Lebanon and Syria

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Timeline: Lebanon and Syria

Years: c. 3000 BCE - 2011	Subject: Encyclopedias, Geographical reference
Publisher: HistoryWorld	Online Publication Date: 2012
Current online version: 2012	eISBN: 9780191736056

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BCE CE

Year	Event
c. 3000 BCE	The people known as Phoenicians are in the region of modern Lebanon from around this date Go to Phoenicians in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3100-1000 BCE Migration The Phoenicians Society
c. 2800 BCE	Byblos (modern Jbeil) evolves to become the most important seaport and city of Phoenicia Go to Byblos in The Oxford Companion to Classical Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3100-1000 BCE Social and domestic The Phoenicians Society
c. 2500 BCE	Trade links, probably by sea in Phoenician ships from Byblos, are established between Egypt and Phoenicia Go to Byblos in The Oxford Companion to Classical Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3100-1000 BCE Commerce and industry The Phoenicians Egypt Society
c. 2400 BCE	Clay tablets discovered at Ebla reveal a busy trading economy reinforced by aggressive military policies Go to Ebla in The Oxford Classical Dictionary (3 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3100-1000 BCE Commerce and industry Asia West Asia Society The rich trading city of Mari, on the Euphrates, is an important centre in northern Mesopotamia Go to Mari, Iran in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Neolithic 3100-1000 BCE Mesopotamia Asia West Asia
2000 BCE	The god Ashur is worshipped at a shrine on the Tigris known by his name (the origin of the word Assyria) Go to Ashur in The Oxford Companion to World Mythology (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3100-1000 BCE Assyria and Babylon Religion Mesopotamia Asia West Asia Iraq
c. 1750 BCE	Shamshi-Adad I conquers Ashur and the surrounding areas, beginning Assyria's first brief period as a regional power Go to Assyria in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3100-1000 BCE Assyria and Babylon Mesopotamia Asia West Asia Iraq Zimri-Lim builds himself a spectacular palace with some 300 rooms in his capital city of Mari to the north of Babylon Go to Mari, Iran in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3100-1000 BCE Mesopotamia Asia West Asia
c. 1740 BCE	Shamshi-Adad I conquers the rich and ancient kingdom of Mari, and puts on the throne his son Yasmah-Adad Go to Mari, Iran in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3100-1000 BCE Mesopotamia Asia West Asia Iraq
c. 1700 BCE	Hammurabi, in the process of winning control over the whole of Mesopotamia, conquers the northern territories of Mari and Ashur Go to HAMMURABI in The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3100-1000 BCE Assyria and Babylon Mesopotamia Asia West Asia Iraq Hammurabi destroys Mari (concealing for posterity an extraordinary cuneiform archive not discovered until 1933) Go to Mari Tablets in The Oxford Companion to the Bible (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3100-1000 BCE Assyria and Babylon Mesopotamia More than 25,000 cuneiform tablets (unearthed since 1933 at Mari) provide a detailed account of Assyria in the late 18th century BC Go to Mari Tablets in The Oxford Companion to the Bible (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3100-1000 BCE Assyria and Babylon Mesopotamia Asia West Asia Ashur, or Assyria, sinks into almost a millennium of fluctuating but largely diminished fortunes Go to Assyria in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3100-1000 BCE Assyria and Babylon Mesopotamia Asia West Asia Iraq
c. 1500 BCE	The first steps towards a phonetic alphabet are taken in Phoenicia Go to Phoenicia in The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3100-1000 BCE The Phoenicians Asia West Asia
c. 1345 BCE	The Amarna tablets contain extensive correspondence between the Akhenaten government in Egypt and subject princes in Phoenicia Go to Tell el-Amarna Tablets in The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (3 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3100-1000 BCE The Phoenicians Egypt
c. 1275 BCE	An indecisive battle between the Hittites and the Egyptians, at Kadesh, stabilizes the frontier between the two empires Go to Kadesh, battle of (1300 bc) in The Oxford Companion to Military History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3100-1000 BCE War Battles Africa North Africa Egypt Asia West Asia
c. 1100 BCE	The Phoenicians develop the war galley, with a sharp battering ram in the bow Go to galley in The Oxford Dictionary of the Renaissance (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3100-1000 BCE Weapons The Phoenicians Asia West Asia Phoenician sailors use the pole star for navigational purposes Go to Pole Star in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3100-1000 BCE Science Astronomy and space The Phoenicians Asia West Asia
