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Timeline: Turks

Years: c. 700 - 1922	Subject: Encyclopedias, Geographical reference
Publisher: HistoryWorld	Online Publication Date: 2012
Current online version: 2012	eISBN: 9780191736100

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BCE CE

Year	Event
c. 700	Turkish tribes, northern neighbours of the Muslims in central Asia, begin to adopt Islam as their religion Go to Central Asia, Islam in in The Oxford Dictionary of Islam (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 7th century 8th century Religion Turkey The earliest two Turkish states are the confederation of Gök Türk and the empire of the Khazars Go to KHAZARS in The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 7th century 8th century Politics Dynasties and royalty Asia West Asia Turkey
c. 850	The caliphs in Baghdad begin to employ Turkish slaves, or Mamelukes, in their armies Go to Mamelukes in The Oxford Companion to Military History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 9th century Caliphs Politics Dynasties and royalty Slavery War Mesopotamia Asia West Asia Iraq Society
c. 1000	Turks from Ghazni, raiding into northwest India, renew the pressure of Islam on the subcontinent Go to Ghazni (Afghanistan) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 11th century Politics Conquest and colonization Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) Pakistan
1040	The Seljuk Turks win a victory at Dandanqan, which gives them a base in the north of Iran and Afghanistan Go to Seljuk Turks in The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 11th century War Asia Central Asia Afghanistan Iran (Persia)
c. 1071	The campaigns of Alp Arslan, culminating in 1071, give the Seljuk Turks a lasting presence in Anatolia Go to Malik Shah ibn Alp Arslan (1072/73–92) in The Oxford Dictionary of Islam (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 11th century Politics Dynasties and royalty Asia West Asia Turkey The Seljuk Turks and the Byzantines meet in battle at Manzikert, with victory going to the Turks Go to Manzikert, Battle of (1071) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Byzantine empire 11th century War Battles Asia West Asia Turkey Empires
1099	Konya, in central Turkey, becomes the capital of the Seljuk Turks, who call themselves sultans of Rum Go to Seljuk Turks in The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 11th century Politics Dynasties and royalty Asia West Asia Turkey
1211	The leader of a Turkish army establishes an independent sultanate in Delhi, beginning many centuries of Muslim rule in north India Go to sultanate in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Politics Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) India (republic)
c. 1285	Osman inherits the leadership of the tribal group later known by a version of his name, as the Ottoman Turks Go to Ottoman empire in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Byzantine empire 13th century Politics Dynasties and royalty Muslim empires Ottoman empire Asia West Asia Turkey Empires
1347	Turkish tribes, besieging Genoese merchants in Caffa, lob the corpses of plague victims over the town walls and thus spread the Black Death Go to Black Death (1347–50) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 14th century Social and domestic Asia West Asia Turkey Society
1354	Gallipoli is taken by the Ottoman Turks, giving them their first foothold in Europe Go to Ottoman empire in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Byzantine empire 14th century Politics Conquest and colonization Migration Muslim empires Ottoman empire Asia West Asia Turkey Europe Society Empires
1389	Victory at Kosovo gives the Ottoman Turks control over Serbia, which becomes a vassal state Go to Ottoman empire in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Byzantine empire 14th century Politics Conquest and colonization Battles Muslim empires Ottoman empire Europe Empires
1393	The Ottoman sultan Bayazid I brings the Slav kingdom of Bulgaria under his control Go to Bulgaria in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Byzantine empire 14th century Politics Conquest and colonization Dynasties and royalty Muslim empires Ottoman empire Europe Empires
1402	The Ottoman sultan Bayazid is defeated and captured near Ankara by Timur, who keeps the sultan in captivity until his death the following year Go to Tamerlane (1336–1405) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Politics Dynasties and royalty Battles Muslim empires Ottoman empire Asia West Asia Turkey Empires
1443	Skanderbeg, Albania's national hero, begins his long campaign of successes against the Turks Go to Afonso V (1432–81) in The Oxford Dictionary of the Renaissance (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Politics Conquest and colonization Muslim empires Ottoman empire Europe Empires The Hungarian general Janos Hunyadi takes Sofia from the Turks and in the next few months liberates most of Bulgaria, Serbia and Albania Go to Hunyadi, János (c.1387–1456) in The Oxford Dictionary of the Renaissance (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Politics Conquest and colonization War Europe
1444	A Turkish army routs the Hungarians at Varna on the Black Sea, beginning a process which brings the Turks to the gates of Belgrade by 1456 Go to Varna in The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Politics Conquest and colonization Battles Europe
