Peru: c. 3000 BCE - 2009 - Oxford Reference

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Timeline: Peru

Years: c. 3000 BCE - 2009	Subject: Encyclopedias, Geographical reference
Publisher: HistoryWorld	Online Publication Date: 2012
Current online version: 2012	eISBN: 9780191736766

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BCE CE

Year	Event
c. 3000 BCE	The llama and the alpaca, two south American members of the camel family, are domesticated Go to llama in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Neolithic 3100-1000 BCE Andean Civilizations Social and domestic Society Latin America South America Complex societies, with sophisticated temple architecture, develop at sites such as Aspero and Caral in the Norte Chico region of Peru Go to Aspero, Peru in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Neolithic 3100-1000 BCE Civilizations of Peru Andean Civilizations Latin America South America
c. 2500 BCE	At Huaca Prieta, the earliest known farming community in South America, squash, gourds and chili are cultivated Go to Saladoid Culture in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Neolithic 3100-1000 BCE Andean Civilizations Social and domestic Society Latin America South America
c. 2000 BCE	Medicine men in Peru practise trephination, cutting holes in the skulls of brave or foolhardy patients Go to Disease in The Oxford Companion to Archaeology (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3100-1000 BCE Andean Civilizations Science Medicine Latin America South America
c. 900 BCE	Chávin de Huántar becomes the centre of the first civilization of south America Go to Chavín culture in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1000-600 BCE Civilizations of Peru Andean Civilizations Latin America South America
c. 300 BCE - CE 100	The people of Paracas, a coastal region of central Peru, create extremely sophisticated fabrics of woven cotton or vicuña wool Go to Paracas Culture in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century BCE 3rd century BCE Civilizations of Peru Andean Civilizations Latin America Central America South America
c. 200 BCE	The earth drawings of the Nazca people, known now as the Nazca Lines, are some of the largest works of art ever created See this event in other timelines: 3rd century BCE 2nd century BCE Civilizations of Peru Andean Civilizations Architecture American architecture Religion Latin America South America The Mochica develop a civilization, in the north of modern Peru, known for its realistic pottery sculpture Go to Mochica in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3rd century BCE 2nd century BCE Civilizations of Peru Andean Civilizations Arts Decorative arts Latin America South America
c. 200	The potato is cultivated in the Peruvian Andes Go to potato in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 2nd century 3rd century Civilizations of Peru Andean Civilizations Social and domestic Society Latin America South America
c. 700	The quipu is used in the Wari culture and becomes the standard recording device of the Andean civilizations Go to quipu in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 7th century 8th century Civilizations of Peru Andean Civilizations Commerce and industry Society Latin America South America
c. 800	Batán Grande, in northern Peru, becomes a great pilgrimage centre in the Sican culture Go to Peru in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 8th century 9th century Civilizations of Peru Andean Civilizations Religion Latin America South America
c. 900	Chan Chan, today the largest of the ruined Andean cities, dominates the entire length of Peru Go to Chan Chan in The Oxford Companion to Archaeology (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 9th century 10th century Civilizations of Peru Andean Civilizations Politics Latin America South America
c. 1000	The Inca ethnic group migrates into the region of the Cuzco valley in Peru Go to Inca in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 10th century 11th century Civilizations of Peru Incas Andean Civilizations Migration Society Latin America South America
1438	After a decisive victory over the Chanca people, a young Inca prince seizes the throne in Peru and takes the name Pachacuti Go to Inca in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Civilizations of Peru Incas Andean Civilizations Politics Dynasties and royalty War Latin America South America
c. 1440	Cuzco, city of the Incas, grows rapidly in power after Pachacuti ('transformer of the earth') becomes emperor Go to Inca in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Civilizations of Peru Incas Andean Civilizations Politics Dynasties and royalty Latin America South America
c. 1450	The massive architecture of the Incas, consisting of finely dressed irregular blocks of stone, becomes a feature of Cuzco Go to Inca in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Civilizations of Peru Incas Andean Civilizations Architecture American architecture Latin America South America The most sacred of the Inca divinities, Punchao, is symbolized by a great golden disc representing the sun Go to Inca in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Civilizations of Peru Incas Andean Civilizations Religion Latin America South America
1463	The Chimu empire in Peru is conquered by the Incas under the leadership of Pachacuti's son Topa Go to Topa Inca (1493) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Civilizations of Peru Incas Andean Civilizations Politics Conquest and colonization Dynasties and royalty War Latin America South America
1471	Topa succeeds his father, Pachacuti, as emperor of the Incas Go to Topa Inca (1493) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Civilizations of Peru Incas Andean Civilizations Politics Dynasties and royalty Latin America South America