c. 1000 BCE	The abacus is used as an everyday method of calculation by Phoenicians and Babylonians Go to abacus in The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3100-1000 BCE 1000-600 BCE Assyria and Babylon Commerce and industry The Phoenicians Mesopotamia Asia West Asia Iraq Society Tyre and Sidon have by now replaced Byblos as the dominant cities within Phoenicia Go to Tyre in The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3100-1000 BCE 1000-600 BCE Commerce and industry The Phoenicians Society
c. 950 BCE	Wood from the famous cedars of Lebanon is only one of the many luxury goods traded by the Phoenicians Go to Phoenicians in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1000-600 BCE Commerce and industry The Phoenicians Asia West Asia Society
883-859 BCE	Assyria, during the reign of Ashurnasirpal II, once again recovers an extensive empire Go to Assyrian civilization in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1000-600 BCE Assyria and Babylon Mesopotamia Asia West Asia Iraq
c. 870 BCE	Ashurnasirpal II creates a spectacular new capital at Nimrud (and claims to have had 69,574 guests at his palace-warming party) Go to Nimrud in The Oxford Classical Dictionary (3 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1000-600 BCE Assyria and Babylon Politics Dynasties and royalty Mesopotamia Asia West Asia Iraq An annual event in Assyria is the departure of the army in spring for an expedition of ruthless and brutal conquest Go to Assyrian civilization in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1000-600 BCE Assyria and Babylon War Mesopotamia Asia West Asia Iraq
868 BCE	Ashburbanipal II extracts tribute from the cities of Phoenicia, beginning a period of Assyrian domination of the region Go to Assyrian civilization in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1000-600 BCE Assyria and Babylon The Phoenicians
853 BCE	Gindibu brings 1000 Arab warriors on camels to do battle at Karkar (the first known reference to Arabs as a distinct group) Go to Arabs in Oxford Dictionary of the Classical World (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1000-600 BCE War Battles Asia West Asia
c. 850 BCE	Citium, in Cyprus, is the first of many Phoenician colonies in the Mediterranean Go to Phoenicians in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1000-600 BCE Politics Conquest and colonization The Phoenicians Asia West Asia Europe The Assyrians develop the battering ram into a mobile and powerful siege engine Go to battering ram noun in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1000-600 BCE Assyria and Babylon Weapons Mesopotamia Asia West Asia Iraq
c. 800 BCE	The Assyrian army makes good use of the new technology by which iron can be hardened into steel suitable for weapons Go to steel in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1000-600 BCE Assyria and Babylon Weapons Mesopotamia Asia West Asia Iraq
722 BCE	The Assyrians overwhelm the north of Israel and the ten northern tribes vanish from history - the majority of them probably dispersed or sold into slavery Go to Sargon II (705 bc) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1000-600 BCE Assyria and Babylon Politics Conquest and colonization Judaism Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel
710 BCE	The first known lock and key is fitted in the new palace of Sargon II at Khorsabad, in Assyria Go to Sargon II (705 bc) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1000-600 BCE Assyria and Babylon Inventions and discoveries Mesopotamia Asia West Asia Iraq
c. 700 BCE	Sennacherib moves the Assyrian capital to a new site at Nineveh Go to Nineveh in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1000-600 BCE Assyria and Babylon Politics Dynasties and royalty Mesopotamia Asia West Asia Iraq
663 BCE	The Egyptian city of Memphis falls to an Assyrian army, soon to be followed by Thebes Go to Ashurbanipal in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1000-600 BCE Assyria and Babylon Politics Conquest and colonization Africa North Africa Egypt
c. 650 BCE	Ashurbanipal commissions a great library of cuneiform clay tablets at Nineveh Go to Ashurbanipal’s library in The Oxford Companion to the Book (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1000-600 BCE Assyria and Babylon Mesopotamia Asia West Asia Iraq
c. 645 BCE	Ashurbanipal commissions a magnificent relief of a lion hunt for his new palace at Nineveh Go to Nineveh in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1000-600 BCE Assyria and Babylon Arts Sculpture Mesopotamia Asia West Asia Iraq
c. 600 BCE	Phoenicians sail round the Cape of Good Hope and bring back the surprising news that the sun was seen to the north of them Go to Phoenicians in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1000-600 BCE 6th century BCE Exploration The Phoenicians Africa South Africa South Africa (republic) Asia West Asia Society