c. 1450	Christian boys, trained as slaves in the personal service of the Turkish sultan, acquire considerable power as the elite corps of janissaries Go to Janissaries in The Oxford Dictionary of Islam (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Politics Dynasties and royalty Muslim empires Ottoman empire Asia West Asia Turkey Europe Empires
1453	The Turks terrify Constantinople by lobbing vast stones at the city from a 19-ton bombard of cast iron Go to Istanbul in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Byzantine empire 15th century War Weapons Muslim empires Ottoman empire Turkey Europe Empires Constantinople falls to a 21-year-old Muslim conqueror, Mehmed II, bringing the Ottoman Turks their capital city Go to Mehmed II (1430–81) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Byzantine empire 15th century Politics Dynasties and royalty War Muslim empires Ottoman empire Asia West Asia Turkey Europe Empires The Christian emperor Constantine XI dies in the fighting in Constantinople, as the Greek Byzantine empire yields to that of the Ottoman Turks Go to Constantine XI Palaiologos (12 Mar. 1449–29 May 1453) in The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Byzantine empire 15th century Politics Dynasties and royalty War Muslim empires Ottoman empire Asia West Asia Turkey Europe Empires
1456	The Turks, besieging Belgrade, are dispersed by a peasant army inspired by the preaching of a Franciscan friar, St John of Capistrano Go to John of Capistrano (1386–1456) in The Oxford Dictionary of Saints (5 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Politics Conquest and colonization War Europe
1460	The Turks complete the occupation of Greece, which remains within the Ottoman empire until the nineteenth century Go to Ottoman empire in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Byzantine empire 15th century Politics Conquest and colonization Muslim empires Ottoman empire Turkey Europe Greece Empires
1464	Mehmed II and the Ottoman Turks conquer Bosnia, where a large number of noble families convert to Islam Go to Mehmed II (1430–81) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Politics Conquest and colonization Dynasties and royalty War Muslim empires Ottoman empire Europe Empires
1468	Skanderbeg dies and Albania becomes fully absorbed into the Ottoman empire Go to Afonso V (1432–81) in The Oxford Dictionary of the Renaissance (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Politics Conquest and colonization Muslim empires Ottoman empire Europe Empires
c. 1475	With Constantinople in Turkish hands, Moscow begins to see itself as the centre of Orthodox Christianity - or the third Rome Go to Moscow in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Politics Religion Christianity Catholic and orthodox Europe Russia
1492	Bayazid II, the Turkish sultan, makes a special point of welcoming in Istanbul the Jews expelled from Spain Go to Istanbul (Turkey) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Politics Dynasties and royalty Religion Islam Judaism Muslim empires Ottoman empire Turkey Europe Empires
1517	The Ottoman sultan, Selim I, captures Cairo and ends Mameluke rule in the middle east Go to Selim I (c. 1470–1520) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Politics Dynasties and royalty War Muslim empires Ottoman empire Africa North Africa Egypt Asia West Asia Empires The last Abbasid caliph, captured by the Ottoman Turks, is taken as a prisoner to Istanbul - ending the authentic line of 'successors' to Muhammad Go to Caliph/Caliphate in The Oxford Dictionary of Islam (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Caliphs Islam Asia West Asia Turkey From Bosnia to Egypt and Arabia, the Ottoman Turks now rule the largest Muslim empire since the early caliphate Go to Ottoman empire in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Caliphs Politics Dynasties and royalty Muslim empires Ottoman empire Africa North Africa Asia West Asia Europe Empires
1517-1920	Until the end of the Ottoman empire, Turkish sultans frequently use the title 'caliph' as a way of emphasizing their authority over the widespread world of Sunni Islam Go to caliph in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Caliphs
1521	The Turkish sultan, Suleiman I, marches into the kingdom of Hungary and captures Belgrade Go to Suleiman I (1494–1566) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Politics Conquest and colonization Dynasties and royalty War Muslim empires Ottoman empire Europe Empires
1526	The Hungarian king, Louis II, is killed in battle at Mohacs, where the Turks win a crushing victory Go to Protestant in The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Politics Dynasties and royalty Battles Europe Hungary
1541	Suleiman I takes Buda (now Budapest), and by 1547 the Turks occupy almost the whole of Hungary Go to Suleiman I (c. 1494–1566) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Politics Conquest and colonization Dynasties and royalty War Muslim empires Ottoman empire Europe Hungary Empires
1547	Hungary is divided, by agreement between the Turkish sultan Suleiman I and the Habsburg ruler Ferdinand I Go to Suleiman I (c. 1494–1566) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Habsburgs Politics Muslim empires Ottoman empire Europe Austria Hungary Empires
