dictionary of the Renaissance (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Britain 1500-1750 Dynasties and royalty British Isles British monarchs - from 1066 Europe

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