585 BCE	The Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar II begins a siege of Tyre which lasts for thirteen years before the city capitulates Go to Nebuchadnezzar II (c.630–562 bc) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 6th century BCE Assyria and Babylon
528 BCE	The Phoenician cities, liberated from Babylonian rule, willingly accept inclusion in the Persian empire Go to Phoenicians in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 6th century BCE Assyria and Babylon The Phoenicians
332 BCE	Alexander moves south through Syria and Palestine, excluding the Persian fleet from their familiar harbours Go to Alexander III (“The Great”) in The Oxford Guide to People and Places of the Bible (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century BCE War Greece
c. 300 BCE	Phoenicia is brought into the new Hellenistic empire, changing hands frequently between contending successors of Alexander Go to Phoenicians in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century BCE 3rd century BCE The Phoenicians
299 BCE	Seleucus founds Antioch as a Greek city on the trade route between Mesopotamia and Europe Go to Seleucids in Oxford Dictionary of the Classical World (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3rd century BCE Politics Dynasties and royalty Commerce and industry Asia West Asia Society
c. 200 BCE	The oasis city of Palmyra acquires importance on the caravan route between Mesopotamia and the Mediterranean Go to Palmyra in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3rd century BCE 2nd century BCE Commerce and industry Asia West Asia Society
c. 120 BCE	Antipater, a Greek author living on the Phoenician coast, lists the seven wonders of the world Go to Seven Wonders of the World in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 2nd century BCE Seven Wonders of the World Architecture Sculpture The Phoenicians Asia West Asia
64 BCE	Pompey takes Antioch and brings Syria under control as a Roman province Go to Pompey ‘the Great’ (106–48 bc) in The Oxford Companion to Military History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century BCE Politics Conquest and colonization Asia West Asia The Roman annexation of Syria brings the Silk Road all the way to the Mediterranean Go to Silk Road in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century BCE Commerce and industry Asia West Asia Society The Seleucid dynasty ends when Syria, the last remnant ruled by his family, falls to the Romans Go to Seleucids in Oxford Dictionary of the Classical World (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century BCE Phoenicia is incorporated into the Roman province of Syria, with Tyre and Sidon retaining a measure of self-government Go to Phoenicians in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century BCE The Phoenicians
c. 50 BCE	The Phoenicians discover that a blob of molten glass can be puffed out to form a hollow vessel Go to glass in Oxford Dictionary of the Classical World (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century BCE Technology Inventions and discoveries The Phoenicians Asia West Asia
37 BCE	Antony and Cleopatra, accompanied by their three-year-old twins, marry in Antioch Go to Mark Antony (83–30 bc) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century BCE Social and domestic Asia West Asia Society
19	Germanicus, nephew and heir of the emperor Tiberius, dies when far away with the army in Syria Go to Iulius Caesar, Germanicus in The Oxford Classical Dictionary (3 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Roman empire Politics Dynasties and royalty Asia West Asia Europe Italy Empires
c. 35	On the road to Damascus, where he intends to persecute the Christians, Saul sees a blinding light Go to Damascus, road to [Bible] in The Oxford Dictionary of Reference and Allusion (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Religion Christianity Asia West Asia
c. 80	The earliest of the Christian gospels, that of St Mark, is written down - possibly in Asia Minor or Syria Go to Mark, Gospel of St in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Religion Christianity Asia West Asia Turkey
117	Hadrian, governing Syria when he is declared emperor, is confident enough to delay almost a year before returning to Rome Go to Hadrian in The Oxford Companion to Classical Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 2nd century Roman empire Politics Dynasties and royalty Asia West Asia Europe Italy Empires
165	The Romans annexe Doura-Europus, giving it its most prosperous period as a frontier town between the Roman and Persian empires Go to Europus in The Oxford Classical Dictionary (3 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 2nd century Roman empire Politics Conquest and colonization Asia West Asia Empires