1571	Spanish and Venetian galleys defeat the Turks in the battle of Lepanto Go to Lepanto, Battle of in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Renaissance 16th century Italian Renaissance War Battles Venice Muslim empires Ottoman empire Turkey Europe Italy Spain Empires
1573	Venice cedes the island of Cyprus to the Turks, in spite of the Christian victory at Lepanto two years earlier Go to Lepanto, Battle of in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Politics Conquest and colonization Venice Europe Italy
1574	The Ottoman empire finally asserts control over the north African coast, in the footsteps of Muslim pirates Go to Ottoman Empire in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Politics Muslim empires Ottoman empire Africa North Africa Empires
1683	The emperor, Leopold I, and his court abandon Vienna on the approach of a Turkish army Go to Leopold I (1640–1705) in The Oxford Companion to German Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Austrian empire Habsburgs War Austria Empires The Turks are driven from the walls of Vienna by the Polish king John Sobieski, in what proves a historic turning point Go to John III (1624–96) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Austrian empire Habsburgs War Europe Austria Poland Empires
1717	Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, observing the Turkish practice of inoculation against smallpox, submits her infant son to the treatment Go to Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley (1689–1762) in The Concise Oxford Companion to English Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Science Medicine Turkey Europe
1774	In the treaty of Kuchuk Kainarji, ending the recent Russo-Turkish war, the Ottoman empire cedes the Crimea to Russia Go to Russo-Ottoman Wars in Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Crimean War Politics War European empires from 1415 Muslim empires Ottoman empire Asia West Asia Turkey Europe Russia Empires Wars and Revolutions The treaty of Kuchuk Kainarji grants Russia special rights in relation to the Christian Holy Places under Ottoman control Go to Russo-Ottoman Wars in Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Crimean War Politics Religion Christianity War Muslim empires Ottoman empire Asia West Asia Empires Wars and Revolutions
1799	Napoleon leads a costly, unsuccessful and plague-ridden expedition against the Turkish garrisons in Syria Go to French Revolutionary Wars (1792–1802) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Napoleonic era War Lebanon and Syria
1806	Karageorge captures Belgrade and wins a limited independence for Serbia within the Ottoman empire Go to Belgrade (Serbia, USA) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Protest and rebellion Muslim empires Ottoman empire Europe Empires
1813	The Turks recapture Belgrade and sell thousands of Serb women and children into slavery Go to Belgrade (Serbia, USA) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Conquest and colonization Slavery Europe Society
1821	An uprising in Greece against Turkish rule is followed by the massacre of several thousand Muslims Go to Greek War of Independence (1821–32) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Protest and rebellion Muslim empires Ottoman empire Europe Greece Empires
1827	The Turkish governor of Algiers, flicking at the French consul with his fly whisk, finds that he has provoked a French blockade and eventually invasion Go to Algeria in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Conquest and colonization European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa French empire Africa North Africa Europe Empires Britain, France and Russia, supporting Greek independence, defeat the Turkish and Egyptian fleets at Navarino Go to Navarino, Battle of in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century War Battles Muslim empires Ottoman empire Europe Greece Empires
1832	Greece wins independence from the Turks, with the 17-year-old Otto of Bavaria as king Go to Greek War of Independence (1821–32) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Dynasties and royalty Ottoman empire Europe Greece Empires
1840	Muhammad Ali, officially viceroy for the Turkish sultan, establishes his own ruling dynasty on the throne of Egypt Go to Muhammad Ali (1769–1849) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Dynasties and royalty Muslim empires Ottoman empire Africa North Africa Egypt Empires
1841	The Straits Convention, agreed between the European powers and Turkey, is a concerted attempt to prop up the Ottoman empire Go to Ottoman Empire in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Crimean War Politics War Muslim empires Ottoman empire Asia West Asia Turkey Europe Empires Wars and Revolutions
1852	France demands that Turkey should end Russia's exclusive control of the Christian Holy Places in the Ottoman empire Go to Crimean War (1853–56) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Crimean War Politics Religion Christianity War Muslim empires Ottoman empire Asia West Asia Empires Wars and Revolutions
1853	Russia occupies two Ottoman principalities, Moldavia and Wallachia, on the west coast of the Black Sea Go to Crimean War (1853–56) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Crimean War Politics Conquest and colonization War Muslim empires Ottoman empire Europe Empires Wars and Revolutions In the expectation of British and French support, the Ottoman sultan declares war on Russia - launching the Crimean War Go to Crimean War (1853–56) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Crimean War War British empire Muslim empires Ottoman empire British prime ministers - from 1830 Asia West Asia Turkey Europe Russia Empires Rulers and politicians Wars and Revolutions