1487	The Inca empire is extended to the north and a second capital is established at Quito Go to Quito (Ecuador) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Civilizations of Peru Incas Andean Civilizations Politics Conquest and colonization Latin America South America
1493	On Topa's death his son Huayna Capac succeeds to the throne as Inca emperor Go to Topa Inca (1493) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Civilizations of Peru Incas Andean Civilizations Politics Dynasties and royalty Latin America South America
c. 1500	Even the remote city of Machu Picchu, on its peak above the jungle, is built in the massively precise Inca style of masonry Go to Machu Picchu, Peru in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century 16th century Civilizations of Peru Incas Andean Civilizations Architecture American architecture Latin America South America The female mamakuna and the male yanakuna are selected in childhood to serve the Inca state Go to Inca in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century 16th century Civilizations of Peru Incas Andean Civilizations Politics Latin America South America The Inca empire has about 25,000 miles of well-serviced roads, designed for caravans of llamas Go to Inca in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century 16th century Civilizations of Peru Incas Andean Civilizations Travel and transport Technology Engineering Society Latin America South America In Cuzco's great temple, the sacrifices are usually of llamas, occasionally of humans Go to Inca in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century 16th century Civilizations of Peru Incas Andean Civilizations Religion Latin America South America
1525	The Inca emperor, Huayna Capac, dies in an epidemic of a western disease, smallpox Go to smallpox in Concise Medical Dictionary (8 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Civilizations of Peru Incas Andean Civilizations Politics Dynasties and royalty Latin America South America Ruling respectively from Cuzco and Quito, Huáscar and Atahualpa compete for the empire of their father, Huayna Capac Go to Atahualpa (1533) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Civilizations of Peru Incas Andean Civilizations Politics Dynasties and royalty Latin America South America
1530	Francisco Pizarro sails from Panama to attempt the conquest of Peru Go to Pizarro, Francisco (c. 1478–1541) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Civilizations of Peru Incas Andean Civilizations Politics Conquest and colonization European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America Central America South America Atahualpa defeats and kills his half-brother Huáscar, thus winning control of the entire Inca empire Go to Atahualpa (1533) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Civilizations of Peru Incas Andean Civilizations Politics Dynasties and royalty Latin America South America
1531	Francisco Pizarro leads 168 men, with about 30 horses, into the territory of the Inca empire Go to Pizarro, Francisco (1471–1541) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Civilizations of Peru Incas Andean Civilizations Politics Conquest and colonization European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America South America
1532	Pizarro and his tiny force ambush and massacre the Inca court in Cajamarca, capturing Atahualpa himself alive Go to Pizarro, Francisco (1471–1541) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Civilizations of Peru Incas Andean Civilizations Politics Conquest and colonization European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America South America Atahualpa agrees to buy his freedom from the Spaniards with a room full of gold and another of silver Go to Atahualpa (1533) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Civilizations of Peru Incas Andean Civilizations Politics Conquest and colonization European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America South America
1533	Although the ransom has been paid, Atahualpa is executed by the Spaniards — who ensure that he dies a Christian Go to Atahualpa (1533) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Civilizations of Peru Incas Andean Civilizations Politics Conquest and colonization European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America South America The Spanish conquistadors capture and sack the Inca capital of Cuzco, high in the Andes Go to Cuzco in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Civilizations of Peru Incas Andean Civilizations Politics Conquest and colonization European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America South America
1536	Manco Inca begins a siege of the Spaniards in Cuzco that lasts for a year Go to Cuzco in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Civilizations of Peru Incas Andean Civilizations Politics Conquest and colonization European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America South America
1537	With the end of the siege of Cuzco, and the flight of Manco Inca, the Spanish have full control of Peru Go to Peru (and USA) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Civilizations of Peru Incas Andean Civilizations Politics Conquest and colonization European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America South America
1746	An earthquake destroys much of Lima, and an ensuing tidal wave engulfs its port at Callao Go to Lima in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Social and domestic Society Latin America South America