c. 232	A house in Doura-Europus is adapted for Christian worship - the earliest surviving example of its kind Go to Europus in The Oxford Classical Dictionary (3 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3rd century Religion Christianity Asia West Asia
c. 475	The Syrian desert is full of hermits living on pillars, following the example of St Simeon Stylites Go to Simeon Stylites, St (West Asia) in A Dictionary of World Mythology (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 5th century Religion Christianity Asia West Asia
634	Within two years of the death of Muhammad, the Arabs surge north into the Syrian desert Go to Arabs in Oxford Dictionary of the Classical World (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 7th century Religion Islam Migration Muslim empires Asia West Asia Society Empires
661	Ali is assassinated and Mu'awiya becomes the fifth Muslim caliph, establishing the Umayyad dynasty Go to Umayyad Caliphate in The Oxford Dictionary of Islam (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 7th century Caliphs Politics Dynasties and royalty Terrorism and assassination Religion Islam Muslim empires Asia West Asia Empires
c. 670	With the entire middle east under their control, the Arabs make Damascus the capital of the Umayyad caliphate Go to Damascus in A Dictionary of the Bible (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 7th century Caliphs Politics Dynasties and royalty Religion Islam Muslim empires Africa North Africa Asia West Asia Empires
750	The Abbasids massacre the Umayyads in Damascus and establish a new caliphate Go to Abbasids in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 8th century Caliphs Politics Dynasties and royalty Religion Islam Muslim empires Asia West Asia Empires
1142	The great castle of Krak des Chevaliers is built in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem by the Knights of St John Go to Hospitallers in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 12th century Architecture Jerusalem Asia West Asia
1144	The city of Edessa is captured by Zangi, a Mameluke general, in the first setback for the crusaders in the Middle East Go to Mameluke in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Crusades 12th century Politics Conquest and colonization War Asia West Asia Wars and Revolutions
1154	The inhabitants of Damascus surrender their city to Nur ed-Din, helping him greatly in his campaign against the Latin kingdom of Jerusalem Go to Latin kingdom of Jerusalem in The Oxford Companion to Western Art (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 12th century Politics Conquest and colonization Protest and rebellion Jerusalem Asia West Asia
c. 1275	The Mamelukes control Palestine and Syria, bringing the region securely back into Muslim hands Go to Mamelukes in The Oxford Companion to Military History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Politics Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel
1799	Napoleon leads a costly, unsuccessful and plague-ridden expedition against the Turkish garrisons in Syria Go to French Revolutionary Wars (1792–1802) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Napoleonic era War Turks
1845	British archaeologist Henry Layard, in his first month of digging in Iraq, discovers the Assyrian city of Nimrud Go to Nimrud, Iraq in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Science Mesopotamia Asia West Asia Iraq
1853	Hormuzd Rassam discovers the magnificent lion-hunt reliefs in the palace of Ashurbanipal at Nineveh Go to Nineveh in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Science Mesopotamia Asia West Asia Iraq
1916	Britain and France sign the secret Sykes-Picot Agreement, dividing up spheres of influence in the Middle East Go to Sykes–Picot Agreement (1916) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Politics Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Mesopotamia Asia West Asia Iraq Palestine and Israel Europe France Britain
1918	October 1 - after a victory at the historic battle site of Megiddo, Allenby captures the city of Damascus Go to Allenby, Edmund Henry Hynman, 1st Viscount (1861–1936) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: First World War 1910s 20th century War Battles Asia West Asia Wars since 1900
1920	A national congress in Damascus proclaims Faisal king of an independent Syria Go to Faisal I (b. 20 May 1883) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Dynasties and royalty Asia West Asia French intervention in Syria forces Faisal off the throne and out of the country Go to Faisal I (b. 20 May 1883) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Dynasties and royalty Asia West Asia May - League of Nations mandates give France responsibility for Syria and Lebanon Go to Mandate in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: First World War 20th century Politics Conquest and colonization War European empires from 1415 French empire Asia West Asia Europe Empires Wars since 1900