1854	Britain and France enter the war between Turkey and Russia, on the Turkish side Go to Crimean War (1853–56) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Crimean War Victorian era Britain 1750-1900 War Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles British empire Ottoman empire British prime ministers - from 1830 Europe Empires Rulers and politicians Wars and Revolutions Britain
1855	After a siege of nearly a year the Russians abandon Sebastopol, but the Turkish alliance is too exhausted to pursue the conflict Go to Sebastopol in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Crimean War War Muslim empires Ottoman empire Asia West Asia Turkey Europe Russia Empires Wars and Revolutions
1870	The Turkish sultan finally allows the Christians of Bulgaria to have their own Orthodox patriarch Go to Bulgaria, Christianity in in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Religion Christianity Europe
1876	Turkish irregular soldiers, the ferocious bashibazouks, massacre some 15,000 Bulgarian civilians Go to Russo-Turkish Wars (1806–12) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Terrorism and assassination Europe William Gladstone's pamphlet Bulgarian Horrors, protesting at massacre by the Turks, sells 200,000 copies within a month Go to Gladstone, William Ewart (1809–98) in The Concise Oxford Companion to English Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Britain 1750-1900 Literature English literature Literature in English Persecution and repression Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles British prime ministers - from 1830 Europe Rulers and politicians Britain
1878	A congress in Berlin agrees that Austria may administer the Turkish province of Bosnia-Herzegovina Go to Berlin, Congress of (1878) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Austrian empire Habsburgs Politics Austria Germany Empires
1885	A secret revolutionary group (Union and Progress, later known as the Young Turks) is formed in Salonika in the Ottoman empire Go to Young Turks in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Protest and rebellion Muslim empires Ottoman empire Europe Greece Empires
1908	The Young Turks of Salonika organize a successful uprising against the autocracy of the Ottoman sultan Go to Young Turks in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1900s 20th century Politics Democracy and dissent Muslim empires Ottoman empire Asia West Asia Turkey Empires Austria annexes Bosnia-Herzegovina, in response to the policy of the Young Turks in Istanbul Go to Bosnia and Herzegovina in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Austrian empire Habsburgs 1900s 20th century Politics Conquest and colonization Austria Empires Prince Ferdinand of Bulgaria declares his country's independence from Ottoman rule and calls himself Tsar Ferdinand I Go to Ferdinand (1861–1948) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1900s 20th century Politics Dynasties and royalty Muslim empires Ottoman empire Europe Empires
1911	Italy finds a reason to invade Libya, a province of the Turkish empire. Go to Libya in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Politics Conquest and colonization European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa North Africa Europe Italy Empires
1912	A national uprising against Turkish rule in Albania launches a full-scale Balkan war Go to Balkan Wars (1912–13) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Politics Conquest and colonization Muslim empires Ottoman empire Europe Empires An Albanian uprising against the Ottoman empire is so successful that the Albanians are able to capture Skopje in Macedonia Go to Macedonia, Republic of in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Politics Conquest and colonization Muslim empires Ottoman empire Turkey Europe Greece Empires By a prearranged plan Greece, Bulgaria and Serbia together launch the First Balkan War against Turkey Go to Balkan Wars (1912–13) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: First World War 1910s 20th century War Muslim empires Ottoman empire Turkey Europe Empires Wars since 1900 An armistice agreed between the Ottoman empire and three of the Balkan states ends the war in the Balkans Go to Balkan Wars (1912–13) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: First World War 1910s 20th century War Muslim empires Ottoman empire Asia West Asia Turkey Europe Empires Wars since 1900
1913	The Treaty of London, ending the First Balkan War, allows Albania, Bulgaria, Greece and Serbia to divide up much of European Turkey Go to London, Treaty of (1913) in Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: First World War 1910s 20th century War Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Wars since 1900 Britain The Balkan states and the Ottoman empire agree an armistice in Bucharest, ending the Second Balkan War Go to Balkan Wars (1912–13) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: First World War 1910s 20th century War Muslim empires Ottoman empire Asia West Asia Turkey Europe Empires Wars since 1900 A coup led by Enver Pasha brings the Young Turks to power in Istanbul Go to Enver Pasha (1881–1922) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Politics Muslim empires Ottoman empire Asia West Asia Turkey Empires