1780	An Indian uprising in Spanish Peru is led by a descendant of the Incas, Tupac Amaru II Go to Inca noun in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Incas Politics Protest and rebellion European empires from 1415 Europe Empires Latin America South America
1821	San Martín enters Lima and proclaims Peruvian independence with himself as 'Protector' Go to San Martín, José de (1778–1850) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Protest and rebellion European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America South America
1822	After failing to agree with Bolívar at Guayaquil, San Martín resigns his post as Protector of Peru Go to San Martín, José de (1778–1850) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Protest and rebellion European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America South America
1823	Bolívar arrives in Lima to be granted command of the army and dictatorial powers in the republic of Peru Go to Bolívar, Simón (1783–1830) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Protest and rebellion European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America South America
1824	After the surrender of the Spanish army to Antonio José de Sucre at Ayacucho, Peru is finally liberated Go to Sucre, Antonio José de (1795–1830) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Protest and rebellion War European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America South America
1825	With a victory at Tumusla Antonio José de Sucre liberates Upper Peru (the future Bolivia), the last Spanish stronghold in continental America Go to Sucre, Antonio José de (1795–1830) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Protest and rebellion War European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America South America Upper Peru declares independence as the republic of Bolivia, in honour of Simón Bolívar Go to Bolívar, Simón (1783–1830) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Protest and rebellion Spanish empire Empires Latin America South America
1847	William Hickling Prescott follows his great work on Mexico with a 2-volume History of the Conquest of Peru Go to Prescott, William Hickling (1796–1859) in The Concise Oxford Companion to American Literature (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Literature American literature Literature in English Latin America Mexico North America United States
1884	The War of the Pacific brings Chile new mineral wealth at the expense of Bolivia and Peru Go to War of the Pacific in Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century War China Latin America Chile South America
1906	The Great Valparaiso Earthquake damages much of central Chile and is felt from Peru to Buenos Aires Go to Valparaíso in The Oxford Encyclopedia of Maritime History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1900s 20th century Social and domestic China Society Latin America Brazil Central America Chile South America
1908	Augusto Leguía begins a long spell as the strong man of Peruvian politics Go to Leguía, Augusto Bernardino (1863–1932) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1900s 20th century Politics Latin America South America
c. 1911	The lost Inca city of Machu Picchu is reached by US archaeologist Hiram Bingham Go to Bingham, Hiram (1875–1956) in The Oxford Companion to World Exploration (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Exploration Society Latin America South America
1947	Thor Heyerdahl sets sail across the Pacific from Peru in a balsa wood boat, the Kon-Tiki Go to Heyerdahl, Thor (1914–2002) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s 20th century Exploration Society Latin America South America
1962	The veteran left-wing politician Victor Haya is elected president of Peru but is thwarted by a coup led by General Ricardo Godoy Go to Haya de la Torre, Víctor Raúl (22 Feb. 1895) in A Dictionary of Political Biography (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics Democracy and dissent Latin America South America
c. 1978	Shining Path and Tupac Amaru emerge as left-wing guerrilla groups in Peru Go to Sendero Luminoso in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1970s 20th century Politics Protest and rebellion Latin America South America
1990	Alberto Fujimori and his newly formed Cambio 90 party win a surprise election victory in Peru Go to Fujimori, Alberto Kenya (b. 28 July 1938) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1990s 20th century Politics Latin America South America
1996	Tupac Amaru guerrillas take 460 guests hostage at the Japanese ambassador's Christmas party in Lima, Peru Go to Tupamaros in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1990s 20th century Politics Terrorism and assassination Latin America South America
2000	Alerto Fujimori resigns after a corruption scandal during his third term as president of Peru Go to Fujimori, Alberto Kenya (b. 28 July 1938) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Latin America South America
2005	Former Peruvian president Alberto Fujimori, after sheltering since 2000 in Japan, arrives unexpectedly in Chile Go to Fujimori, Alberto Kenya (b. 28 July 1938) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Latin America Chile South America
2007	The Chilean Supreme Court grants the Peruvian government's request for the extradition of Alberto Fujimori to Peru Go to Fujimori, Alberto Kenya (b. 28 July 1938) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Latin America South America
2009	Peru's Supreme Court finds Alberto Fujimori guilty of authorizing death squads and sentences him to 25 years in prison Go to Fujimori, Alberto Kenya (b. 28 July 1938) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Latin America South America

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date: 18 May 2025

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