c. 1930	A pregnant female hamster, captured in Syria, becomes the ancestor of every pet hamster in the world Go to hamster in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1930s 20th century Social and domestic Asia West Asia Society
c. 1943	The Ba'th party is founded by Michel Aflaq and others in Syria, with a pan-Arab political agenda Go to Aflaq, Michel (b. 1910) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s 20th century Politics Asia West Asia
1946	Syria becomes fully independent with the withdrawal of French forces Go to Syria in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s 20th century Politics Asia West Asia
1958	Egypt and Syria merge as the United Arab Republic (but disengage three years later) Go to United Arab Republic in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1950s 20th century Politics Africa North Africa Egypt Asia West Asia
1961	Syria withdraws from the United Arab Republic (UAR) seeing it as unacceptably dominated by Egypt Go to United Arab Republic in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics Asia West Asia
1963	A military coup in Syria brings the Ba'th party to power Go to Syria in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics Asia West Asia
1967	Israel captures the Golan Heights from Syria in the Six-Day War Go to Six Day War in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century War Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel
1970	Ba'thist leader Hafiz al-Assad takes power in a military coup in Syria Go to Assad, Hafiz al (1928–2000) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1970s 20th century Politics Asia West Asia
1971	The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), expelled from Jordan, makes a new base in Lebanon Go to PLO in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1970s 20th century Politics Asia West Asia
1982	Israeli Minister of Defence Ariel Sharon heads Israel's invasion of Lebanon to expel the PLO Go to Sharon, Ariel (b. 27 Feb. 1928) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1980s 20th century Politics War Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel Yasser Arafat and the PLO move to Tunisia, after being driven out of Lebanon by Israel Go to PLO in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1980s 20th century Politics Africa North Africa Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel Christian militiamen massacre Palestinian refugees in the Sabra and Chatila camps in Lebanon Go to Lebanon in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1980s 20th century Politics Persecution and repression Religion Christianity Islam Asia West Asia Hezbollah emerges in Lebanon as an Iranian-sponsored resistance movement against the Israeli occupation of the southern part of the country Go to Hezbollah in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1980s 20th century Politics Terrorism and assassination Religion Islam Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel
2000	Israel completes the withdrawal of its troops from southern Lebanon Go to Lebanon in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century War Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel Hafiz al-Assad dies and is succeeded by his son Bashar as president of Syria Go to Al-Assad, Bashar (11 Sept. 1965) in A Dictionary of Political Biography (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Asia West Asia
2005	Lebanon's former prime minister Rafik Hariri is killed when a massive bomb is detonated as his car passes in Beirut Go to Lebanon in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Terrorism and assassination Asia West Asia Following local and international pressure after the death of Rafik Hariri, Syria withdraws the last of its troops from Lebanon Go to Lebanon in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Conquest and colonization War Asia West Asia
2006	Hezbollah takes two Israeli soldiers hostage, provoking the renewal of air and rocket warfare on the Israel-Lebanon border Go to Hezbollah in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Terrorism and assassination War Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel
2011	Protests begin in Syria, rising over the following months to the level of an uprising as demands for Bashar al-Assad to resign are met with increasing brutality Go to Assad, Bashar al- (b. 11 Sept. 1965) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Democracy and dissent Persecution and repression Protest and rebellion Asia West Asia In response to the continuing uprising the Syrian government launches an attack with tanks against several of the country's cities, in particular Hama Go to Hama in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Democracy and dissent Persecution and repression Protest and rebellion Asia West Asia

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date: 03 December 2023

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