1914	Calouste Gulbenkian earns his nickname – Mr Five Percent – from the share he receives for negotiating oil deals in the Ottoman empire Go to Gulbenkian, Calouste Sarkis (1869–1955) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Commerce and industry Europe Portugal Society The British government changes the status of Egypt from a Turkish province to a British protectorate Go to Egypt in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Politics Conquest and colonization British empire European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa North Africa Egypt Europe Empires August 2 - Germany and the Ottoman empire sign a secret treaty of alliance Go to World War I (1914–18) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: First World War 1910s 20th century Politics War Muslim empires Ottoman empire Asia West Asia Turkey Germany Empires Wars since 1900 November 2 - Russia declares war on the Ottoman empire Go to Ottoman Empire in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: First World War 1910s 20th century War Muslim empires Ottoman empire Asia West Asia Turkey Europe Russia Empires Wars since 1900 November 5 - Britain and France declare war on the Ottoman empire Go to Ottoman Empire in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: First World War 1910s 20th century War Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Muslim empires Ottoman empire Asia West Asia Turkey Europe France Empires Wars since 1900 Britain November 23 - a British force seizes the Turkish port of Basra, to safeguard the supply of Persian oil Go to Basra in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: First World War 1910s 20th century War Mesopotamia Asia West Asia Iraq Wars since 1900
1915	from May - hundreds of thousands of Armenians die as the Turks forcibly remove them from their homelands Go to Armenian genocide (1915–16) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: First World War 1910s 20th century War Ottoman empire Asia West Asia Turkey Empires Wars since 1900 from July - the Russians advance through Turkish Armenia and push west into Anatolia as far as Trabzon Go to Armenia in Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: First World War 1910s 20th century War Ottoman empire Asia West Asia Turkey Empires Wars since 1900 November 22 - a British and Indian force is defeated by the Turks at Ctesiphon, on the bank of the Tigris Go to Mesopotamian campaign in The Oxford Companion to Military History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: First World War 1910s 20th century War Battles Mesopotamia Asia West Asia Iraq Wars since 1900
1916	April 29 - the British garrison at Kut, on the Tigris, surrenders to the Turks after a five-month siege Go to Kut, Siege of (December 1915–April 1916) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: First World War 1910s 20th century War Mesopotamia Asia West Asia Iraq Wars since 1900 June 5 - Sharif Hussein, the emir of Mecca, proclaims himself the leader of the Muslim world, thus launching an Arab revolt against the Ottoman empire Go to Hussein, ibn Ali (1856–1931) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: First World War 1910s 20th century Religion Islam War Muslim empires Ottoman empire Asia West Asia Empires Wars since 1900
1917	March 11 - the British commander Stanley Maude captures Baghdad from the Turks Go to Mesopotamian campaign in The Oxford Companion to Military History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: First World War 1910s 20th century War Mesopotamia Asia West Asia Iraq Wars since 1900 July 6 - T.E. Lawrence and an Arab force surprise the Turkish garrison at Aqaba and win an overwhelming victory Go to Lawrence, T(homas) E(dward) (1888–1935) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: First World War 1910s 20th century War Battles Asia West Asia Wars since 1900 December 9 - the British commander Edmund Allenby captures Jerusalem from its Turkish defenders Go to Allenby, Edmund Henry Hynman, 1st Viscount (1861–1936) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: First World War 1910s 20th century War Jerusalem Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel Wars since 1900
1918	from June - Faisal and T.E. Lawrence pin down a Turkish army in a campaign of guerrilla warfare Go to Lawrence, T(homas) E(dward) (1888–1935) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: First World War 1910s 20th century War Asia West Asia Wars since 1900
1920	August - a punitive peace treaty, negotiated at Sèvres, is designed to dismember the Ottoman empire Go to Ottoman Empire in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: First World War 20th century Politics War Muslim empires Ottoman empire Asia West Asia Turkey Europe France Empires Wars since 1900
1922	The nationalist government in Turkey abolishes the sultanate and the last Ottoman emperor, Mehmed VI, goes into exile Go to Turkey in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1920s 20th century Politics Muslim empires Ottoman empire Asia West Asia Turkey Europe Empires

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date: 07 December 2023

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